Pertemuan 4

Perancangan Pabrik Kimia 2

Donna Imelda, S.T., M. Si

Chemical Engineering Department
Jayabaya University
Agenda

Pemilihan
01
Proses

02

03
Pemilihan Proses

Needs One
Tujuan Pemilihan Proses:

❖ Mendapatkan proses dengan hasil tertinggi (konversi

atau yield)

❖ Menghasilkan produk dengan kualitas terbaik

❖ Mendapatkan Kondisi Operasi yang paling optimum

❖ Mendapatkan proses yang profiable

Jenis Proses

Berdasarkan reaksi utama di reaktor

Ex: Oksidasi, Transesterifikasi

Berdasarkan banyaknya tahapan proses.

ex;: Proses Oksidasi Dua Tahap

Berdasarkan fase bahan yang diproses

Ex: Proses Kering, Fasa Cair, Fasa Padat

Berdasarkan proses pemurniannya

Ex: Dengan menggunakan bleaching earth
 Faktor Kelayakan

Aspek Teknis
Proses dapat dilakukan
Alat tersedia

Aspek Ekonomis Aspek Lingkungan

Menghasilkan profit atau manfaat secara ekonomi. Memenuhi persyaratan keamanan lingkungan
Aspek Teknis

Aspek teknis menjadi pertimbangan untuk

memilih proses yang paling baik, misal:

❖ Kondisi operasi optimum, baik temperatur

maupun tekanan

❖ Konversi atau yield yang dihasilkan

❖ Jumlah, ketersediaan dan tingkat kerumitan

alat yang digunakan
Aspek Ekonomis

Perancangan harus mempertimbangkan

aspek ekonomis agar produk yang
dihasilkan bernilai ekonomis, memiliki
nilai jual yang tinggi sehingga
menghasilkan keuntungan atau profit.

❖ Harga bahan baku dan produk

❖ Biaya Produksi

❖ Estimasi kasar keuntungan

❖ Biaya investasi alat

❖ Analisis profitabilitas
 Aspek Lingkungan

Perancangan harus mempertimbangkan aspek

lingkungan, misal:

❖ Bahan baku yang tidak terbaharui

❖ Proses yang merusak lingkungan atau yang tidak bisa

di-recovery

❖ Penangann by-product dan buangan

 Faktor-Faktor Pemilihan Proses

Bahan Baku dan Katalis

Kondisi Operasi Konversi, Yield

Selektivitas, Kemurnian By-Product dan Limbah

Jumlah Alat
 Contoh Tabel Perbandingan Proses

Data harus
Ada data yang
menggunakan
Parameter Proses A Proses B Proses C dapat
satuan yang
dibandingkan
Bahan Baku sama

Harga Bahan Baku

Konversi
Temperatur Operasi Parameter yang
dibandingkan haruslah
Tekanan Operasi setara dan terukur
Kemurnian
Jumlah Alat
Tidak semua Gunakan
proses unggul pembobotan
di semua bila perlu
parameter
Modul 4
Process
Flow
Diagram
DONNA IMELDA, S.T., M. SI

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

JAYABAYA UNIVERSITY
Process Flow Diagram
KOMPETENSI
Memahami berbagai jenis blok diagram,
diagram alir proses, dan cara menyusun
aliran proses
INDIKATOR
Mahasiswa memahami jenis-jenis
diagram alir, simbol peralatan dan
mampu membuat diagram alir proses dan
blok diagram,
MATERI
▪ Jenis-Jenis Blok Diagram
▪ Blok Diagram Kualitatif
▪ Blok diagram kuantitatif
▪ Pengenalan simbol peralatan
▪ Alat Transportasi Bahan
▪ Alat Proses
▪ Alat Pengendali Proses
▪ dll
▪ Penyusunan diagram alir proses (Process
Flow Diagram)
The process flow diagram (PFD) is a critical component of process design. It is
absolutely necessary that chemical engineers know how to read process flow
diagrams because it is the primary method of detailing the process and design
information.

Additionally, the most effective way of relaying information about a process

design is the use of process flow diagrams. The PFD shows the sequence of flow
through a system through the various equipment (such as piping,
instrumentation, and equipment design) and details the stream connections,
stream flow rates and compositions and operating conditions through the plant
layout.

The PFD differs from a block flow diagram (BFD) in that the PFD is more detailed
and conveys more information than the BFD, which only gives a general sense of
flow of information.
Block Diagram
▪ A block flow diagram (BFD) is a drawing of a chemical processes used to simplify and understand the
basic structure of a system. A BFD is the simplest form of the flow diagrams used in industry.

▪ Blocks in a BFD can represent anything from a single piece of equipment to an entire plant. For a
complex process, block flow diagrams can be used to break up a complicated system into more
reasonable principle stages/sectors.

▪ Creating a BFD is often one of the first steps in developing a chemical process. Different alternatives
can be easily and inexpensively compared at an early stage using simple BFDs. Once alternatives have
been chosen, the BFD serves as a starting point for a complete process flow diagram (PFD).

▪ A BFD is a useful tool for reports, textbooks and presentations when a detailed process flow diagram is
too cumbersome. These models allow for the reader to get an overall picture of what the plant does and
how all the processes interact. These can be understood by people with little experience with reading or
creating flow diagrams (Towler and Sinnott, 2013).
Figure 2. Block flow process diagram for the production of benzene (Turton et al., 2012)
Figure 3. Block flow process diagram for the production of acrylic acid (Khoobiar et al., 1984)
Flow Diagram
To show the sequence of equipment and unit
operations in the overall process

To simplify visualization of the manufacturing

procedures

To indicate the quantities of materials and

energy transfer.
 .

Qualitative
Flow Diagram
A qualitative flow diagram
indicates the flow of materials,
unit operations involved,
equipment necessary, and
special information on
operating temperatures and
pressures
Quantitative
Flow Diagram
A quantitative flow diagram shows
the quantities of materials
required for the process operation
❖The process flow diagram is an essential part of chemical
engineering. It conveys a process and the path of its individual
components, therefore, it is essential to learn how to read and
create one.

❖The process flow diagram is divided into three sections:

1. Process topology
2. Stream information
3. Equipment information.

❖The more detailed these three sections are, the easier it is for a user
of the process flow diagram to follow along and understand.
Combination Flow Diagram (1/2)
❖ As the design proceeds toward completion, detailed information on flow quantities and
equipment specifications becomes available, and combined-detail flow diagrams can be
prepared.
❖ This type of diagram shows the qualitative flow pattern and serves as a base reference for giving
equipment specifications, quantitative data, and sample calculations.
❖Tables presenting pertinent data on the process and the equipment are cross-referenced to the
drawing. In this way, qualitative information and quantitative data are combined on the basis of
one flow diagram.
❖The drawing does not lose its effectiveness by presenting too much information; yet the
necessary data are readily available by direct reference to the accompanying tables.
Combination Flow Diagram (2/2)
❖ A typical cbmbined-detail flow diagram shows the location of temperature and pressure
regulators and indicators, as well as the location of critical control valves and special instruments.

❖ Each piece of equipment is shown and is designated by a defined code number. For each piece
of equipment, accompanying tables give essential information, such as specifications for
purchasing, specifications for construction, type of fabrication, quantities and types of chemicals
involved, and sample calculations.

❖ Equipment symbols and flow-sheet symbols, particularly for detailed equipment flow sheets, are
given in the Appendix.
Combination Flow Diagram
Figure 1: Various symbols for reactors, vessels and tanks (Towler and Sinnott, 2012)
Figure 2: Various symbols for heat exchanger equipment (Towler and Sinnott, 2013)
Figure 3: Various symbols for fluid handling equipment (Towler and Sinnott, 2013)
Figure 6: Process Flow Diagram Detailing the Nitric Acid Process (Towler and Sinnott, 2013)
Thank You
See you then…..