net/publication/257176924
parametrik dan analisis exergetic dari sistem pemulihan panas limbah berdasarkan generator
termoelektrik dan siklus rankine organik menggunakan R123
Gequn Shu, Jian Zhao, Hua Tian, Xingyu Liang, Haiqiao Wei*
Laboratorium Kunci Negara Mesin, Universitas Tianjin, Jalan Weijin 92, Distrik Nankai, Kota Tianjin, Orangorang-s Republik Tiongkok
artikelinfo
Kata kunci: Pemulihan panas limbah Dengan pesatnya perkembangan populasi dan industri kendaraan di
ICE TEG ORCPenukar panas dunia selama abad ke-20 yang lalu, permintaan akan kendaraan penumpang meningkat
internal
tajam. Studi terbaru [1,2] menunjukkan bahwa, hanya 41% darimesin diesel kelas 8
truk'senergi pembakaran bahan bakar diubah menjadi pekerjaan yang berguna untuk
mengendarai kendaraan dan beban aksesori. Sisanya adalah panas limbah mesin yang
analisis gabungan TEG-ORC (thermoelectric) generator dan siklus rankine organik) yang digunakan dalam oleh sistem pembuangan engine (20%), sistem pendingin (18%), pendingin
didispersi
alpot ICE (pembakaran internal ine) secara teoritis. Model teoritis diusulkan untuk menghitung parameter
EGRoptimal
(resirkulasi gas buang) (11%), CAC (charge air cooler) (9%), dan konveksi serta
g berdasarkan teori termodinamika ketika daya output bersih dan rasio ekspansi volumetrik dipilih sebagai fungsi
radiasi dari blok mesin. Konsumsi bahan bakar ini meningkat, yang naik hampir secara
pengaruhi kinerja dan ukuran sistem. Efek relatif TEG aliranarah, skala TEG, suhu tertinggi, suhu kondensasi,
eksponensial karena rendah mesinefisiensidan peningkatan permintaan pada kendaraan,
danefisiensidari IHE (penukar panas internal) pada kinerja sistem diselidiki. R123 dipilih antara fluidayang
membawa krisis energi yang serius dan memiliki dampak lingkungan. Jika limbah ini
- K arakteristik melebihi 600 K untuk menghindari cairanmenyelesaikan dan mengakibatkan stroke basah ketika
panas mesin bisa ditangkap kembaliefisien,secaramesin daya output akan
akhir. Irreversibilitas termodinamika yang terjadi pada evaporator, turbin, IHE, kondensor, pompa dan TEG
secarasignifikanditingkatkan tanpa konsumsi bahan bakar tambahan. Dengan demikian,
rja target. Hasil menunjukkansignifikanfibisa meningkatkan kinerja sistem saat TEG dan IHE digabungkan dengan
sejumlah besar bahan bakar fosil dapat dihemat [3,4] dan gas buang yang jauh lebih
cle. Juga disarankan bahwa sistem TEG-ORC cocok untuk memulihkan panas limbah dari mesin, karena TEG
ng kisaran suhu sumber panas dan dengan demikian meningkatkan keamanan dan penghematan bahan berbahaya
bakar dibuang ke lingkungan sekitar ketika daya output yang sama dihasilkan [5,6].
Selanjutnya, pemanasan global akan teratasi. Namun, kita harus
melihat bahwa penghematan energi potensial dari cukup besar. Dengan demikian, banyak penelitian dan proyek fokus pada peningkatan
peningkatan
energiefisiensidiperkirakan dengan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip fisika dasar dan modelperforma mesin dan thermalefisiensi,bertujuan menurunkan kebutuhan bahan bakar dan
neering engi-. Penghematan energi aktual dari perbaikan seperti itu umumnya kurangknalpot
dari yang berbahaya bagi tubuh manusia. Mengubah panas buangan menjadi listrik
perkiraan seperti itu karena efek rebound [7]. Penjelasan yang mungkin untuk fenomenaoleh ORC (organic rankine cycle) adalah jalan yang menarik dan aktual di antara cara-
ini bisa jadi bahwa perbaikan tersebut mendorong konsumsi layanan energi di mana cara memulihkan panas limbah [5,9].
sebagian atau semua keuntungan akan diimbangi dengan peningkatan konsumsi [8]. Perkembangan eksplosif teknologi ORC telah dicapai di bidang WHR (pemulihan panas lim
Karena harga bahan bakar fosil naik sangat besar karena krisis energi yang serius, energi
bersih terbarukan akan memainkan peran penting di masa depan. Namun, dengan*banyak Penulis yang sesuai. Tel./fax: þ86 22 27891285.
kendala teknis saat ini, teknologi terbarukan tidak dapat secara luas diterapkan padasumber panas, seperti sumber panas bumi [10e12],energi matahari
industri kendaraan dalam jangka pendek. Dengan kata lain, itu adalah solusi érable alamat email: zhaooooo@tju.edu.cn (H. Wei).
pertimbangan- untuk meningkatkan mesinefisiensimelalui limbah sistem pemulihan [13e16], pabrik produksi listrik bahan bakar nabati [17e20] dan kendaraan
panas [3].Secara khusus, ia memiliki potensi manfaat lingkungan dan ekonomiyang Energy 45 (2012) 806e816
Energy
memanfaatkan teknologi TEG dan ORC, yang akan disebut TEG-ORC Sistemdi bagian flow (kg / s)
0,275
selanjutnya, telah diadopsi untuk merebut kembali daya dari gas buang dalam makalah ini.
0,275
Kerja cairanwon'ttekad dan kekuatan tambahan dapat dipulihkan, sehingga secara efektif
memperluas jangkauan aplikasi untuk sistem ORC. Pada siklus bottoming, sisi panas dari
Coolant temp. (K) 356,5 Aliran massapendingin
cairan(kg / d) 2.717
2.717
G. Shu et al. / Energi 45 (2012) 806e816 807
pengeringan, pembasahan dan jenis isentropik [31,32] sesuai dengan lereng yang berbeda
(dT/ ds)dari kurva uap jenuh di Tes diagram, seperti ditunjukkan pada Gambar.2.basah
yang umum Cairanadalah air, amonia dan R143a, yang kemiringan kurva uap jenuhnya
negatif (dT/ ds < 0). Dengan demikian, proses ekspansi mungkin berakhir di wilayah dua
fase jika superheating di inlet dari expander adalahtidakmemadai. Dan ini dapat
menyebabkan kerusakan pisau expander [33],yang akan sangat mengurangisiensifie
sistem.kering yang khas Cairanadalah R123, R245fa dan benzena, yang memiliki
kemiringan positif pada garis uap jenuh (dT/ ds > 0). Proses ekspansi mereka berakhir di
wilayah uap super panas. R11 dan R134a adalah contohisentropik cairan. Garis uap jenuh
mereka hampir vertikal (dT/ ds z 0) di sebagian besar kisaran suhu. Sifat-sifatorganik
formal cairanyang suhu penguraiannya di atas 600 K ditunjukkan pada Tabel 2. Stine et
al. [34] menunjukkan bahwa, siklus efdefisiensimenggunakankering flUIDsetinggi itu
dariisentropik fluidadengan IHE digunakan dalam siklus, yang telah dibuktikan oleh Saleh
et al. [31]. Jadi kita harus fokus pada bagaimana kinerja termodinamika adalah dan
pengeringan khas cairan,R123 [35,36],diusulkan untuk dipelajari dalam sistem WHR ini.
Bahan termoelektrik yang digunakan dalam sistem TEG ini adalah telurium,
antimon, germanium, dan perak (TAGS) sebagai tipe-p dan PbTe sebagai tipe-n [28,37],
dan studi sebelumnya tentang bahan yang diusulkan dalam makalah ini dapat mencapai
kinerja yang baik sebagai kami menangkap kembali panas buangan dari gas buang engine
yang temperaturnya berkisar dari 570 K hingga 870 K. Modul TEG terdiri dari 71
termokopel atau 142 elemen termo. Ketika TEG bekerja dalam prakteknya,
biasanyaspesifikstruktur array modul TEG diusulkan dan diinstal pada tabung knalpot.
Oleh karena itu kita dapat memperoleh tegangan output target dan daya dengan
menempatkan modul secara seri atau paralel. TEG configurasi
(1) Turbin Expander (2) Generator (3) Penukar dapatdisederhanakandengan modus M Â N seperti yang dijelaskan dalam pekerjaan
Panas Internal (IHE) (4) Kondensor (5) Pompa sebelumnya kami [30],yang berarti M baris dan N kolom dan modul dalam kolom yang
Pendorong (6) Generator Termo-Listrik (TEG) (7) sama secara paralel sementara kolom dalam seri.
Evaporator
Di bawah kondisi subkritis dan superkritis (pevap 1⁄4 3 MPa / 5,5 MPa) 1e2: mana, h
exh(1) 1⁄4 hA, hexh(N þ 1) 1⁄4 hB, horc(1) 1⁄4 h7, horc(N þ 1) 1⁄4 jam8.
Ekspansi (expander) 2e3: Pertukaran panas internal Isobarik (recuperator) 3e4 :
Penolakan panas isobarik (kondensor) 4e5: Kompresi (pompa pendorong) 5e6e7e1: Sistem TEG menghasilkan daya output, wTEG,
Pasokan panas Isobarik (recuperator, precooler, evaporator).
R (5) di
wTEG 1⁄4 I2TEG beban
4. pemodelan Thermal dari sistem yang komprehensif
mana, arus listrik kotor, ITEG 1⁄4 VTEG/ (RTEG þ Rbeban). Termalefisiensidari generator
Dalam studi tersebut, semua perhitungan dan evaluasi dari siklus yang ideal dimaksimalkan dengan memilih rasio optimal resistansi beban untuk resistansi internal
didasarkan pada massa dioptimalkan flow tingkatbekerja fluidadi mana keuntungan [39].Dengan demikian, Rmemuat 1⁄4 RTEG diusulkan dalam makalah ini.
maksimum output daya bersih. Untuk membuat analisis sederhana dan jelas, beberapa
asumsi yang dibuat:
wT 1⁄4 morcðh2 À h1Þhm (6)
(1) arah Arus bekerja fluidadi recuperator dan evaporator yang berlawanan, sedangkan
di TEG adalah saat paralel, dan kebocoran panas di recuperator dan kondensor Input kerja pompa adalah,
diabaikan; (2) hambatan internal dalam penukar panas dapat diabaikan dan kondensasi
dan penguapan tekanan kerja fluidatetap konstan masing-masing; (3) Analisis biaya
untuk sistem bottoming ini tidak termasuk dalam tulisan ini wP 1⁄4 morcðh5 À h4Þ (7)
. Jadi, daya output bersih adalah,
Terindikasi thermalefisiensi,
Secara umum, model termodinamika generator termoelektrik dibuat G. Shu et al. / Energi 45 (2012) 806e816 809
berdasarkan efek Seebeck, Peltier dan Joule [38]. Model komputasi untuk menganalisis
TEG dikembangkan menggunakan metode diskritisasi, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel 2 Propertikerja cairan.
Gambar. 4, dan dihitung dengan MATLAB / SIMULINK. Sistem TEG menggunakan Untuk beberapa termoelektrik, panas yang diserap dari panas sumber qh dan
bahan tellurium tipe-p, anti-mony, germanium, dan perak (TAGS) / tipe-PbTe. Sisi atas
dirilis ke dingin sisi qc,
bahan tipe-p dan tipe-n berarti sumber panas dan bagian bawah berarti pendingin. Analisis
Kerja cairanR143a R11 R123
perpindahan panas dari persimpangan panas untuk mengarah dingin untuk set berikut
modififormula keseimbangan energi ed: beratMolekuler (g / mol) 84,4 137,37 152,9 Tdekomposisi (K) 650 625 600 pCRIT ( MPa) 3.761 4.408
di mana, T adalah suhu, q sarana flow tingkat panas dalam beberapa listrik thermo-, r
3.662 TCRIT (K) 345.86 471.11 456.8
adalah tahan panas antara cairandan termo-elemen, danNP mendominasi
qh 1⁄4 ðTexh À ThÞ /rh 1⁄4 aNPThIo þ KoðThÀTcÞ À 0.5I2oRo (1)
Seebeckkoefisien. Ko adalah konduksi termal, Io adalaharus alirandan Ro adalah hambatan
listrik dalam pasangan ini. Sementara subscript h, c, exh dan Orc variabel mewakili
persimpangan panas, persimpangan dingin, gas buang dan kerja cairanmasing-masing.
qc 1⁄4 ðTc À TorcÞ /rc 1⁄4
Dalam generator termo-listrik, metode diskritisasi diterapkan. Hal ini diduga aNPTcIo þ KoðThÀTcÞ þ 0.5I2oRo (2)
bahwa modul yang terletak di baris yang sama memiliki kinerja yang sama dengan
Gbr. 3. Analisis termodinamika sistem WHR.
Ekspansi kerja output dengan expander adalah,
Epump 1⁄4 morcðe4 À e5Þ þ wP (15)
mana, e adalah exergi bekerja cairan, E berarti exergi kerugian. Suhu dan tekanan referensi
masing-masing adalah 298 K dan 101 kPa, dalam analisis exergy.
0,8
500K 400K
Gambar. 5. Perbandingan daya output dihitung vs. hasil dalam Ref. [21] dan keluaran teoretis dalam Pustaka. [20].
525K
0,4
375K
0,2
0,0
G. Shu et al. / Energi 45 (2012) 806e816 811
kekuatannya sedikit lebih tinggi. Karena kekuatan generasi mengambil sebagian kecil dari total output daya sistem TEG-ORC, paralel configurasi dengan tinggiefisiensiakan diusulk
selanjutnya.
5.1.2. KonTEGfigurasi
Melalui investigasi ini, gas buang setelah turbocharger dilantik ke dalam siklus bottoming, dan irreversibilitas yang terkait dengan perpindahan panas dan proses kompresi diabaik
ini, suhu gas buang dikontrol dan didinginkan hingga sekitar 500 K. Temperatur kondensasi diatur pada 308 K. Tekanan evaporator 3,0 MPa (subkritis) dan 5,5 MPa (superkritis) dib
ini ketika skala TEG yang berbeda diusulkan. . Dalam kisaran suhu ini, stroke superheat ketika proses ekspansi berakhir dipertimbangkan.
Dengan skala TEG menjadi lebih besar, lebih banyak panas dilantik ke TEG, dan kemudian suhu buang pada titik B (TB) semakin rendah sebelum memasuki evaporator. Temperatur
saluran masuk evaporator dapat mencegahorganik tidak cairanterselesaikan.
Gambar. 7 menggambarkan distribusi kekuatan expander turbin, TEG, dorongan-pompa serta daya bersih, dan menunjukkan yang ditunjukkan mesinefisiensi.Di bawah kondisi subk
daya output expander dijaga sekitar 20,43 kW dan daya pompa sekitar 0,94 kW, sementara output wTEGTEG meningkat dari 0,42 kW menjadi 3,98 kW karena TB semakin renda
daya output bersih naik dari 19,9 kW menjadi 23,5 kW. Untuk kondisi superkritis(pevap 1/4 5,5 MPa), output daya expander dan daya pompa sekitar 22,9 kW dan 2.0 kW indivi
meningkat dari 0,42 kW menjadi 3,9 kW, dan rentang output daya sehingga bersih dari 21,3 kW hingga 24,7 kW.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, suhu gas buang pada saluran masuk expander mengurangi ketikamencukupiTEG modul yang diterapkan dalam sistem ini. When TB is kep
resolving can be prevented, since the decomposition temperature of R123 is about 600 K, thereby the engine with WHR system would work fluently and safely under most cond
mode of 20 Â 7 is proposed in the latter sections.
5.1.3. The highest cycle temperature
In this section, the effect of the maximum temperature of bot- toming cycle will be scanned, in order to make it clear how the overheating effects system performances, especially f
and expansion ratio required in turbine expander design. Engine exhaust gas is cooled to 600 K and mass flow rate of
6.8
Eff.-counter 308 Eff.-counter 312 Eff.-counter 316 Eff.-parallel 308 Eff.-parallel 312 Eff.-parallel 316 Power-conuter 308 Power-counter 312 Power-counter 316 Power-parallel 308 Power-parallel 312 Power-parallel 316
Mass flow rate of R123 kg/s
5.2
6.4
Fig. 6. Comparison of the parallel and counter flow of TEG configuration on efficiency (%) and net output power (kW).
4.8
% y cneiciffE6.0 5.6
4.4
4.0 5.2
4.8
3.6 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
a 25
b
25
0.45
20201515 10
wpump wpump wTEG wTEG wTorc wnet Sub-critical condition Supercritical condition
Fig. 7. Variations of the power with different MTEG.
420 450 480 510 540 570 600
10
pevap 5.5MPa
pcond 0.13MPa
5
wTorc wnet Indicated efficiency 0.45
Indicated efficiency
5
TA 792K
mexh 0.2752kg/s
0800 750 700 650 600 550 500
0.43
0800 775 750 725 700 675 650 625 600 575
0.43
TB K
TB K
R123 mexh 1⁄4 0.2752 kg/s is taken into consideration. In this section,
As shown in Fig. 8a, under subcritical condition, wnet increases an ORC only system without TEG and IHE is proposed to study the
firstly and then decreases latter as the highest temperature Tmax effects on system performance. Through controlling mass flow
increases. wnet reaches maximum power of 5.03 kW when Tmax rate of R123, Tmax varies from 420 K to 590 K. The condensation
equals to 465 K. Under supercritical conditions, the value of wnet temperature is set at 308 K.
keeps increasing, while the increasing trend keeps gentle at the When Tmax is not sufficient under high evaporator pressure, the
later part. Through the increasing trend we conclude that when temperature of exhaust from turbine T2 may be lower than the
Tmax becomes high enough, output power significantly increases, temperature of pump outlet T5, thus IHE should be turned off to
but if the temperature goes too high, the cost of evaporator will rise. avoid energy pollution. Besides, IHE is necessary for making full use
Consequently, Tmax should be selected properly according to system of exhaust energy and raising power output referred to literature
configuration and further economic analysis. [45,46]. An appropriate highest temperature of the system should
Fig. 8b illustrates the expansion ratio required by turbine be chosen to achieve high performance and thermal efficiency
expander. When Tmax rises, the expansion ratio gets lower under when a WHR bottoming system is designed.
specific evaporator pressure. The calculation results indicate that Fig. 8a illustrates the output power per unit of mass flow rate of
the working fluid holds enhanced ability of converting heat to R123 under different evaporator pressures and also shows total net
power as the highest temperature increases. The cost of evaporator output variations. The output power per unit of mass flow rate of
will rise when the size and weight of turbine expander decreases. R123 keeps always rising as the highest temperature Tmax increases. Thus the ability of R123 for converting heat to
5.1.4. The efficiency of IHE However, the quantity of exhaust heat is limited, which is different
Exhaust gases and working fluid maintain a great temperature from solar energy and geothermal resources. So the net output
difference when TEG is applied to WHR bottoming system, conse- power of the overall system is considered more important in the
quently the temperature range of the hot source can be extended area of engine exhaust waste heat recovery and the net output
for engine security. Two cases, ORC system only to recover heat power of the overall system wnet is adopted to evaluate WHR
from exhaust with the temperature of 600 K and TEG-ORC system system performances in this paper.
with the temperature of 792 K, have been considered in this
a 8.0 2MPa wnet
2MPa wnet/morc 4MPa wnet
4MPa wnet/morc 6MPa wnet
8MPa wnet/morc
75
b
110
7.5
6090
100 2 MPa 3 MPa 4M
6.0
30r
Highest Temperature T1 K Comparison of the net output power (kw) and output per unit of mass flow rate (kw/(kg.s -1 ))
oitarnoisnapxecirtemuloV Fig. 8. Performance variation of ORC only system utilizing exhausts with temperature of 600 K.
G. Shu et al. / Energy 45 (2012) 806e816 812
Fig. section. The two cases guarantee that the system can work in
10c indicates the pump power required in this system. a steady and safe state within an acceptable temperature range.
Obviously pump power varies a little at different condensation Fig. 9a shows the maximum net output power under various
temperatures, and it increases sharply as the evaporator pressure evaporator pressures when an optimized mass flow rate of R123 is
increases. proposed. The results indicate that system performance is
Fig. 10d shows the variation of the gross power under different enhanced with the IHE proposed in this system. For example, when
pressures. Keeping the condenser pressure constant, the gross evaporator pressure is set at 5.5 MPa, the ORC only system output is
power begins increasing with the evaporator pressure increases 6.17 kW; and if the IHE is proposed in the system configuration, the
from 2 MPa, but it decreases when the evaporator pressure is output can increase to 8.59 kW when the efficiency of IHE is set at
higher than pCRIT; and keeping the evaporator pressure constant, 0.8. The power generated by TEG-ORC system without IHE is
the gross power would increase as the condensation temperature 20.04 kW. When IHE is inducted into this system, performance
decreases. When pevap 1⁄4 5.5 MPa and Tcond 1⁄4 303 K, the power improvement can be achieved. Total output of 26.15 kW can be
(27.01 kW) is maximum. obtained with the efficiency if IHE is 0.8.
Therefore, evaporator's pressure can be set neither too high nor Besides, the output increases significantly as the evaporator
too low. If too high, the state of the organic working fluid would be pressure increases. When IHE is proposed in TEG-ORC with the
unsteady and it requires more devices and costs. If too low, it efficiency of 0.8, the overall net output power can reach as high as
requires a more efficient condenser and the system sealing would 26.15 kW under the evaporation pressure of 5.5 MPa. When the
be a challenge. In the tests in practice, the above factors and the pressure goes up beyond critical pressure pCRIT, the increasing trend
system power distribution should be taken into consideration. And becomes gentle. And the output power in ORC and TEG-ORC
the condensation temperature should be as low as possible, which systems can be 8.51 kW and 26.15 kW respectively when evapo-
is limited by ambient temperature, thus it can output a consider- ration pressure is 5.5 MPa and IHE efficiency is 0.8. In the latter case
able amount of power. more heat is conducted into evaporator and converted into useful
We can see that optimal working pressures can be achieved by work in expanders.
designing TEG and heat exchangers properly. When the system Meanwhile, Fig. 9b shows the volumetric expansion ratio under
works under the condition of pevap 1⁄4 5.5 MPa/Tcond 1⁄4 303 K, maximum power condition will rise within a small scale. IHE can
27.01 kW additional power can be achieved, and the indicated greatly reduce the expansion ratio when the evaporation pressure
efficiency gets higher from the original 41%e45.71%. is below 7 MPa.
Results indicate that more power can be regenerated when TEG-
5.2. Second law analysis ORC is proposed, since TEG-ORC extends the temperature range and then much more waste heat can get into this bottoming system.
In this section, an exergetic analysis of TEG-ORC system with or without IHE has been studied under both subcritical and super- 5.1.5. The condensation temperature a
critical conditions. Table 3 shows the thermodynamic parameter Fig. 10a shows the cases of turbine expander output power. If
distribution in the TEG-ORC. The presented temperature, pressure condensation temperature keeps constant, as evaporator pressure
and other parameters at specific points are predicted based on increases from 2 MPa to 8 MPa, the expander power will increase
theoretical analysis when condensation temperature is set at 308 K. firstly and then decrease gradually; and if the evaporator pressure
And the efficiency of IHE, hIHE, is set at 0.8 if recuperator is keeps constant, the power would increase with the decrease of
proposed. The reference temperature and pressure are 298 K and condensation temperature. When pevap 1⁄4 5.5 MPa and
101 kPa respectively in the exergy analysis. Tcond 1⁄4 303 K, the expander output power (28.24 kW) is maximum.
As shown in Table 3, main parameters of the four cases are Fig. 10b shows variation of the TEG power with different
compared. Case I and Case II are working under evaporator pressure working parameters. The TEG power decreases a little as the
of 3.0 MPa without/with IHE, and Case 3 and Case 4 are working condensation temperature increases, and it keeps decreasing and
under evaporator pressure of 5.5 MPa without/with IHE, respec- then increasing as the evaporator pressure rises, while it changes
tively. The net output power is 20.86, 22.96, 22.25 and 23.60 kW, a little within 2.2e2.8 kW during 6 MPae8 MPa.
and the optimal mass flow rates of R123 are 0.342, 0.423, 0.297 and
a
12
b
1086
+IHE0.8 +TEG+IHE0.8 +IHE0.7 +TEG+IHE0.7 +IHE0.6 +TEG+IHE0.6 +IHE0.5 +T
ab
28
wk
26
w rewoprcreo dnapxE
T 24 22
20
Condensation Temperature Tcond K
2
7 6 EvaporatorPressure 8 MPa 18 30 p evap
cd
35 40 45 50 55 60
3.0
wk
Fig. 10. Performance variation of TEG-ORC system utilizing R123 as working fluid under different evaporator pressures and condensation temperatures. 2.5
tw rewoppe mu
n P2.0 1.5
1.0
MPa
0.5
1630 35 40 45 50 55 60
2
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
3
3
4
4
5
5
breakthrough, substantial output power enhancement and fuel economy improvement can be achieved. Increase in output power will also reduce specific emissions, since no extra
considerable additional power is regenerated.
Recent business and literature investigations indicate that additional cost of the waste heat recovery system may not be significant for heavy-duty diesel engines. Once this TEG-O
the heavy-duty diesel engines, fuel saved from the WHR system would be sufficient to recover the added cost in an acceptable period of time.
G. Shu et al. / Energy 45 (2012) 806e816 815
It should be pointed out that, the relationship among system size, heat increase, cost and efficiency is quite complicated. First of all, downsizing of the main components in design wi
in the TEG-ORC system for vehicle applications. Through literature and business investigations we can see that downsizing of the expander costs most, and efficiency of small expa
low, thus the overall system efficiency can't be very high. The expander seems to be the most potential component to lower the overall system size. AVL Company [2] modified a
the expansion device, which can provide a sufficient efficiency. And BNI Company [47] can design turbo-expanders which are small and efficient enough for vehicle applicatio
significantly high. Once breakthrough is gained in downsizing design of components, a substantial benefit will be achieved. We believe this technology will be mature in five year
data should be analyzed to make it clear how the weight and size of the system influence on the fuel efficiency. Detailed information about our designing would be published in furthe
the bottoming cycle will influence the performance of diesel cycle in two ways: First is the backpressure rise. The heat exchangers for exhaust gases will lead a rise in backpressur
exhaust process in the diesel cycle, and then lower the combustion efficiency of the engine. However it's really hard and complicated to predicate the effects, many researchers ig
when they analyzed exhaust heat recovery [1,5]. Second is the heat increase in the body of the vehicle. The ORC system will bring a heat increase for the whole vehicle body. Thus
system gets higher, and it will lead a little lower overall efficiency. Now we are emphasizing on the prediction of the overall system performance, thus the effects of the size, econom
the overall efficiency are ignored. The relationship should be discussed with the experimental data in the future work.
6. Summary/Conclusions
TEG-ORC system has many benefits compared with the ORC only system in recovering waste heat of engine exhaust gases. The limitation of fluid resolving due to high temperatu
An energetic and exergetic calculation is conducted for the TEG-ORC system. The effects of relative TEG flow direction, TEG scale, the highest temperature, condensation temperatur
and efficiency of internal heat exchanger (IHE) on the system performance are investigated, and they should be opti- mized according to system design. The thermodynamic irrevers
in evaporator, turbine, IHE, condenser, pump and TEG for the TEG-ORC system is investigated under both subcritical and supercritical conditions. For better understanding of t
energy efficiency and energy consump- tion, further researches should be done based on rebound effect. Besides, the effects of the system size, economy and heat increase on the o
be analyzed with the experimental data in the future work.
The following conclusions are drawn from the parametric and exergetic performance investigation carried out in the current paper:
1) The combined TEG-ORC system operates most effectively at the point pevap 1⁄4 5.5 MPa and Tcond 1⁄4 303 K, the net output power (27.01 kW) is maximum, and the indicated eff
the original 41% (without WHR system) to 45.71%. Although only a small portion of power output is generated by the TEG, this power could play an important role in practice to
such as fans and boost pump in engines. The TEG is also important since it cools down exhaust
Table 3 Comparison of proposed TEG-ORC bottoming cycles with/without internal heat exchanger (ÆIHE) at typical subcritical and supercritical conditions (pevap 1⁄4 3.0 MPa/ 5.5 MPa).
Case I II III IV
Working fluid R123 R123 R123 R123 System
configuration
ÀIHE þIHE ÀIHE þIHE
Cycle Subcritical Subcritical Supercritical Supercritical Evaporation
pressure pevap (MPa)
3.0 3.0 5.5 5.5
Evaporation
TA (K) 792 792 792 792 TB (K) 602.3 609.8 608.3 609.7 TC (K) 500 500 500 500 T1 1⁄4 Tmax (K) 494.0 484.0 554.1 510.1 v1 (m3/kg) 0.00671 0.00634 0.00395 0.00281 T2 (K) 391.7 379.3 428.3 370.4 v2 (m3/kg) 0.160
(K) 391.7 323.3 428.3 322.6 T4 1⁄4 Tcond À 0.5 (K) 307.5 307.5 307.5 307.5 T5 (K) 309.4 309.4 310.7 310.7 T6 (K) 309.4 349.7 310.7 345.3 T7 (K) 454.0 454.0 481.2 466.4 Expansion ratio r 1⁄4 v2/v1 30.0 31.