“

“A person who never made a

mistake never tried anything
new.”
Introduction to Grammar
and Structure in TOEFL
#Part2
Sub-CPMK
Setelah mengikuti kegiatan
pembelajaran mahasiswa mampu
memahami grammar dan structure
dalam TOEFL
 Things to Think….

01 Tenses

02 Conjunction

03 Passive Voice

04 Exercise
#Chapter1
TENSES
T.E.N.S.E.S
Pada dasarnya tenses adalah bentuk
kata kerja yang berusaha untuk
menggambarkan suatu peristiwa pada
masa waktu tertentu (Suherman, 2013)
 Asal Tenses

Past

Berdasarkan
waktu kejadian
Simple
Present

Karakter terjadinya
peristiwa

Continuous
Future
USE BIG IMAGES TO
SHOW YOUR IDEAS
• Source: Suherman, 2013
Perfect
 Tenses-Aspect System
Tenses Aspects Tenses-Aspect System

Simple S + V1
Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing
Present
Perfect S + have/has + V3
Perfect Continuous S + have/has + been + V-ing
Simple S + V2
Continuous S + was/were + V-ing
Past
Perfect S + had + V3
Perfect Continuous S + had + been + V-ing
Simple S + will + V1
Continuous S + will + be + V-ing
Future
Perfect S + will + have + V3
Perfect Continuous S + will + have + been + V-ing

Source: Spencer, NA
Tables to compare data

Source: Spencer, NA
Simple Present

Source: Suherman, 2013

 Functions

Kebiasaan Pengganti Present continuous

Rutinitas yang berulang-ulang Untuk non progressive verb

Fakta Imperative
General truth/ kejadian faktual yang
Kalimat perintah
cenderung definitif/ilmiah

Kemampuan Narasi
Menyatakan kemampuan yang mengusung
Membuat narasi lebih dramatis
konsep kebiasaan

Headline Jadwal/rencana perjalanan

Digunakan dalam judul.headline surat Yang telah terjadwal dan tetap yang
kabar berhubungan dengan fasilitas umum
 Present Continuous

Functions:
1. Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung
saat ini.
2. Menyatakan perbuatan yang terjadi
berulang-ulang, mengandung
makna jengkel dapat pula kagum
3. Menyatakan future time
4. Menyatakan situasi atau persitiwa
yang berangsur-angsur berubah.
5. Kebiasaan yang bersifat sementara

Source: Suherman, 2013

Simple Past

Source: Suherman, 2013

 The Functions

Kebiasaan di waktu
Kejadian di masa lampau When-clause, Kejadian 1 Narasi
lampau

e.g: I watched the drama e.g: I always carried a e.g: When I talked to her, e.g: They left on a rainy
last night plastic bag She read her book day
 Past Continuous

Functions:
Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang
berlangsung di masa tertentu di waktu
lampau.

e.g: I was reading a book when She left

home.

My mom was cooking at the kitchen,

when my brother came home

Source: Suherman, 2013

#Chapter2
CONJUNCTION
 Conjunction

Compound Complex

Conjunctive Adjective Adverbial

Coordinative Correlative Noun clause
adverb clause clause

Source: Suherman, 2013

Correlative Conjunction

Meaning…… Shape……
Kata sambung yang terdiri dari kata-kata Both….. (Subject1)…. and…. (Subject2) + (Plural verb)
yang berkolerasi/berpasangan
Not only….. (Subject1)…. but also…. (Subject2) + (verb)

Neither….. (Subject1)…. nor…. (Subject2) + (verb)

Either….. (Subject1)…. or…. (Subject2) + (verb)

Conjunction Adverb
Conjunction Adverb Meaning

Besides
Furthermore
Also
Menambah informasi, setara dengan makna “and”
Moreover

Accordingly
Consequently
Hence Memberikan makna hasil, setara dengan makna “so”
Therefore
Thus

However
Menunjukkan pertentangan dan bermakna
Nevertheless
Nonetheless “namun”/”tetapi”

Otherwise Bermakna “jika tidak”

Then Bermakna “kemudian”/”lalu”

#Chapter3
PASSIVE VOICE
 BARE IN MIND

Konstruksi pasif ada untuk lebih

memberikan penekanan pada
penerima aktivitas
(penderita) dibandingkan pada
pelaku
 Time Present Past Future Past Future
Event
Simple Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future Simple Past Future
Is, am, are + V3 Was, Were + V3 Will/Shall + be + V3 Would/Should + be
+ V3
Continuous Present Past Continuous Future Continuous Past Future
Continuous Was,were + being + ------------ Continuous
Is, am, are + being V3 ------
+ V3
Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
Have/has + been + Had + been + V3 Will/Shall + have + Would/should +
V3 been + V3 have + been + V3
Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
USE BIG IMAGES TO Continuous
--------------
Continuous
--------------
Continuous
------------
Continuous
----------

SHOW YOUR IDEAS

Source: Suherman, 2013
#Chapter4
EXERCISE
 Thank you!
Any Question??
References
Suherman. 2013. Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. Pustaka Ilmu:
Yogyakarta

Wright, Whitney Stacey & Sukur, Goridus Silvester. 2012. Soal-Soal Grammar
TOEFL. Kalarana Press: Yogyakarta

Sukur, Goridus Silvester. 2016. TOEFL Grammar Guide Book for Beginners 2.
Indonesia Cerdas: Yogyakarta

Deborah, Philips. 2003. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL test; the
paper based test. Pearson Education: New York