1.1 Referring to Figs. 1.1 and 1.

2, identify locations on the boundary of each system where there

are interactions with the surroundings.

Answer :
Massa keluar saat
Massa masuk saat katup buang terbuka
katup intake terbuka

Piston mengerahkan tenaga pada

gas selama kompresi, gas
memberikan kekuatan pada piston
selama ekspansi.
Permukaan panas
berinteraksi dengan
sekitarnya

Permukaan panas
berinteraksi dengan
lingkungan

Shaft torgue
menggerakkan kipas

Shaft torgue
mentransmisikan gaya
ke transmisi

1.2 As illustrated in Fig. P1.2, electric current from a storage battery runs an electric motor. The
shaft of the motor is connected to a pulley–mass assembly that raises a mass. Considering the
motor as a system, identify locations on the system boundary where the system interacts with
its surroundings and describe changes that occur within the system with time. Repeat for an
enlarged system that also includes the battery and pulley–mass assembly.

Answer :
Motor as system:

Aliran arus listrik

 Torsi
ditransmisikan
poros trough
 • Kecepatan
rotasi jangkar
dapat berubah
 • Suhu
komponen
motor dapat
berubah

Permukaan motor yang

hangat berinteraksi
dengan lingkungan
Enlarged system:

 • Perubahan kimia
terjadi di dalam
baterai
 • Kecepatan rotasi
jangkar dapat
berubah
 • Suhu komponen
motor dan baterai
dapat berubah
Permukaan hangat  • Massa dinaikkan
berinteraksi dengan dalam sistem
lingkungan

Comment : the shaft torgue and current flow interactions become internal to the enlarged system.
1.3

As illustrated in Fig. P1.3, water circulates between a storage tank and a solar collector.
Heated water from the tank is used for domestic purposes. Considering the solar collector as a
system, identify locations on the system boundary where the system interacts with its
surroundings and describe events that occur within the system. Repeat for an enlarged system
that includes the storage tank and the interconnecting piping
Jawaban :
Volume kontrol membungkus kolektor surya.
• Air dingin masuk ke kolektor di (1), dan air panas keluar di (2).
• Radiasi matahari menimpa bagian depan kolektor.
• Permukaan kolektor yang hangat berinteraksi dengan bunyi di sekitar
• Beberapa radiasi yang masuk dipantulkan, dan sebagian diserap di permukaan kolektor.

Volume kontrol melingkupi kolektor surya, tangki, dan pipa yang saling berhubungan.
• Air dingin masuk ke tangki di (1), dan air panas keluar di (2).
• Permukaan hangat kolektor, tangki kuat, dan perpipaan yang saling berhubungan
berinteraksi dengan lingkungan.
• Radiasi matahari menimpa bagian depan kolektor, sebagian dipantulkan kembali dan
sebagian diserap.
• Suhu air, dalam tangki penyimpanan berubah seiring waktu.

1.4

As illustrated in Fig. P1.4, steam flows through a valve and turbine in series. The turbine
drives an electric generator. Considering the valve and turbine as a system, identify locations on
the system boundary where the system interacts with its surroundings and describe events
occurring within the system. Repeat for an enlarged system that includes the generator.
Jawaban :
Volume kontrol menutup katup dan turbin.
• Uap masuk di (1) dan keluar (2)
• Torsi ditransmisikan melalui poros yang berputar.
• Permukaan turbin yang hangat berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sekitar.

Dalam volume kontrol, uap mengalir melintasi katup dan menembus turbin saat generator
termasuk dalam volume kontrol.
• Uap masuk di (1) dan keluar di (2)
• Permukaan turbin dan generator yang hangat berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sekitar.
• Aliran arus listrik membingkai generator.
Perhatikan bahwa torsi yang ditransmisikan tidak melewati batas volume kontrol yang
diperbesar.
1.5 As illustrated in Fig. P1.5 , water for a fire hose is drawn from a pond by a gasoline engine –
driven pump . Considering the engine – driven pump as a system , identify locations on the
system boundary where the system interacts with its surroundings and describe events
occuring within the system . Repeat for an enlarged system that includes the hose and the
nozzle .
Answer :
Volume kontrol menghasilkan pompa yang digerakkan dengan mesin
a. Air masuk di 1 dan keluar di 2
b. Udara untuk pembakaran bahan bakar on board masuk , dan gas pembakaran keluar
c. Permukaan hangat dari pompa berinteraksi dengan lingkungan .

Di dalam pompa , piston tetap bergerak di dalam tabung karena pembakaran bahan bakar
on board . Gerakan piston dilakukan untuk memompa cairan . Jumlah bahan bakar di
dalam sistem berkurang seiring waktu .
 Ketika selang dan pipa , jet air berkecepatan tinggi keluar dari volume kontrol
diperpanjang di pipa.

1.6 A system consists of liquid water in equilibrium with a gaseous mixture of air and water
vapor . How many phases are present ? Does teh system consist of a pure substance ? Explain
. Repeat for a system consisting of ice an liquid water in equilibrium with a gaseous mixture
of air and water vapor.
Answer :
Batas Sistem
a. H2O : 1. Ada 2 fase ( cair dan gas )
2. Bukan substansi murni karena komposisi berbeda di setiap fase

b. H2O + es : 1. Ada 3 fase ( padat , cair , dan gas )

2. Bukan substansi murni karena komposisi fase gas berbeda dengan fase
padat dan cair .

1.7 A system consists of liquid oxygen in equilibrium with oxygen vapor. How many phases are
present? The system undergoes a process during which some of the liquid is vaporized. Can the
system be viewed as being a pure substance during the process? Explain.
Answer :

Banyaknya fase adalah dua fase. Sistem tersebut adalah Zat Murni. Karena pada saat beberapa
cairan diuapkan tiap fasenya memiliki komposisi kimia sama. Dalam artian lain meskipun
cairannya diuapkan, secara kimiawi homogen mempunyai sistem remdius dalam komposisi
tetap.
1.8 A system consisting of liquid water undergoes a process. At the end of the process, some of
the liquid water has frozen, and the system contains liquid water and ice. Can the system be
viewed as being a pure substance during the process? Explain.
Answer :

Sistem ini dapat dipandang zat murni. Meskipun dalam prosesnya mempunyai fase-fase yang
berubah, namun sistem ini secara kimiawi homogen mempunyai komposisi kimia yang tetap.
1.9 A dish of liquid water is placed on a table in a room. After a while, all of the water
evaporates. Taking the water and the air in the room to be a closed system, can the system be
regarded as a pure substance during the process? After the process is completed? Discuss.

1.9 Sepiring air cair diletakkan di atas meja di sebuah ruangan. Setelah beberapa saat, semua air
menguap. Mengambil air dan udara di dalam ruangan menjadi sistem tertutup, bisa jadi sistem
itu dianggap sebagai zat murni selama proses tersebut? Setelah proses selesai? Membahas.

Jawab :

1.9 The system is not a pure subtance during the process since the composition of the gas phase
changes as water evaporates into the air.
once all of the water evaporates, the gas phase comes to equilibrium and the omposition becomes
homogeneous. at this point, the gas phase can be treated as a pure substance.

1.9 Sistem ini bukan substansi murni selama proses karena komposisi fase gas berubah ketika air
menguap ke udara. begitu semua air menguap, fasa gas mencapai kesetimbangan dan omposisi
menjadi homogen. pada titik ini, fasa gas dapat diperlakukan sebagai zat murni.
Soal :

2.0 An object weighs 25 kN at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 9.8

m/s2.Determine its mass, in kg,

2.0 Sebuah benda berbobot 25 kN di lokasi di mana percepatan gravitasi adalah 9,8 m / s2
. Tentukan massanya, dalam kg.

Jawab :

2.0

Fgrav 25 kN 1000 N 1kg m/s2

m=
g
= (
9,8 m/s 2 )
|
kN
||
1N
|

= 2551 kg
1.11 Objek yang beratnya 10 kg memiliki berat 95 N. Tentukan :
(a) Percepatan gravitasi lokal, dalam m/s2
(b) Massa dalam kg, dan berat dalam N, dari objek di a, lokasi dimana g 9,81 m/s2
1.12 Berat atom dan molekuler dari beberapa zat umum tercantum dalam lampiran Tabel A-1.
Menggunakan data dari tabel yang sesuai, tentukan massa, dalam kg, dari 10 kmol, masing-
masing dari berikut ini : udara, H2O , Cu, SO2
 «« Jawaban »»
1.11 (a) glokal = Fgrav = ( 95 N) = │ 1 kg.m/s2 │
m (10 kg) ⎤ 1N ⎤
= 9,5 m/s2 g lokal
(b) Massa tidak berubah m
= Fgrav = mg = (10 kg)(9.81 m/s2) │ 1 N │
m ⎤ 1 kg.m/s2 ⎤
= 98,1 N Fgrav
1.12 m = Mn , n = 10 kmol
Air : m = (28,97 kg/kmol)(10 kmol) = 289,7 kg
H2O : m = (18,02 kg/kmol)(10 kmol) = 180,2 kg
Cu : m = (63,54 kg/kmol)(10 kmol) = 635,4 kg
SO2 : m = (64,06 kg/kmol)(10 kmol) = 640,4 kg
1.13 Ketika sebuah benda dari 5 kg dihentikan dari musim semi ,musim semi terlihat
membentang 8 cm. Deflektor musim semi berkaitan erat dengan beban massa yang
ditunda.Apa yang secara proporsionalitas, di newton per cm , jika g= 9,81 m/s2
Jawab :
∆X = 8cm
m = 5,0 kg
g = 9,81 m/s2
F pegas = K(∆X) dan F pegas = F gravitasi = m.g
dengan demikian
K(∆X) = m.g
dan
K = m.g
∆X
= (5,0 kg) (9.81 m/s2) │ 1N │
(8 cm) ⎤ kg.m/s2 ⎤
= 6,131 N/cm proporsional constant
1.14 Sebuah instrumen sederhana untuk mengukur percepatan gravitasi menggunakan spring
linier dari yang massa ditangguhkan . Di sebuah lokasi di bumi di mana percepatan gravitasi
adalah 9,81 m/s2, gas musim semi membentang 0,739 cm . Jika musim semi mencapai 0,116
in . Ketika alat itu ada di Mars,apa itu percepatan gravitasi ? Berapa banyak akan musim semi
di bulan , di mana g = 1,67 m/s2
Jawab :
 Untuk pegas linear , F pegas = K(∆X), di mana ∆X merupakan ekstensi pegas.Sejak F
pegas = F gravitasi = m.g . sejak m&K tidak tergantung pada lokasi, percepatan gravitasi
lokal sebanding dengan pembelokan , dengan demikian
Maras :
g mars = (∆X) mars = 0,116 in => g mars = (0,116) x ( 32,174 ft)
g bumi (∆X) bumi 0,291 in (0.291) s2
=17.825 ft
s2
Bumi :
g bulan = (∆X) bulan => (∆X) bulan = (g bulan) x (∆X) bumi
g bumi (∆X) bumi (g bumi)
= ( 5,471 ) x ( 0,291 in) = 0,049 in
(32,174)
Estimate the magnitude of the force, in N, exerted by a seat belt on a 25 kg child during a frontal
collision that decelerates a car from 8 km/h to rest in 0.1 s. Express the car’s deceleration
in multiples of the standard acceleration of gravity, or g’s.
Jawab=

Diket = m = 25kg
S = 8km
t = 0,1 s
Ditanya= Favg?
Dijawab =
Decleration occurs from 5 mi/h to rest in 0,1 s . The average acceleration
magnitude is =
|a|avg = ∆v/∆t = (5 mi/h – 0 / 0,1s) |5280ft/1mi||1h / 3600s|
= 73,33 ft/s2
Or, in g’s |a|avg = (73,33ft/s2 / 32,2 ft/s2)
= 2,28 g’s
Thus, the mangnitude of the average force applied is =
|F|avg = m|a|avg = (50 lb)(73,33ft/s2) |1 lbf/ 32,2 lb.ft/s2|
 = 113,9 lbf

16. An object whose mass is 2 kg is subjected to an applied upward force. The only other
force acting on the object is the force of gravity. The net acceleration of the object is
upward with a magnitude of 5 m/s2 . The acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2 . Determine
the magnitude of the applied upward force, in N.
Jawab =

Diket = m = 2kg
a = 5 m/s2 (up)
g = 9,81 m/s2
Ditanya = Fapp?
Dijawab = Fapp – Fgrav = m.a
Fapp = ma + mg = m (a+g)
= 2kg (5m/s2 + 9,81 m/s2)
= 2kg x 14,81 m/s2
 = 29,62 N
(1.17) A closed system consists of 0.5 kmol of liquid water and occupies a volume of 4x10-
3 3
m .Determine the weight of the system, in N, and the average density, in kg/m3, at a location
where the acceleration of gravity is g 9.81 m/s2.
D1: n= 0.5 lbmol
V= 0.145 ft3
g= 9.81 m/s2 = 30.5 ft/s2
D2: Fgrav=…?
ρave=…?
D3: From Table A-1E : M=18.02 lb/mol
Fgrav= mg = nMg
=(0.5 lbmol)(18.02 lb/mol)(30.5 ft/s2)|1 lbf/32.2 lb.ft/s2|
=8.534 lbf
=38 N

ρave= m/v
= (0.5)(18.02)/(0.145)
= 62.14 lb/ft3
= 995.38 kg/m3

(1.18) The weight of an object on an orbiting space vehicle is measured to be 42 N based on an

artificial gravitational acceleration of 6 m/s2. What is the weight of the object, in N, on earth,
where g 9.81 m/s2?
D1: Fspace= 42N
 gspace= 6m/s2
gearth= 9.81 m/s2
D2 : Fearth=...?
D3 : Fspace = gspace
Fearth = gearth
Fspace/gspace = Fearth/gearth
Fearth= Fspace(gearth/gspace)
=(42N)(9.81/6)
=68.67 N
1.19 If the variation of the acceleration of gravity, in m/s 2, with elevation z, in m, above sea level
is g = 9,81 – (3,3 x 10−6 )z, determine the percent change in weight of an airliner landing from a
cruising altitude of 10 km on a runway at sea level ?
1.19 Jika variasi percepatan gravitasi, dalam m/s 2, dengan ketinggian z, dalam m, diatas
permukaan laut adalah g = 9,81 – (3,3 x 10−6 )z, menentukan persen perubahan berat pendaratan
pesawat dari ketinggian jelajah 10 km dilandasan pacu di permukaan laut ?
Jawab

Karena berat w=mg , persen berubah berat saat mendarat

w¿ –w
% change = ( z =0

w )
( 100 )

m m 10−6
)( )
=
( ( 9,81
s )(
2
− 9,81
s 2
− 3,3×
s 2
( 104 m )

( 9,81 ) ( 3,3 ×10−6 ) ( 104 )

) ( 100 )= ( 3,3 ×10−2
9,777 )(100 )=0,34 %

1.20 As shown in Fig. P1.21 a cylinder of compacted scrap metal measuring 2 m in length and
0,5 m in diameter is suspended from a spring scale at location where the acceleration of gravity
 kg
is 9,78 m/ s2. If the scrap metal density, in , varies with position z, in m, according to
m3
ρ=7800−360 ¿, determine the reading of the scale, in N.

1.20 Seperti yang ditunjukan pada gambar P1.21 , sebuah silinder memo yang dipadatkan logam
berukuran 2 m dan diameter 0,5 m digantung dari skala pegas dilokasi dimana percepatan

kg
gravitasi adalah 9,78 m/ s2.Jika kerapatan logam bekas, dalam , bervariasi dengan posisi z,
m3
dalam m, sesuai dengan ρ=7800−360 ¿, Tentukan pembacaan skala, dalam N.

Jawab

g= 9,78 m/ s2
ρ=7800−360 ¿,where z is in m.
The Scale record the weight, F grav=mg, where mass m given by
❑ L L
m=∫ ρdv=∫ ρAdz=A ∫ ¿ ¿¿ ¿
vol 0 0

For simplicity, introduce a new variable : ẑ = Z/L, so dz = Ld ẑ and the expossian for mass reads
L
m= AL∫ ¿ ¿
0
 π D2 kg π
¿ ( )(
4
L 7680 3 = ¿
m 4 )
Finally

m 1N
F grav=mg=( 3016 kg ) 9,78
( | |
)
s 1 kg . m
2

s2
=29,496 N

21. Fifteen kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is fed to a cylinder

having a volume of 20 m3 and initially containing 15 kg
of CO2 at a pressure of 10 bar. Later a pinhole develops and
the gas slowly leaks from the cylinder.
(a) Determine the specific volume, in m3/kg, of the CO2 in the
cylinder initially. Repeat for the CO2 in the cylinder after
the 15 kg has been added.
(b) Plot the amount of CO2 that has leaked from the cylinder,
in kg, versus the specific volume of the CO2 remaining in
the cylinder. Consider v ranging up to 1.0 m3/kg.
Answer :

V
a) Using v=
m
20 m3 m3
Initial specific volume : v = =1.33
15 kg kg
20 m3 m3
After an additional 15 kg enters : v = =0.67
15 kg kg

b) Beginning with 30 kg of CO 2 in the cylinder, the amount of mass that has leaked in
mass∈ cylinder
[ amount [ 30 kg ]−
leaked]=
[ when the specific
volume ∈the cylinder is v ]
 20 m 3
= [ 30 kg ]− [ ]
v
In writing this, we assume that the spesific volume does not very with location within
the cylinder : the gas leaks slowly, so the spesific volume within the cylinder varies
only with time. Since the spesific volume v varies from 0.67 m3. When 30 kg is
within cylinder, to the spesified upper limit.
m3
Specified : 1.0 , the plot is :
kg

22. The following table lists temperatures and specific volumes

of water vapor at two pressures:

p =1.0 Mpa p =1.5 Mpa

T (C) v (m3/kg) T (C) v (m3/kg)
200 0.2060 200 0.1325
240 0.2275 240 0.1483
280 0.2480 280 0.1627

Data encountered in solving problems often do not fall exactly

on the grid of values provided by property tables, and linear
interpolation between adjacent table entries becomes necessary.
Using the data provided here, estimate
(a) the specific volume at T = 240C, p = 1.25 MPa, in m3/kg.
(b) the temperature at p = 1.5 MPa, v = 0.1555 m3/kg, in C.
(c) the specific volume at T = 220C, p = 1.4 MPa, in m3/kg.

Answer :
a) At temperature of 240°C, the Specified pressure of 1.25 MPa falls between the table
values of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa. To determine the specfic volume of the corresponding to
125 MPa, we think of the slope of a straight line joining the adjaceut table states, as
follows

b) At a pressure of 1.5 MPa, the given specific volume of 0.1555 m/kg falls between the
table values of 240 and 280°C. To determine the temperature corresponding to the
given specific volume, we think of the slope of a straight line joining the adjaceut table
states, as follows

c) In this case, the specified pressure falls between the table values of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa
and the specified temperature falls between the table values of 200 and 240°C. Thus,
double interpolation is reguired.
 At 110°F, the specific volume at each pressure is simply the average over the
interval :
50lbf
, 110 ° F ; 7.110+6.836 ft 3
At v = =6.973
¿2 2 lb

60lbf
, 110 ° F ; 5.891+5.659 ft 3
At v = =5.775
¿2 2 lb
  Then, with the same approach as in (a)

v−5.775 6.973 2
= -» v = 5.77+ [ 6.973−5.775 ]
60−58 60−50 10
3
6.015 ft
lb

1.23 A closed system consisting of 5 kg of a gas undergoes a process during which the
relationship between pressure and specific volume is Pv1,3 = constant. The process begins with
P1 = 1 bar, v1 = 0.2 m3/kg and ends with P2 = 0.25 bar. Determine the final volume,in m3,and
plot the process on a graph of pressure versus specific volume.
Answer :
Given
 m = 5 kg
 Pv1,3 = constant
 P1 = 1 bar
 P2 = 0,25 bar
 Vg1 = 0,2 m3/kg
Required
 The final volume in m3
 Graph of pressure versus specific volume
Solution
 P1.Vg11,3 = P2.Vg21,3
 P1/P2 = (Vg2/Vg1)1,3
1,3
 √(PI /P 2) = Vg2/Vg1
1,3
 √(PI /P 2) x Vg1 = Vg2
 1,3 3
√ ¿ ¿ x 0,2 m /kg = Vg2
1,3
 √ 4 x 0,2 m3/kg = Vg2
 2,910 x 0,2 m3/kg = Vg2
 0,582 m3/kg = Vg2

 V2 = Vg2 x m
 V2 = 0,582 m3/kg x 5 kg
 V2 = 2,91 m3
1.24 A gas initially at P1 = 1 bar and occupying a volume of 1 liter is compressed within a
piston–cylinder assembly to a final pressure P2 = 4 bar.
a) If the relationship between pressure and volume during the compression is PV = constant,
determine the volume, in liters, at a pressure of 3 bar. Also plot the overall process on a
graph of pressure versus volume.
b) Repeat for a linear pressure–volume relationship between the same end states.
Answer :
Given
 P1 = 1 bar
 P2 = 4 bar
Required
a) Volume in L, at a pressure of 3 bar when PV = constant
Graph of pressure versus volume
b) Volume a linear pressure-volume relationship, at a pressure of 3 bar
Answer
a.
 PV = constant
 PV = P1.V1
 PV = 1 bar x 1 L
 PV = 1 bar.L
When, P = 3 bar
1 .̄ L
 V=
P
1 .̄ L
 V= ¯
3¿¿
 V = 0,33 L

When P2 = 4 bar
1 .̄ L
 V=
P2
1 .̄ L
 V= ¯
4 ¿¿
 V = 0,25 L

b.
( P 2 – P 1) ( P – P 1)
 =
(V 1−V 2) (V 1 – V )
¯¿ ¯
 ( 4−1 ) ¿ ( 3−1 ) ¿ ¿
( 1−0,25 ) L = ( 1−V )
¯ ¯¿
 3 ¿ ¿=2 ¿
0,75 L ( 1−V )
 (3 – 3V) bar = 1,5 bar.L
 3 bar – 3V bar = 1,5 bar.L
 3 bar – 1,5 bar.L = 3V bar
 1,5 bar.L = 3V bar
1,5 .̄ L
 =V
3 ¯¿ ¿
 0,5 L = V
 25. A gas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a thermodynamic cycle
consisting of three processes :
 Proses 1-2 : compression with pv = constant from p1 = 1 bar, V1= 1.0 m3 to V2 = 0.2 m3
 Proses 2-3 : constant-preasure expansion to V3 = 1.0 m3
 Proses 3-1 : constant volume.
 D1. 1-2 :pV= constant
 P1= 1 bar, V1 = 1m3 ,V2 = 0.2 m3
 2-3 : p= constant, V >V2 (ekspansiona) V3 = 1.0 m3
 3-1 : V = constant
 D2. SKETCH THE CYCLE ON A p-V DIAGRAM….?
 D3. Proses 1-2 , pV = constant . the cpnstant can be evaluated using data at state 1 :
 pV = constant
 = P1.V1
 = (1bar) (1m3) = 1 bar.m3
 Accordinglys on a preasure- volume plot process 1-2 is described by
1 .̄ m3
 p=
V
 In particular, when V2 =0.2 m3 , p= 5bar
 The thermodynamic cycle takes the form



 26. As shown in fig. 1.6, a manometer is attached to a tank of gas in which the pressure is
104.0 kPa. The manometer liquid is mercury, with a density of 13.59 g/cm3. If g = 9.81
m/s2 and the atmospheric pressure is 101.33kPa, calculate
 a. the difference in mercury levels in manometer, in cm.
 b. the gage pressure of the gas, in kPa
 D1. Patm = 101.33kPa
 P-Patm = 39L
 P= 104.0 kPa
 ρ=13.54 g /cm2
 D2. a.)L….?
 b.)Pgauge….?
P−Patma
 D3. a.) L=
39
(104.0−101.33 ) kPa
¿ 103 N /m3 103 g 1 m3 1 kg . m/ s2

( g
13.54 3 ¿ ¿
cm ) | 1 kPa || ||
1 kg 106 cm3| 1N |
 = 0.02 m
 = 2 cm
 b. Pgauge = P-Patm = 104.0 – 101.33
 =2.67 kPa

 1.27 The absolute pressure inside a tank is 0.4 bar, and the surrounding atmospheric
pressure is 98 kPa. What reading would a Bourdon gage mounted in the tank wall give, in
kPa? Is this a gage or vacuum reading?

 1.28 Water flows through a Venturi meter, as shown in Fig. P1.28. The pressure of the
water in the pipe supports columns of water that differ in height by 30 cm. Determine the
difference in pressure between points a and b, in MPa. Does the pressure increase or
decrease in the direction of flow? The atmospheric pressure is 1 bar, the specific volume
of water is 103 m3/kg, and the acceleration of gravity is g 9.81 m/s2



 Jawaban

 1.27)
 Diketahui :
 Pabs = 0.4 bar = 40 kPa
 Patm = 98 kPa
  Ditanya :
 Termasuk Gage atau vacuum?
 Jawab :
 Pabs < Patm  vacuum

 Pvac = Patm – Pabs
 = 98 kPa – 40 kPa
 = 58 kPa

 1.28)
 Diketahui :
 P atm = 1 bar
 g = 9.81 m/s2
 v = 10-3 m3/kg
 ditanya :
 ∆𝑝 …?
 jawab :
 𝜌 = 1/v = 1/0.001 m3/Kg = 1000 Kg/m3


 ∆𝑝 = -(1000 Kg/m3) (9.81 m/s2) (30cm) |1N/(1Kg.m/s2)| |1m/100cm|

|1kPa/(1000N/m2)|
 = -2.943 kPa
 = -0.002943 MPa (decrease)
1.29. Figure P1.29 shows a tank within a tank, each containing air. Pressure gage A is located
inside tank B and reads 1.4 bar. The U-tube manometer connected to tank B contains mercury.
Using data on the diagram, determine the absolute pressures inside tank A and tank B, each in
bar. The atmospheric pressure surrounding tank B is 101 kPa. The acceleration of gravity is g =
9.81 m/s2.

Answer :
Given : P surr. = 101 KPa = 1,01 bar
 L = 20 cm = 0,2 m
P gage, A = 1,4 bar
ρ Hg = 13,59 g/cm3 x (1 kg/103 g) x (106 cm3/1 m3) = 13590 kg/m3
g = 9,81 m/s2
Required : a.) P abs, A
b.) P abs, B
Solution :
a.) P gage, B = ρ Hg x g x L
P gage, B = 13590 kg/m3 x 9,81 m/s2 x 0,2 m
P gage, B = 26.664 N/m2 = 0,2666 bar

P abs, B = Psurr. + Pgage, B

P abs, B = 1,01 bar + 0,2666 bar
P abs, B = 1,2766 bar

b.)Pabs, A = Pabs, B + Pgage, A

Pabs, A = 1,2766 bar + 1,4 bar
Pabs, A = 2,6766 bar
30. Yahya Nurfauzi
A vacuum gage indicates that the pressure of air in a closed chamber is 0.2 bar (vacuum). The
pressure of the surrounding atmosphere is equivalent to a 750-mm column of mercury. The
density of mercury is 13.59 g/cm3, and the acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2. Determine the
absolute pressure within the chamber, in bar.

Udara

Diketahui :
Pvac = 0,2 bar
Patm = 750 mmHg
Hg = 13,59 g/cm3 = 13590 kg/m3
g = 9,81 m/s2
HHg = 750 mm = 0,75 m

Ditanya : Pabs = ?

Patm = Hg . g . HHg

Patm = 13590 . 9,81 . 0,75
Patm = 99988,425 Pa
Patm = 1 bar

Pabs = Patm - Pvac

Pabs = 1 - 0,2
Pabs = 0.8 bar
1.31 Refrigerant 22 vapor enters the compressor of a refrigeration system at an absolute
pressure of 0.1379 MPa². A pressure gage at the compressor exit indicates a pressure of 1.93
MPa² (gage). The atmospheric pressure is 0.1007 MPa². Determine the change in absolute
pressure from inlet to exit, in MPa². And the ratio of exit to inlet pressure.

Penyelesaian :

Diketahui :
P in absolute : 0.1379 MPa²
P out geauge : 1.93 MPa²
P atmofir : 0.1007 MPa²
Ditanya :
a. ∆P absolute : ......... ?
b. P out abs / P in abs : ......... ?
Dijawab :
P out abs = P out geauge + P atm
= 1.93 MPa² + 0.1007 MPa²
 = 2.0307 MPa²

a. ∆P abs = P out abs – P in abs

= 2.0307 MPa² - 0.1379 MPa²
= 1.8928 MPa²

b. P out abs / P in abs = 2.0307 MPa² / 0.1379 MPa²

= 14.7258 MPa²

1.32 Air contained within a vertical piston-cylinder assembly is shown in Fig. P1.32. On its top,
the 10-kg piston is attached to a spring and exposed to an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar Initially,
the bottom of the piston is at x 0, and the spring exerts a negligible force on the piston. The valve
is opened and air enters the cylinder from the supply line, causing the vol ume of the air within
the cylinder to increase by 10 m. The force exerted by the spring as the air expands within the
cylinder varies linearly with x according to F spring kr 10,000 N/m. The piston face area is 7.8 x
10 m2 where k Ignoring friction between the piston and the cylinder wal, determine the pressure
of the air within the cylinder, in bar when the piston is in its initial position. Repeat when the
piston is in its final position. The local acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2

Diketahui
g=9,81 m/s²
Fspring = kx, dimana k = 10.000 N/m
Pada piston
M= 10 Kg
A= 7,8x10-³ 10 m²
Pada udara
Perubahan V = 3,9x10-⁴ m³

Secara imitasi, x = 0 dan tidak ada pegas yang bekerja pada piston juga gesekan antara piston
dan dinding silinder dapat diabaikan. karenanya, gaya yang diberikan oleh udara dengan piston
silinder ditambah gaya yang diberikan oleh athmospher di bagian atas piston
Fx =0
P1a = Patm A = mg
P1 = Patm + mg /A
P1 =1 bar ( 1kg) (9,8 m/s²)/7,8 x 10 m-³) (1N /1kgm/s) (1 bar /10'5 N/m²)
P1 =1, 126 Bar

Akhirnya, gaya yang diberikan oleh udara di dalam silinder di bagian bawah piston sama dengan
berat piston ditambah gaya yang diberikan oleh atmosfer di atas jika piston fokus gaya yang
diberikan oleh pegas di atas piston

P2A = Patm A + mg =F2spring

P2 = Patm+ mg/A+ F2spring/A
Pada spring, Fspring =kx,dimana x adalah ditemukan menggunakan peningkatan volume udara

X=total v/ A=3,9x10-⁴m³/7,8x10-³m²=0,05m
P2=Patm=m9/A+[10,000n/m)(0,5m) / (7,8x10-³m²) ( 1bar/10'5N/m² )
=1,126 bar + 0,641 bar
=1,767 bar
Problems 1.33
1.33 Tentukan kekuatan total, dalam kN, di dasar kolam renang berukuran 100 x 50 m.
Kedalaman kolam bervariasi secara linear sepanjang dari 1 m hingga 4 m. Juga, tentukan tekanan
di lantai di tengah kolam, dalam kPa. Tekanan atmosfer adalah 0,98 bar, kepadatan air adalah
998,2 kg / m3, dan percepatan gravitasi lokal adalah 9,8 m / s2

Diketahui :
p= 100m
l= 50m
ρ=998.2 kg/m3
g=9.8 m/s2
p=0.98 bar= 0.98 x 100000= 98000 pascal

ditanya :
a)F=.......?
b)Ph=.....?

Dijawab :
a) F = p x L
L = 100 x 50 = 5000
F=pxL
= 98000 pascal x 5000 m2
= 490000000 N = 490000 kN

b) Ph = ρ x g x h
= 998.2 kg/m3 x 9.8 m/s2 x h
Karena diambil titik tengah pada kolam renang yang kedalaman berurutan dari 1m
hingga 4 m, maka h di ambil dari perbatasan kedalaman titik tengah dengan cara
membagi nya yaitu 2m dan 3m. Maka 2m + 3m = 5m : 2 = 2.5m
= 99.2 kg/m3 x 9.8 m/s2 x 2.5m
= 24455.9 N/m2 atau 24455.9 Pa
= 24455.9 Pa = 24.455 kPa
1.34 illustrates an inclined manometer making an angle of θ with the horizontal. What
advantage does an inclined manometer have over a U-tube manometer? Explain

Manometer cenderung memiliki resolusi yang lebih besar.

Bisa dibuktikan dengan

Diketahui:

a) Nilai L = nilai sin θ dikalikan X

b) θ bernialai tidak sama dengan 90 °,

L/X = Sin θ.

L
X = .
sin θ

L = Sin θ x...

Suatu nilai bila dikalikan dengan sin θ maka ada dua kemungkinan

1. Nilai yang dikalikan Sin θ akan lebih kecil dari pada nilai awalnya apabila nilai dari θ
tidak sama dengan 90°.
2. Nilai yang dikalikan sin θ akan sama dengan dengan nilai awalnya apabila nilai dari θ
sama dengan 90 °.

Dari hasil diatas L = sin θ X. L adalah nilai yang dikalikain sin θ, sementara X adalah nilai awal.
Kesimpulannya x lebih panjang dari pada L.

Dengan kesimpulan diatas bisa mewakilkan bahwa manometer miring lebih memiliki resolusi
yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan manometer yang horizontal.

1.35 Variasi tekanan dalam biosfer mempengaruhi tidak hanya makhluk hidup tetapi juga sistem
seperti pesawat dan kendaraan eksplorasi bawah laut
(a) Plot variasi tekanan atmosfer, di atm, versus ketinggian z di atas permukaan laut, dalam km,
mulai dari 0 hingga 10 km Asumsikan bahwa volume spesifik atmosfer, dalam m3 / kg,
bervariasi dengan p tekanan lokal, dalam kPa, menurut v 72.435 / p.
(B) Plot variasi tekanan, di atm, versus kedalaman z di bawah permukaan laut, dalam km, mulai
dari 0 hingga 2 km. Asumsikan bahwa volume spesifik air laut adalah konstan, 103 m2 / kg
0,956 X Dalam setiap kasus, g 9,81 m / s2 dan tekanan di permukaan laut adalah 1 atm
Jawab :
(a).

(b).

1.36. 1000 kg gas alam pada 100 bar dan 255 K disimpan dalam tangki. Jika tekanan (p),
volume (v), dan temperature (T), dari gas dihubungkan oleh berikut p= ((5.18×10-³)

T/( v - 0.002668)) - (8.91 × 10-³)/v2. di mana v berada di m3 / kg, T di K, dan p di bar, tentukan,
volume tangki dalam m3. Juga, tekanan plot versus spesifik x volume untuk isoterm T 250 K,
500 K, dan 1000 K.
=
Diket :
m : 1000kg
p : 100 bar
T1 : 255 k
T2 : 500k
T3 : 1000k

Ditanya : V tiap T?
Jawab : untuk gas dalam tanki, hubungan p-v-T adalah
p= ((5.18×10-³) T/( v - 0.002668)) - (8.91 × 10-³)/v2
Untuk menjawab v pada T, didapat
v= 0,00884 m³/kg
V = m•v = 1000 × 0,00884 = 8,84m³
1.37 Turunkan persamaan 1.10 dan gunakan untuk menentukan tekanan pengukur, dalam bar,
sama dengan pembacaan 1 cm air (densitas udara katup 1000kg/m3). Ulangi untuk pembacaan 1
cm merkuri. Densitas merkuri adalah 13,59 kali lipat dari air.
Jawab :
ρ H2O = 1000 kg/m3
ρ Hg = 13,59 x ρ H2O
L = 1 cm = 0,01 m

H2O : Pgage =ρgL

1N ¯
= (1000 kg/m3)(9,81 m/s2)(0,01m)( 2 )(
1 5 ¿ 2 ¿)
1kg .m/ s 10 N /m
= 9,81 x 10-4 bars
Hg : ρ Hg = 13,59 x ρ H2O
Pgage = 13,59 (9,81 x 10-4)
= 0,01333 bars
1.38 Two temperature measurements are taken with a thermometer marked with the Celsius
scale. Show that the difference between the two readings would be the same if the temperatures
were converted to the Kelvin scale.
Answer : K = C +273

1.39. The relation between resistance R and temperature T for a thermistor closely follows
1 1
R = R0 exp [ β ( − ¿¿
T T0
where R0 is the resistance, in ohms (Ω), measured at temperature T0 (K) and β is a
material constant with units of K. For a particular thermistor R0 = 2.2 Ω at T0 = 310 K.
From a calibration test, it is found that R = 0.31 Ω at T = 422 K. Determine the value of β
for the thermistor and make a plot of resistance versus temperature.

Diket : R = 0,31 Ω
R0 = 2,2 Ω
T = 422 K
T0 = 310 K
R dalam ohm (Ω)
T dalam Kelvin (K)
Ditanya : Tentukan β ?
1 1
Jawab : R = R0 exp [ β ( − ¿¿
T T0
1 1
0,31 Ω = 2,2 Ω exp [ β ( − ¿¿
T T0
0,31 Ω 1 1
= exp [ β ( − ¿¿
2,2 Ω T T0
0,31 Ω 1 1
β = ln ÷( − ¿
2,2 Ω 422 310
note
0,31 Ω
ln = - 1,959640342
2,2 Ω
 1 1
( − ¿=2,369668246×10-3– 3,225806452× 10-3 = -0,8561382006×10-3
422 310
β = 2288,9 K
Jadi,
1 1
R = R0 exp [ β ( − ¿¿
T T0
1 1
R = 2,2 Ω exp [ 2288,9 ( − ¿¿
T 310

1.40 Over a limited temperature range, the relation between electrical resistance R and
temperature T for a resistance temperature detector is
R = Ro [1 + (T – To)]
where R0 is the resistance, in ohms (), measured at reference
temperature T0 (in C) and  is a material constant with units
of (C)-1. The following data are obtained for a particular resistance
thermometer:
T (°C) R (Ω)
Test 1 (T0) 0 (Ro) 51,39
Test 2 91 51,72
What temperature would correspond to a resistance of 51.47 Ω on this thermometer?

Answer!
Given data =

T (°F) R (Ω)
Test 1 32 51,39
Test 2 196 51,72

R = Ro [1+α(T-To)]
Let To = 32 °F

From the data at T = 32°F

51,39 = Ro [1+α(32-32)] =>Ro = 51,39 Ω
At T= 196°F, R= 51,72 thus
51,72 = 51,39 [1+α(196-32)] => α= 3,9155 X 10-5 ( °F ) -1
Finally, R = 51,39 [ 1+31,9155 X 10-5 (T-32) ]
R = 51,326 + 2,0122 x 10-3 T
T = 496,97 ( r-51,326 )
T(R=51,24) = 71,6°F

1.41 A new absolute temperature scale is proposed. On this scale the ice point of water
is 150oS and the steam point is 300 oS. Determine the temperatures in oC that correspond
to 100o and 400oS, respectively. What is the ratio of the size of the oS to the kelvin?
from the data, the relation can be expressed as

T ( ° S )= ( 300−150
100−0 )
T ( ° S ) +150° C

T ( ° S )−150
¿ 1,5 T ( ° C ) +150∨T ( ° C )=
1,5

Using this relation

T =100 ° S

T (° S )−150 100−150
T (° C)= = =−33,33 ℃
1,5 1,5

T =400 °

T (° S )−150 400−150
T (° C)= = =166,67 ℃
1,5 1,5

From Eq.1.14 :
T ( ℃ )=T ( K )−273,15
T ( ° S )=1,5 T ( ° C ) +150
Subtitution,
1.42 Pipa air berdiameter kecil melewati 6 inch. Dengan dinding yang memiliki ketebalan
eksterior. Diasumsikan bahwa suhu bervariasi linear ddengan posisi x melalui bentuk dinding
20°C ke -6°C, akan air dalam pipa itu membeku?

Karena variasi temperatur sebuah linier

T= mx+b
Dimana m adalah kemiringan dan b adalah volume
ketika x= 0
Kemiringan: m= ¿= -8℉ /¿
Ketika x= 0, T= 68℉
Menurut, variasi temperatur diingat bahwa dinding
T= -(8℉ /¿)x + 68℉
Mengetahui suhu pada pipa: x= 3in
T= -(8℉ /¿)(3in) + 68℉
= 44℉
Tidak ada kemungkinan untuk membeku
Lampiran :
No. Nama
1.1-1.2 Tasya tamalin
1.3-1.4 M. afrizal muzaki
1.5-1.6 Elfira mr
1.7-1.8 Feri iansyah
1.9-1.10 Salman dani
1.11-1.12 Tegar unggul p
1.13-1.14 Tangguh pranoto w
1.15-1.16 Choirul shaleh g
1.17-1.18 Syahreza pahlevi
1.19-1.20 M. rifki fauzan
1.21-1.22 Fachrizal ari setiaji
1.23-1.24 Fawwaz Abiyyu p
1.25-1.26 Yusup adi p
1.27-1.28 Nova adi p
1.29 M. nuur hermawan
1.30 Yahya nur f
1.31 Yusuf subagyo
1.32 Achmad rozikhin
1.33 Nico pratama rivero
1.34 Ahmad zuhri
1.35 Dewa suryanegara
1.36 Arga Fernando
1.37 Dirga afissabilla
1.38 Taufiq setyawan
1.39 Maulana iwan s
1.40 Frendy setyo n
1.41 Teguh supriyatno
1.42 Wim widya sadewo