Nama: Renita Tri Rahayu

NPM: 1923445112

Quality of Soil and Yield of Food Crops in Ultisols Due to Application of Manure and
Source of Phosphate Fertilizer

Tanah masam di Indonesia mencapai 122.289 juta hektar yang mencakup 67,5 % dari total
lahan pertanian, yang sebagian besar tersebar di luar pulau jawa. Tanah pertanian didominasi
oleh tanah ultisol yang mencapai luas area 45.80 juta hektar dan tergolong sebagai tanah
marjinal. Tanah ultisol memiliki potensial dan peluang untuk pembangunan pertanian,
meskipun mempunyai kekurangan dalam kesuburan fisik dan kimia. Ultisol merupakan tanah
sangat asam dengan kisaran pH antara 4,2-4,3 sumber kebasaan tanah sepeti kation Ca, Mg,
K dan Na mudah lepas dan tercuci dari tanah. Ultisol dengan kandungan Al yang tinggi akan
mengikat P menjadi bentuk yang tidak tersedia bagi pertumbuhan tanaman. Cara yang
memungkinkan untuk menyelesaikan masalah kekurangan P adalah dengan pemberian batuan
Phospat (PR).

Penelitian dilakukan di Lahan Percobaan Tamanbogo, yang terletak di LampungTimur.

Penelitian dilaksanakan sejak 2007 sampai 2009 dengan pertanian intensif dengan pola tanam
Padi + Jagung -/- Singkong – Kacang hijau. Penelitian disusun dengan Rancangan Acak
Lengkap degan 3 kali pengulangan. Pupuk yang mengandung 18% P2O5 dan bahan organik
diaplikasikan pada saat awal tanam dengan dosis 1 Mg ha -1 per tahun dan 10 Mg ha-1 per
tahun pada saat musim hujan, SP36 diaplikasikan di setiap musim pertanaman. Perlakuannya
adalah (1) 10 Mg bahan organik ha-1 + 1 Mg PR ha-1, (2) tanpa bahan organik + 1 Mg PR ha-
1
(3) 10 Mg bahan organik ha-1 + 100 kg SP36 ha-1 dan (4) tanpa bahan orgaik + 100 SP36 ha-
1
. Parameter yang diukur adalah kandungan pupuk, kimia tanah dan kesuburan fisika tanah
sebelum di tanami dan sesudah di panen, dan hasil panen. Variabel dari sifat kimia tanah
adalah pH, C organik, Kapasitas tukar kation, N, P, K,Mg, Fe dan Al. Variabel yang diukur
dari sifat fisika tanah adlah bulk density, porositas, ketersediaan air dan permeabilitas.

Penggunaan 10 Mg ha-1bahan organik dengan penambahan PR menngkatkan kualitas kimia

tanah (pH, kandungan C organik, P tersedia, dan KTK) dan sifat fisika tanah (BD, porositas,
ketersediaan air, dan permeabilitas tanah). Kecuali pH tanah, aplikasi bahan organik dengan
SP36 memberikan peningkatan kualitas sifat fisik dan kimia tanah dibandingkan dengan yang
tanpa aplikasi bahan organik.

Referensi :
Solaeman Y and Haryati U. 2012. Quality of Soil and Yield of Food Crops in Ultisols Due to
Application of Manure and Source of Phosphate Fertilizer. J Trop Soil. 17: 45-52.

Pengujian Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus pada Jagung Manis (Zea mays saccharata. L)
dan Perubahan Sifat Kimia Tanah Ultisols

Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus merupakan pengembangan dari pupuk Organonitrofos yang

diperkaya dengan mikroba pada saat awal proses pembuatannya. Hasil penelitian melalui uji
tanah (inkubasi) di laboratorium dan uji tanaman di rumah kaca menunjukkan bahwa pupuk
Organonitrofos Plus, pupuk anorganik dan biochar dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan
kesuburan tanah marginal. Pupuk Organonitrofos plus merupakan bahan organik, dan biochar
merupakan bahan pembenah tanah yang dapat memperbaiki sifat fisika, kimia, dan biologi
tanah. Pemberian pupuk OP tunggal, pupuk anorganik tunggal, dan interaksi antara OP dan
anorganik meningkatkan bobot brangkasan kering, panjang tongkol, diameter tongkol, bobot
tongkol dengan kelobot, dan bobot tongkol tanpa kelobot.

Terdapat korelasi positif yang sangat nyata antara pH, C-organik, P-tersedia, berat kering
total tanaman jagung. Begitu juga antara serapan N dan bobot tongkol dengan kelobot
tanaman jagung manis. Berdasarkan kriteria penilaian sifat kimia tanah tanah Ultisols Taman
Bogo memiliki pH 4,61 yang termasuk dalam kategori tanah masam, memiliki kandungan
nitrogen P-tersedia, Kdd, C-organik, dan KTK yang sangat rendah seingga kesuburannya
sangat rendah. Pemberian pupuk Organonitrofos, anorganik, dan biochar meningkatkan
kesuburan tanah Ultisols Taman Bogo. Meningkatnya dosis OP meningkatkan pH, P tersedia,
C-organik, KTK dan KB. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian OP dapat memperbaiki
kesuburan tanah Ultisols. Namun, pemberian biochar belum terlihat pengaruhnya terhadap
sifat kimia tanah ultisols.

Referensi :
Dermiyati, S. D. Utomo, K. F. Hidayat, J. Lumbanraja, S. Triyono, H. Ismono, N. E. Ratna,
N. T. Putri, dan R. Taisa. 2016. Pengujian pupuk organonitrofos plus pada jagung
manis (Zea mays saccharata. L) dan perubahan sifat kimia tanah ultisols. J. Tanah
Trop., 21(1):9-17.
Available online at:
http://journal.unila.ac.id/index.php/tropicalsoil
J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2012: 45-52 45
DOI: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.1.45

Quality of Soil and Yield of Food Crops in Ultisols Due to

Application of Manure and Source of Phosphate Fertilizer

Yoyo Soelaeman and Umi Haryati

1
Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Jl. Ir. H Juanda 98, Bogor 16123, Indonesia. Telp.+62-0251-
323012, 0251-336757. Fax. 0251-311256, e-mail: yoyo_soelaeman@yahoo.com
Received 9 November 2010 / accepted 26 September 2011

ABSTRACT

Acid upland soil in Indonesia has a potential for agricultural development but it has constraints low of organic C
and available P as well as the soil physical properties have been degraded. The use of manure and direct application
phosphate rock (PR) was an alternative to improve land productivity and crop yields. The objective of the study was
to examine the effects of manure and the sources of P on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of foods
crop that was arranged on intensive cropping systems of upland rice + maize -/- cassava- mungbean. The experiment
was carried out at Tamanbogo Station Farm, East Lampung since 2007 until 2009 using randomized completely block
design with 3 replications. The treatments were (1) 10 Mg ha-1 manures + 1 Mg ha-1 of RP, (2) without manure + 1 Mg
ha-1 of PR, (3) 10 Mg ha-1 manures + 100 kg ha-1 SP 36, and (4) without manure + 100 kg ha-1 SP 36. The results showed
that the application of manure along with PR improved soil chemical and physical characteristics. Its improvement
affected the yield of foods crops, hence the profit increased with B/C ratio between 2.88-3.60.

Keywords: Food crops, manure, soil quality, source of P, upland ultisols

INTRODUCTION Ultisols is a very acid soil with soil pH ranges

Acid upland soil in Indonesia reaches 122,289
million hectares that cover about 67.5% of total
agricultural land (Dierolf et al. 2001), most of them
is widely distributed in the outside of Java Island.
The agriculture land is dominated by ultisols soil that
occupy an areas of about 45.80 million hectares and
are classified as marginal land (Subagyo et al. 2000).
Upland ultisols soil have a potential and opportunity
for agricultural development, eventhough they have
some physical and chemical soil constraints (Kang
1989).
Multiple cropping practices has been spreading
in upland agriculture in Indonesia in the forms of
inter cropping, sequential cropping, and relay
cropping; each of them has purposed to increase
plant production per unit of area and time. However,
the intensive food crops cropping systems become
necessary in many upland agricultural systems in
Indonesia due to the limitation of arable land. Organic
manure has played a most prominent in maintaining
soil fertility and increasing plant production in
sustainable manners.
J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2012: 45-52
ISSN 0852-257X
from 4.2 to 4.3. Due to the relatively high rainfall (>
2,000 mm year-1), the soil bases such as Ca, Mg, K
and Na cations are released and quickly leached
from the soil, thereby the soil becomes acid (Subagyo
et al. 2000). The contents of N, K2O and P2O 5
nutrients in ultisols soil are low that are between
0.06 to 0.48% of N; 0.51 to 0.76 mg 100 g-1 of
K2O; and 0.92 to 0.95 mg kg-1of P (Soelaeman et
al. 2003).
Ultisols soil with high contents of Al oxide will
retain P into the unavailable forms for plant growth,
so that the P deficiency in acid upland soil is the
most limiting factor crop for production. A possible
strategy to solve the problem of P deficiency is by
direct application of indigenous phosphate rock
(PR). Use of PR as a source of P nutrient at once
in high dosage (P recapitalization) is more
appropriate in acid soil because the P nutrient will
not be lost by leaching, except on very sandy soil
(Dierolf et al. 2001). The use of PR with the dosage
of 1 Mg ha -1 directly will reduce the cost of
acidification processes required in SP36, TSP, and
others kind of P fertilizers production. Phosphate
rock has a nature of slow release of P (Zapata and
Zaharah 2002) and contains Ca nutrient and other
micro nutrients to support plant growth, so that the
46 Y Soelaeman and U Haryati: Application of Manure and Phosphate Fertilizer
PR is more appropriate to eliminate the unavailable
P in the soil.
Beside of nutrient deficiencies, the upland
ultisols soil contains low organic matter, high soil
bulk density (BD), low of total pores space, soil
permeability and available water (Soelaeman et al.
2003). Animal manures (cow-dung) are most widely
used to improved soil fertility and physical
properties. The general effect of manure is to
improve soil physical properties that is closed
relation to the increasing of soil productivity.
To reduce the problems of P deficiency for
plant and poor of soil fertility and soil physical
conditions in acid upland soil, the application of
manure and PR is necessary. The purposes of study
were to examine the management of soil productivity
through the use of manure and sources of P on soil
physical and chemical properties, and crop yields.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Site and Experimental Design
The experiment was conducted at the
Experimental Farm of Tamanbogo, located in East
Lampung. The experiment was carried out since
2007 until 2009 (3 years) using food crops that was
arranged in intensive cropping pattern of Upland
Rice + Maize -/-Cassava – Mungbean.
The experiment was arranged in a randomized
completely block design with 3 replications. Gresik
RP that contains of 18% P2O5 and manure were
applied at once with the dosages of 1 Mg ha-1 years-
1
and 10 Mg ha-1 year-1, respectively in the rainy
season, and SP36 was applied in every planting
season. The treatments were (1) 10 Mg manures
ha-1 + 1 Mg PR ha-1, (2) without manure + 1 Mg
PR ha-1, (3) 10 Mg manure ha-1 + 100 kg SP36 ha-
1
, and (4) without manure + 100 kg SP36 ha-1.
Field Plot and Cropping Pattern
The upland rice (Oriza sativa L.) namely
Limboto cultivar was planted in the rainy season
with plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm, and 3 to 5 grains
per hole. The Pioneer 21 hybrid variety of maize
(Zea may L.) was intercropped in upland rice with
plant spacing of 2 m × 0.25 m, 1 plant/hole, while
cassava (Manihot utilisima L.) Namely Kasesart
cultivar was relayed between maize plants with plant
spacing of 4 m × 0.5 m. Local cultivar of mungbean
(Phaseolus radiatus L.) was planted in dry season
(after the upland rice and maize have been
harvested )with plant spacing of 30 cm × 20 cm, 1-
2 grains hole-1.
The manure was applied by evenly
broadcasting according to the treatment, and then
mixed with soil in 15-20 cm depth using hand hoes.
Upland rice was fertilized with the dosage of 90 kg
N ha-1 and 30 kg K2O ha-1, broadcasted 3 times,
namely 1/3 dosage of N and all dosages of P and K
were applied at 7 days old after planting (DAP),
1/3 dosage of N was applied at 30 DAP and the
remaining of 1/3 dosage of N was applied at
primordial phase (45 DAP).
Maize fertilization was carried out in 2 times at
the dosage of 90 kg N ha-1, 36 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 30 kg
K2O ha-1. The first fertilization was 1/3 dosage of N
and all dosages of P and K were applied at 7 DAP
and the remaining 2/3 dosage of N applied at 30 DAP.
Mungbean was fertilized by 22.5 kg N ha-1 at 7 DAP,
while cassava did not fertilize.
Soil Analysis
Parameter observed were chemical of manure,
soil chemical and physical properties before planting
and after harvest, and crops yield. The variables of
soil chemical were soil pH, organic C, cation ion
exchange capacity (CEC), N, P (Bray-I), K, Mg,
Fe and Al. The variables of soil physical variables
were bulk density (BD), total soil pores space,
available water and soil permeability.
Data Analysis
Soil data’s were analyzed descriptively while
the crop data’s were analyzed using the SAS
Systems for Linier Models, v.6.12 for windows
(Ramon et al. 1992). Data were analyzed by analysis
of variance and followed by Duncan Multiple Range
Test (DMRT) at 5% significance level. The financial
effectiveness of each treatment was calculated by
input-output farming and B/C ratio.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Manure Quality
The results of manure analysis (Table 1)
showed that the nutrients content in the manure
were very low but the organic C content was
relatively high (9.50%) and the water contents was
characterized at moderate level (34.30%). In
addition, the manure contained some micro
elements required by plant. Therefore, the quality
of manure used in this study was high.
Manure could improve soil chemical and
physical properties effectively, and the plant growth
was affected by the maturity of manure. Hartatik
and Widowati (2009) suggested that the microbes
 J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2012: 45-52
Tabel 1. Chemical characteristics of manure
used in upland rice+maize-/-
cassava-mungbean at Tamanbogo
Experimental Farm, East Lampung.
Chemical Variable Value
-1
N (g kg ) 5.8
-1
P (g kg ) 1.1
K (g kg-1) 2.9
-1
Ca (g kg ) 4.8
Mg (g kg ) -1
4.2
-1
Organic C (g kg ) 95.0
Mn (g kg-1) 724
Cu (g kg-1) 9.5
-1
Zn (g kg ) 64
Water contents (%) 34.30
Description: Analyzed at the Chemical Labora-
tory of Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI)
will use the available N to decompose organic
materials if the manures decomposition processes
were not finished yet, so that the absorption of N by
the crops was limited.
Fibers part of organic materials improved on
the granulation/aggregate formation of the soil that
played an important role to improve soil permeability
and air circulation (aeration). As a function of soil
chemistry, organic manure could provide some of
soil CEC that was important to hold a given inorganic
fertilizers and soil buffering capacity, so that the
crops could avoid from the pressure of soil acidity.
The use of organic materials increased the availability
of some nutrients and improved the efficiency of P
absorption by crops because in the process of
organic matters decomposition humic acid and fulfat
acid (polyelectrolite) were produced that had an
ability to bind Al and Fe in the soil. To eliminate P
fixation in the soil, the active anion of organic manure
formed a chelate bond with Si-Al-OOCR (Alofan).
The higher the carboxyl and fenolic compounds in
organic matters the higher the ability of organic
matters to realease AlHPO4 bonds so the P nutrient
became more available for plant (Mengel dan Kirkby
1987). By increasing of organic matter contents in
the soil, the N total and N mineralization, soluble P,
exchangeable K, N uptake by plants and soil water
content could be increased (Stanford et al. 1973).
The Effect of Manure and P Sources to the Soil
Chemical Properties
Table 2 showes that the initial soil pH (before
planting) was very acid (4.2), soil organic C contents,
47
available P (Bray-1) and CEC were very low.
Residues of 1 Mg ha-1 yr-1 of PR combining with 10
Mg ha-1 yr-1 of manures increased soil pH by 0.3
points in the year II and III, respectively. The content
of soil organic C increased by 25% in the year I,
and 37.5% and 50.0% in the year II and year III,
respectively. The use of PR without manure
increased soil pH by 0.2 points in year I and II, and
0.25 points in the year III, while the soil pH relatively
did not change it using SP36 only. The use of PR
along with manure was likely to increase soil organic
C higher than the use of SP36, both with manure
and without manure.
Rochayati et al. (2009) suggested that the PR
contained Ca equivalent to 40% CaO. Phosphate
rock application in acid upland soil increased soil
pH due to the presence of Ca. Soil pH affected
plant growth and weight of harvested biomass
(Chien and Friessen 1992), thereby, the quantity of
organic materials that were returned back to the soil
was higher compared to the biomass produced by
SP36. Sutriadi et al. (2005) argued that the
application of organic matter in acid upland soil had
positive effect on the solubility of PR. Chien et al.
(2010) reported that the dissolution of PR increased
with an increase of soil P-fixing capacity.
The available P before planting was very low
(0.92 mg kg-1 P) and tended to increase in the year
II and III. The effect of PR residues combined with
manure application increased the availability of P
(Bray 1) in year II and III up to the high level (1.0
to 1.1 mg kg-1 P). The PR or SP36 fertilizers without
manure reduced the availability of P in the soil, so
that the values of available P in year I up to year III
was very low. The application of PR or SP36
fertilizers with manure increased CEC values from
4 cmol(+) kg-1 to between 4.56 to 7.30 cmol (+) kg-1,
whereas in the other treatments were very low. The
nutrient added to the soil with low CEC could not
be held and easily lost. This condition was reflected
to the increasing of soil organic C contents in the
treatment with manure application and it did not
increase significantly in the treatment without
manure application, vice versa.
The Effect of Manure and P Sources on the
Soil Physical Properties
Tabel 3 showes that the application of manures
with PR or SP36 decreased soil BD from 1.5 Mg
m-3 (before planting) to between 1.2-1.3 Mg m-3 in
the year II and to 1.0 Mg m-3 in the year III. Agus
et al. (2006) suggested that the soil BD was one of
the soil physical characteristic that was usually
measured because its had closely relationship with
root penetration into the soil, soil drainage and soil
48 Y Soelaeman and U Haryati: Application of Manure and Phosphate Fertilizer

Table 2. Soil chemical characteristics before planting and after harvest in upland rice +Maize-/-
cassava-mungbean cropping pattern at Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East Lampung.

Before Planting Year I Year II Year III

Parameter and Treatment
(2006) (2007) (2008) (2009)
pH 4.20(va)
-1 -1
10 Mg ha manure + 1 Mg ha PR 4.40(va) 4.50(a) 4.50(a)
Without manure + 1 Mg ha-1 PR 4.40(va) 4.40(va) 4.45(va)
-1 -1
10 Mg ha manure +100 kgha SP36 4.40(va) 4.35(va) 4.40(va)
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 4.30(va) 4.25(va) 4.30(va)
C-organic (g kg-1) 8.0(vl)
10 Mg ha-1 manure + 1 Mg ha-1 PR 10.0(l) 11.0(l) 12.0(l)
-1
Without manure + 1 Mg ha PR 8.0(vl) 8.5(vl) 9.0(vl)
-1 -1
10 Mg ha manure +100 kg ha SP36 9.5(vl) 10.0(vl) 11.0(vl)
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 9.0(vl) 9.0(vl) 8.5(vl)
P2O5 Bray 1 (mg kg-1 P) 0.92(vl)
-1 -1
10 Mg ha manure + 1 Mg ha PR 12.92(h) 12.78(h) 11.18(h)
-1
Without manure + 1 Mg ha PR 7.00(m) 7.10(m) 7.05(m)
-1 -1
10 Mg ha manure +100 kg ha SP36 10.92(h) 10.64(h) 9.97(m)
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 6.50(l) 6.53(l) 6.61(l)
CEC (cmol (+) kg-1) 4.00(vl)
-1 -1
10 Mg ha manure + 1 Mg ha of PR 6.44(l) 7.32(l) 7.30(l)
-1
Without manure + 1 Mg ha of PR 4.44(vl) 4.24(vl) 4.10(vl)
-1 -1
10 Mg ha manure +100 kg ha of SP36 4.86(vl) 4.51(vl) 4.56(vl)
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 of SP36 4.24(vl) 4.16(vl) 4.00(vl)
Description: (a) = acid, (va) = very acid, (l) = low, (vl) = very low, (m) = medium, (h) = high + = intercropping, -/- = relay
cropping, - = continous cropping.

aeration and others soil characteristics. Soil BD was
affected by the contents of soil organic C, soil texture
and soil management. The higher the organic C
contents in the soil, the lower the soil BD (Hsieh
and Hsieh 1990). Soelaeman et al. (2011) found
out that low soil BD had caused to the low of soil
particle density (PD), so that the crop roots
developed normally.
The use of PR and SP36 without addition of
manures did not affect to soil BD. This condition
showed by the soil BD at initial study of 1.5 Mg
m-3 was relatively fix in the year II and year III
(Table 3).
Pore space is that portion of the soil volume
which is not occupied by soil solid but by air and/or
water. Pore space in soil is of two kinds: the macro
pore space which has a diameter of more than 60
mm stores exchangeable air and the micro pore space
which has a diameter of less than 30 mm stores
capillary water. Physical properties of soil type depend
on the size of particles in it. Soil particles occupy
roughly more than half the space in the soil. The
remaining space between the particles, called the pore
space, is occupied by water and air. Total soil pores
space is the pores which will be filled by air/oxygen
when the soil is in the state of field capacity (pF 2.54%
by volume).
The use of manure with PR increased total soil
pores from 40.7% by volume to 58.4% by volume in
the year III, the availale water and soil permeability
also increased by the amounts of 8.6% and 57.9%,
respectively in the year III. Application of manure
along with SP36 increased total soil pores, available
water and soil permeability but it did not increase as
high as PR. The different improvement of some soil
physical characteristics between PR and SP36 were
estimated due to the differences of plant biomass
returned back into the soil. The texture, organic
matter present in soil, nature of crops cultivated and
the soil depth had a great influence over the soil
pore space, available water and soil permeability.
The pore size or porosity of soils together with
bulk density determines the structure of soils. The
stability of soil aggregates depends on the organic
matter content of individual soils and the nature of
microbial products which binds particles together.
 J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2012: 45-52 49

Table 3. Soil physical properties before planting and after harvest in upland rice+maize -/-cassava-
mungbean cropping pattern at Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East Lampung.

Before Planting Year I Year II Year III

Parameter and Treatment
(2006) (2007) (2008) (2009)
BD (Mg m-3) 1.5
10 Mg ha-1 manure + 1 Mg ha-1 PR 1.5 1.2 1.0
-1 1.4 1.4 1.5
Without manure + 1 Mg ha PR
-1 -1 1.4 1.3 1.0
10 Mg ha manure +100 kgha SP36
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 1.5 1.4 1.5
Total Soil Pores (% vol.) 40.7
-1 -1 53.7 56.2 58.4
10 Mg ha manure + 1 Mg ha PR
-1 43.4 43.3 43.6
Without manure + 1 Mg ha PR
10 Mg ha-1 manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 50.8 53.9 54.0
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 42.4 43.6 43.2
Available Water (% vol.) 7.6
-1 -1 9.3 9.6 10.1
10 Mg ha manure + 1 Mg ha PR
Without manure + 1 Mg ha-1 PR 8.0 8.2 8.8
-1 -1 9.2 9.1 9.8
10 Mg ha manure +100 kg ha SP36
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 8.0 7.9 8.6
-1 5.7
Permeability (cm hr )
10 Mg ha-1 manure + 1 Mg ha-1 PR 7.5 8.5 9.6
-1 6.4 6.2 6.0
Without manure + 1 Mg ha PR
-1 -1 7.3 8.1 9.2
10 Mg ha manure +100 kg ha SP36
Without manure +100 kg ha-1 SP36 6.5 6.3 6.4

Description: + = intercropping, -/- = relay cropping, - = continous cropping.

Crops Yields taking into account the physical and chemical

Planting Season I (Upland Rice + Maize -/-
Cassava)
Application 10 Mg manures ha-1 along with 1
Mg PR ha-1 had the highest dry grain weight of
upland rice and maize significantly in the year I, II
and III compared to other treatments. The yield of
Limboto upland rice was 1.661 Mg ha-1 in the year I
(2007), increased to 2.166 Mg ha-1 and 2.210 Mg
ha-1 in the year II and III, respectively, and the yield
of maize was higher than other treatments
(Table 4). This condition indicated that the use of
manure increased soil chemical and physical
properties, so that the effectiveness of PR also
increased and the yield was higher than without
manures. The results indicated that manure
increased soluble P in acidic soils (Alloush 2003).
The PR and SP36 without application of manure
properties of the soil.
Planting Season II (Mungbean -/-Cassava)
Application of PR along with manure showed
significantly higher yields of mungbean in the year
II (8% higher) and year III (28% higher) compared
to the yield of SP36 with manure. Phosphate rock
without manure gave a better yield of mungbean
at 42.86% to 88.89% higher than the yield achieved
by SP (Table 5).
The growth of cassava that were inserted
between holes of maize plants was relatively slow
and tended to stagnant and escalated because there
were competition of space and light with upland rice
and maize.
Tabel 5 indicates that the use of 10 Mg manures
ha along with PR provided yields of 11.2 Mg ha-1
-1

did not show a significantly different of upland rice
and maize yield in the year II and III (Table 4). It
was due to less improvement of soil physical and
chemical properties as shown in Table 2 and 3. Soil
characterisation improvement can be detected by
and 12.6 Mg ha-1 fresh tuber in the year I and year
III. This yield was significantly higher than SP36
with manure as well as SP 36 and PR without
manure. The yields of cassava in the treatment of
10 Mg manures ha-1 along with PR in the year II
50 Y Soelaeman and U Haryati: Application of Manure and Phosphate Fertilizer

Table 4. The weight of dry grain rice and maize in intercropping of upland rice+maize-/-cassava-
mungbean at Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East Lampung.

Dry grain rice (Mg ha-1) Dry grain maize (Mg ha-1)
Treatment Year I Year II Year III Year I Year II Year III
(2007) (2008) (2009) (2007) (2008) (2009)
10 Mg ha-1 manure + 1 1.661 a 2.166 a 2.21 a 3.12 a 4.121 a 2.68 a
Mg ha-1 PR
Without manure + 1.424 b 1.594 bc 1.53 bc 2.31 b 2.648 b 1.69 b
1 Mg ha-1 PR
10 Mg ha-1 manure + 1.296 c 1.722 b 1.96 ab 2.88 a 3.365 b 2.60 a
100 kg ha-1 SP 36
Without manure + 1.312 c 1.223 c 1.16 c 1.43 c 1.548 c 1.63 b
100 kg ha-1 SP 36
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same columns are not significantly different by DMRT at
0.05. + : intercropping, -/- : relay cropping, - : continous cropping.

were relatively similar (11.50 Mg ha -1) to the SP36
with manure (11.42 Mg ha-1).
The effect of PR on soil quality improvement
in the year II was varied because cassava did not
specially fertilize but they utilized residual nutrients
of previous fertilization of upland rice, maize and
mungbean. The effect of PR was higher in the year
III, such as mention by Chien et al. (2010) that the
effectiveness of PR was higher for long-term than
short-term. Direct application of PR was to be a
valuable source of nutrients in acid soil with low
exchangeable Ca and thus provided favorable
condition for PR dissolution.
Application of manure and PR in acid upland
soil showed significant effects to soil physical and
chemical characteristics. Application of manures
could improve soil organic C, CEC, and available P,
and soil physical characteristic of soil BD, total soil
pores space, available water and soil permeability
such as showen in Table 2 and 3.
Financial Analysis
Table 6 shows that the management of acid
upland soil by using 10 Mg manure ha-1 year-1 along
with PR provided greatest profit in the year I, II
and III, that were Rp 8,546,250, Rp 15,077,350 and
Rp 19,189,000, respectively. The biggest B/C of 3.66
was gained in the year III.
In many acid soils, soil fertility is a limited factor
for crop production. These soils usually are low in
plant-available P and often have a high P-fixing
capacity that results in low efficiency of water-
soluble P fertilizers such as SP36. Application of
PR to soil can be an attractive alternative because
PR contains Ca and releases P slowly.

Table 5. Mungbean and cassava yields after application of manure and PR fertilizers in upland rice +
Maize -/- cassava–mungbean cropping pattern in Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East
Lampung.

Weight of dry grain of mungbean Weight of fresh cassava tuber

(Mg ha-1) (Mg ha-1)
Treatment
Year I Year II Year III Year I Year II Year III
(2007) (2008) (2009) (2007) (2008) (2009)
10 Mg ha-1 manure + 1.00 a 1.08 a 1.28 a 11.20 a 11.500 a 12.600 a
1 Mg ha-1 PR
Wthout manure + 0.65 b 0.50 c 0.85 c 9.55 c 10.233 b 10.120 c
1 Mg ha-1 PR
10 Mg ha-1 manure + 0.98 a 1.00 b 1.10 b 10.04 b 11.417 a 11.523 b
100 kgha-1 SP36
Without manure + 0.41 c 0.35 d 0.45 d 9.00 d 10.333 b 9.550 d
100 kg ha-1 SP36
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same columns are not significantly different by DMRT at 0.05.
+ : intercropping, -/- : relay cropping, - : continous cropping.
 J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2012: 45-52 51

Table 6. Financial analysis of upland rice+ maize-/-cassava–mungbean cropping

pattern at Tamanbogo Experimental Farm, East Lampung.

Treatment Year I (2007) Year II (2008) Year III (2009)

Technology 1
- Yield values 13,116,250 20,313,350 24,525,000
- Production cost 4,570,000 5,236,000 5,336,000
- Frofit 8,546,250 15,077,350 19,189,000
- B/C 1.87 2.88 3.60
Technology 2
- Yield values 10,060,000 13,186,300 15,457,000
- Production cost 3,320,000 3,736,000 3,936,000
- Frofit 6,740,000 9,450,300 11,521,000
- B/C 2.03 2.53 2.93
Technology 3
- Yield values 11,892,000 16,649,800 19,927,200
- Production cost 4,970,000 5,436,000 5,636,000
- Frofit 6,922,000 11,213,800 14,291,200
- B/C 1.39 2.06 2.54
Technology 4
- Yield values 8,125,000 10,301,700 12,268,000
- Production cost 3,420,000 3,786,000 3,936,000
- Frofit 4,705,000 6,515,700 8,332,000
- B/C 1.38 1.72 2.12
Description: Technology 1=10 Mg ha-1 manure + 1 Mg ha-1 of RP. Technology 2 = Without manure +
1 Mg ha-1 RP. Technology 3 = 10 Mg ha-1 manure + 100 kg ha-1 SP 36. Technology 4 =
Without manure + 100 kg ha-1 SP 36. + = intercropping, -/- = relay cropping, - = continuous
cropping.

The yield values, profite and B/C ratio of
treatments with application of PR, and SP36 along
with manure increased with time (Table 6). There
are in line with the experimental results reported by
Chien (2003) that the Relative Agronomic
Effectiveness (RAE) of PR increased from the first
bean crop to the third crop grown on soil with a high
P-fixing capacity. This is due to (1) the residual effect
of P decreased rapidly in the soil with high P-fixing
capacity, and (2) slow dissolution of PR in the soil
with time. The smallest profit was achieved by using
of SP36 without manure. The profit in the year I
was Rp4,705,000 with B/C was 1.38. The profit and
B/C increased in the year II (Rp6,515,700 with B/C
was 1.72), and in the year III (Rp8,332,000 with B/
C was 2.12).
CONCLUSIONS
The use of 10 Mg manure ha-1 along with PR
improved the soil chemical properties (pH, C-
organic content, available P, and cation exchange
capacity) and soil physical properties (BD, total soil
pores, available water and soil permeability) of acidic
soil in the year II and year III. Except on soil pH,
application of manure with SP36 gave better soil
chemical and physical properties than PR treatment
without manure.
Manure that was combined with PR gave
highest food crops yield. Based on financial analysis
showed that the highest benefits and B/C was
achieved by the treatment of manure along with PR.
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Available online at:
http://journal.unila.ac.id/index.php/tropicalsoil
J Trop Soils, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016: 9-17 9
DOI: 10.5400/jts.2016.21.1.9

Pengujian Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus pada Jagung Manis

(Zea mays saccharata. L) dan Perubahan Sifat Kimia
Tanah Ultisols

Dermiyatia, Setyo Dwi Utomoa, Kuswanta Futas Hidayata, Jamalam Lumbanrajaa, Sugeng Triyonob,
Hanung Ismonoc, Ni’malia Estika Ratnaa, Nidya Triana Putria, dan Rianida Taisaa

a
Jurusan Agroteknologi, bJurusan Teknologi Pertanian, cJurusan Agribisnis, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas
Lampung, Jl. Sumantri Brojonegoro No. 1, Bandar Lampung 35145, e-mail: dermiyati.1963@fp.unila.ac.id

Terima 02 Desember 2015/ Disetujui 30 Desember 2015

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengujian pupuk Organonitrofos Plus (OP) pada jagung manis (Zea mays
Saccharata L.) dan pengaruhnya terhadap perubahan sifat kimia tanah Ultisols. Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus merupakan
pengembangan dari pupuk Organonitrofos yang diperkaya dengan mikroba pada saat awal proses pembuatannya.
Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Laboratorium Pertanian Terpadu Universitas Lampung. Perlakuan yang diterapkan
adalah faktorial 4 × 2 × 3 dengan 3 ulangan dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk
OP (0, 10, 20, 30 Mg ha-1), faktor kedua adalah dosis pupuk anorganik (tanpa pupuk anorganik dan dengan pupuk
anorganik, yaitu Urea 0,44, SP-36 0,28, dan KCl 0,16 Mg ha-1), dan faktor ketiga adalah dosis biochar (0, 10, 20 Mg ha-1).
Pemberian pupuk OP tunggal, pupuk anorganik, dan interaksi antara OP dan anorganik meningkatkan bobot
brangkasan kering, panjang tongkol, diameter tongkol, bobot tongkol dengan kelobot, dan bobot tongkol tanpa
kelobot. Pemberian pupuk OP dapat memperbaiki kesuburan tanah Ultisols dan meningkatkan produksi tanaman
jagung sehingga pupuk OP dapat mengurangi pemakaian pupuk anorganik dan dapat dijadikan substitusi pupuk
anorganik. Nilai RAE tertinggi ada pada perlakuan O4K2B2 (30 Mg OP ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik, 10 Mg
biochar ha-1) yaitu sebesar 181 % diikuti O2K2B3 (10 Mg OP ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik, 20 Mg biochar ha-1)
dengan selisih nilai RAE sebesar 0,5%.

Kata kunci: Biochar, pupuk organik, relative agronomic effectiveness, serapan hara N, P, K.

ABSTRACT

Organonitrofos Plus Fertilizer Test on Sweet Corn and Changes of Chemical Properties of Ultisols: This study
aimed to examine Organonitrofos Plus fertilizer (OP) on sweet corn (Zea mays Saccharata L.) and its effect on
changes in soil chemical properties of Ultisols. Organonitrofos Plus fertilizer is an enhancement of Organonitrofos
fertilizer enriched with microbes at the beginning of the manufacturing process. Research was conducted in the
greenhouse of Integrated Agricultural Laboratory of Lampung University. Treatment applied was a factorial of 4 ×
2 × 3 with three replications in a randomized block design. The first factor was the dose of OP fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30
Mg ha-1), the second factor was the dose of inorganic fertilizers (without inorganic fertilizers, and with inorganic
fertilizers, namely Urea 0.44, 0.28 SP-36 and KCl 0.16 Mg ha-1), and the third factor was the dose of biochar (0, 10, 20
Mg ha-1). By a single OP fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers, and the interaction between the OP and the inorganic
fertilizers increased the weight of dry stover, cob length, cob diameter, cob with husk and cob without husk of corn.
OP fertilizers which are applied in Ultisols can improve soil fertility and increase corn production so that OP fertilizer
can lessen the use of inorganic fertilizer and can be used as a substitute for inorganic fertilizer. RAE values were
highest in treatment of O4K2B2 (30 Mg OP ha-1, with inorganic fertilizer, 10 Mg biochar ha-1) that was equal to 181%,
followed by O2K2B3 (10 Mg OP ha-1, with inorganic fertilizer, 20 Mg biochar ha-1 ) with the difference in RAE value
of 0.5%.

Keywords: Agronomic relative effectiveness, biochar, organic fertilizer, uptake of N, P, K.

J Trop Soils, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016: 9-17

ISSN 0852-257X
10 Dermiyati et al.: Pengujian Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus terhadap Produksi Jagung Manis
PENDAHULUAN
Jagung manis merupakan salah satu komoditas
sayuran hortikultura yang mulai diminati masyarakat
di Indonesia karena memiliki beberapa keunggulan
dibandingkan jagung biasa. Rasa manis pada jagung
manis disebabkan karena kadar sukrosa yang tinggi
pada endosperm pada saat matang susu (Yusuf
2008). Selain itu, jagung manis memilki umur panen
yang lebih singkat dibandingkan jagung biasa dan
harganya lebih tinggi, sehingga sangat
menguntungkan jika dibudidayakan (Anonymous
2012). Namun, produktivitas jagung manis di
Indonesia masih relatif rendah. Produksi jagung
manis di Lampung pada tahun 2012 berkisar 4-5
Mg ha -1 (BPS 2013). Menurut Prasetyo dan
Suriadikarta (2006), salah satu kendala rendahnya
produksi jagung manis di Provinsi Lampung
disebabkan tanah di Lampung didominasi oleh tanah
Ultisols yang memiliki kandungan unsur hara yang
rendah, kemasaman tanah yang tinggi dan
kandungan bahan organik yang rendah. Tanah
Ultisols di Provinsi Lampung sekitar 1,24 juta ha
(Subagyo et al. 2004). Sedangkan Akil (2010)
menyatakan bahwa untuk setiap 1 Mg biji jagung
yang dihasilkan, tanaman jagung memerlukan 27,4
kg N, 4,8 kg P, dan 18,4 kg K. Dengan demikian,
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hara tanaman jagung
manis serta untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah
Ultisols terhadap tanaman jagung diperlukan
pemberian pupuk anorganik dan pupuk organik.
Pemakaian pupuk secara seimbang antara pupuk
anorganik dan pupuk organik dapat memenuhi
kebutuhan hara tanaman jagung.
Selain itu, pemberian biochar sebagai bahan
pembenah tanah atau amelioran juga diharapkan
dapat memperbaiki kesuburan tanah Ultisols.
Pemanfaatan potensi lokal yang ada di Provinsi
Lampung, seperti limbah organik dari hewan,
tanaman, dan industri, membuat Nugroho et al.
(2012) merakit pupuk Organonitrofos dan
mengembangkan pupuk Organonitrofos Plus yang
berbahan baku pupuk kandang segar, limbah MSG,
sabut kelapa, dll dan diperkaya dengan mikroba
bermanfaat (penambat N, pelarut fosfat, dan
Trichoderma sp.) untuk meningkatkan kualitas
pupuk yang dihasilkan. Oleh karena itu, pengujian
pupuk Organonitrofos Plus pada jagung manis dan
dampaknya terhadap perubahan sifat kimia tanah
Ultisols perlu untuk dilakukan.
BAHAN DAN METODE
Lokasi Penelitian
Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua kegiatan yaitu
uji tanaman di rumah kaca Laboratorium Pertanian
Terpadu Universitas Lampung dan uji tanah di
laboratorium Ilmu Tanah Univeristas Lampung.
Persiapan Tanah
Tanah yang digunakan berasal dari Kebun
Percobaan Balai Besar Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
(BBSDLP) di Taman Bogo, Lampung Timur. Contoh
tanah diambil dari lapisan subsoil (20-40 cm).
Pengambilan contoh tanah dari subsoil bertujuan
untuk mendapatkan contoh tanah yang bebas dari
pengaruh perlakuan pupuk dan pestisida yang
diaplikasikan ke lahan sebelumnya karena sulit
mendapatkan contoh tanah yang masih virgin.
Tanah kemudian dipisahkan dari perakaran,
dikeringanginkan, dihaluskan, dan diayak
menggunakan ayakan berdiameter 2 mm. Kemudian
tanah ditimbang sesuai dengan kebutuhannya dan
dimasukkan ke dalam polybag. Untuk uji tanaman
digunakan tanah sebanyak 20 kg BKO (Berat
Kering Oven) dan untuk uji tanah digunakan tanah
sebanyak 1 kg BKO. Penentuan BKO berdasarkan
kadar air contoh tanah. Pengukuran kadar air
dengan menimbang tanah sebanyak 10 g, kemudian
tanah dioven dengan suhu 105o C selama 24 jam.
KA(%) = BB – BK X 100 %
BK
Keterangan :
KA = Kadar air (%)
BB = Berat Basah
BK = Berat Kering
Sifat fisik dan kimia tanah awal sebelum tanam
serta kandungan hara OP dan biochar disajikan
pada Tabel 1. Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus dan
biochar mengandung C-organik, N, P, dan K yang
tinggi.
Uji Tanah
Uji tanah dilakukan melalui proses inkubasi
selama 3 bulan pada tanah Ultisols yang telah diberi
perlakuan. Pada masing-masing polybag diisi 1 kg
tanah BKO (KA= 6,38%) sehingga berat tanah
pada masing-masing polybag sebanyak 1,06 kg.
Pada masing-masing polybag diberi perlakuan yang
sesuai dan diberi air hingga 75% kapasitas lapang.
Kemudian ujung polybag diikat dengan karet dan
masing-masing polybag ditimbang beratnya serta
dicatat. Secara rutin setiap minggu polybag
ditimbang dan ditambahkan air hingga ke berat
semula jika diperlukan. Perubahan sifat kimia tanah
Ultisols Taman Bogo akibat perlakuan diamati
 J Trop Soils, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016: 9-17
Tabel 1. Properties dari tanah Ultisols Taman Bogo, Organonitrofos Plus, dan biochar.
Jenis Analisis Tanah Ultisols
N-total (g kg-1) 0,08
P-total (g kg-1)
P-tersedia (mg kg-1) 3,25
K-total (g kg-1)
K-dd (g kg-1) 0,16
C-organik (g kg-1) 0,95
pH 4,61
KTK me 100 g-1 3,43
Tekstur Liat
Pasir (%) 35,71
Debu (%) 16,24
Liat (%) 48,05
setelah diinkubasi selama 3 bulan. Sifat kimia tanah
yang diamati adalah N-total, P-total, P-tersedia, K-
total, Kdd, pH, Kapasitas Tukar Kation (KTK),
Kejenuhan Basa (KB), dan C-organik.
Uji Tanaman
Tanaman jagung manis varietas Bonanza
digunakan sebagai tanaman indikator. Pada masing-
masing polybag ditanam dua benih jagung manis,
kemudian dilakukan penjarangan pada satu minggu
setelah tanam dan ditumbuhkan satu tanaman per
polybag. Uji tanaman untuk melihat pengaruh
perlakuan terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi
tanaman jagung manis dilakukan dengan melakukan
penelitian duplo, satu seri perlakuan untuk
pengamatan pertumbuhan hingga fase vegetatif
akhir dan satu seri lainnya untuk pengamatan
produksi tanaman jagung manis hingga pada akhir
fase generatif. Variabel yang diamati adalah bobot
brangkasan kering tanaman, serapan hara N, P, dan
K tanaman, diameter tongkol, panjang tongkol, bobot
tongkol dengan kelobot , dan bobot tongkol tanpa
kelobot.
Uji Keefektivan Pupuk Organonitrofos plus
Relatif Agronomic Evectiveness (RAE)
adalah perbandingan antara kenaikan hasil karena
penggunaan pupuk yang sedang diuji dengan
kenaikan hasil pada pupuk standar dikalikan 100%.
Uji keefektivan dihitung berdasarkan Relatif
Agronomic Evectiveness (RAE) dengan rumus :
Hasil pupuk yang diuji - Hasil kontrol
RAE  x 100%
Hasil pupuk standar - Hasil kontrol
Keterangan: nilai RAE > 100% maka pupuk yang
diuji efektif dibandingkan perlakuan standar.
11
Organonitrofos Plus Biochar sekam padi
1.13 0,76
5.58
190,72
1,13
1.588
1588
9.52 2,82
7,30 7,9
Rancangan Percobaan
Penelitian ini dilakukan secara faktorial 4×2×3
dalam rancangan acak kelompok, dengan 3 ulangan.
Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk Organonitrofos
Plus (0, 10, 20, 30 Mg ha-1). Faktor kedua adalah
dosis pupuk anorganik (tanpa pupuk anorganik dan
Urea 0,44, SP-36 0,28, KCl 0,16 Mg ha -1 ).
Sedangkan, Faktor ketiga adalah dosis biochar (0,
10, dan 20 Mg ha-1).
Analisis Data
Data yang diperoleh diuji homogenitas ragamnya
dengan Uji Bartlett dan aditivitasnya dengan uji Tukey.
Jika asumsi terpenuhi maka data dianalisis dengan
sidik ragam. Perbedaan nilai tengah diuji dengan uji
beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) pada taraf 5%.
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Uji Tanaman di Rumah Kaca
Serapan Hara N, P, dan K Tanaman Jagung
Manis
Serapan hara N tertinggi pada perlakuan
O3K2B3 (OP 20 Mg ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik,
biochar 20 Mg ha -1 ) disusul oleh perlakuan
O2K2B3 (OP 10 Mg ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik,
biochar 20 Mg ha-1) dengan selisih 1% dan O4K2B1
(OP 30 Mg ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik, tanpa
biochar) dengan selisih 3% dan hasil terendah
terdapat pada O1K1B1. Sedangkan serapan P
tertinggi pada perlakuan O4K1B1 (OP 30 Mg ha-1
+ tanpa pupuk anorganik + tanpa biochar) disusul
dengan perlakuan O3K2B3 (OP 20 Mg ha -1 +
dengan pupuk anorganik + biochar 20 Mg ha-1)
dengan selisih hanya sebesar 4%, dan hasil terendah
terdapat pada O1K1B1. Selanjutnya serapan K
tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan O4K2B3 (OP 30
12 Dermiyati et al.: Pengujian Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus terhadap Produksi Jagung Manis

400 A
350

Serapan N (kg ha-1)

300
250
200
150
100
50
0

5,0 B

4,0
Serapan P (kg ha-1)

3,0

2,0

1,0

0,0

50 C
Serapan K (kg ha-1)

40
30
20
1
0
01K1B1
01K1B2
01K1B3
01K2B1
01K2B2
01K2B3
02K1B1
02K1B2
02K1B3
02K2B1
02K2B2
02K2B3
03K1B1
03K1B2
03K1B3
03K2B1
03K2B2
03K2B3
04K1B1
04K1B2
04K1B3
04K2B1
04K2B2
04K2B3

Perlakuan

Gambar 1: Diagram batang Serapan Hara N (A), Serapan Hara P (B), dan Serapan Hara K (C) jagung
manis setelah aplikasi pupuk Organonitrofos Plus, pupuk Anorganik, dan Biochar pada fase
vegetatif akhir (7 MST). OP= Organonitrofos plus, O1 = 0 Mg OP ha-1; O2 = 10 Mg OP ha-1; O3
= 20 Mg OP ha-1; O4 = 30 Mg OP ha-1; K1 = Tanpa pupuk anorganik; K2 = dengan pupuk anorganik,
yaitu 0,44 Mg Urea ha-1, 0,28 Mg SP-36 ha-1, 0,16 Mg KCl ha-1; B1= 0 Mg biochar ha-1; B2= 10 Mg
biochar ha-1, B3 = 20 Mg biochar ha-1.

Mg ha-1 + dengan pupuk anorganik + biochar 20
Mg ha-1) diikuti dengan perlakuan O4K1B2 (OP 30
Mg ha-1 + tanpa pupuk anorganik + biochar 10 Mg
ha-1) dengan selisih hanya sebesar 22%, dan hasil
terendah terdapat pada O1K1B1 (Gambar 1).
Pupuk anorganik yang diaplikasikan pada K2 adalah
0,44 Mg Urea ha-1, 0,28 Mg SP-36 ha-1, 0,16 Mg
KCl ha-1.
Pemberian pupuk Organonitrofos plus (OP),
pupuk anorganik, dan biochar mempengaruhi
serapan hara N, P, dan K tanaman jagung manis.
Hal ini dikarenakan pupuk Organonitrofos plus
merupakan bahan organik, dan biochar merupakan
bahan pembenah tanah yang dapat memperbaiki sifat
fisika, kimia, dan biologi tanah. Salah satu fungsi
bahan organik terhadap sifat fisika tanah adalah
memperbaiki permeabilitas tanah, porositas tanah,
struktur tanah, daya menahan air dan kation-kation
tanah (Syamsu 2013). Dengan keadaan sifat fisik
tanah yang baik maka memungkinkan akar tanaman
 J Trop Soils, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016: 9-17 13

mampu dengan mudah menyerap unsur hara yang
terdapat di dalam tanah sehingga unsur hara yang
telah diserap mampu dimanfaatkan dengan baik oleh
tanaman pada saat fase pertumbuhan. Sedangkan
pupuk anorganik mampu menyediakan unsur hara
N, P, dan K dalam jumlah banyak dan mudah
tersedia bagi tanaman, sehingga dengan
dikombinasikan dengan pupuk organik, maka akan
menyediakan unsur hara yang cukup untuk tanaman.
Produksi Jagung Manis
Variabel produksi meliputi bobot brangkasan
kering, diameter tongkol, panjang tongkol, bobot
tongkol dengan kelobot, dan bobot tongkol tanpa
kelobot. Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat
pengaruh interaksi antara pupuk OP dan pupuk
anorganik terhadap bobot brangkasan kering
tanaman jagung manis. Pemberian pupuk OP 10
Mg ha-1 dengan pupuk anorganik menghasilkan
bobot brangkasan kering nyata lebih berat
dibandingkan perlakuan tanpa pupuk OP dan tanpa
pupuk anorganik. Namun, antar dosis OP, interaksi
antara OP dan pupuk anorganik menghasilkan bobot
brangkasan kering yang tidak berbeda dengan
pemberian pupuk OP tanpa pupuk anorganik atau
pemberian pupuk anorganik tanpa pupuk OP. Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa peran pupuk anorganik tidak
terlihat nyata, diduga karena Kapasitas Tukar Kation
(KTK) pada tanah yang digunakan rendah (Tabel 1)
sehingga koloid tanah tidak mampu menyerap unsur
hara dengan baik dan akibatnya hara tersebut akan
dengan mudah tercuci dan hilang bersama gerakan
air di tanah, dan pada gilirannya hara tidak tersedia
untuk tumbuh tanaman (Utami 2009).
Faktor tunggal pupuk Organonitrofos plus
memberikan pengaruh yang nyata pada produksi
jagung manis (Tabel 3). Bahan baku pupuk
Organonitrofos plus yang berupa pupuk kandang,

Tabel 2. Pengaruh interaksi dari Pupuk OP dan pupuk anorganik terhadap bobot brangkasan kering
tanaman jagung manis pada fase vegetative akhir.

Pupuk NPK Pupuk Organonitrofos plus (Mg ha-1)

(Mg ha-1) O1 O2 O3 O4
K1 1,14 a 2,13 b 2,59 b 2,98 c
A A A A
K2 2,21 a 2,69 a 2,81 a 2,79 a
B A A A
BNJ = 0,81
Keterangan : OP (Organonitrofos Plus) : O1(OP 0 Mg ha -1), O2 (OP 10 Mg ha-1), O3 (OP 20 Mg ha-1), O4 (OP 30 Mg
ha-1), K1 (tanpa pupuk anorganik), K2 (dengan pupuk anorganik, yaitu 0,44 Mg Urea ha -1, 0,28 Mg SP-36
ha-1, 0,16 Mg KCl ha-1). Huruf yang sama tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan uji BNJ paada taraf 5%. Huruf
kecil dibaca arah horizontal, huruf kapital dibaca arah vertikal.

Tabel 3. Pengaruh faktor tunggal dari pupuk Organonitrofos plus dan pupuk anorganik terhadap
produksi jagung manis.

Perlakuan Diameter Tongkol Panjang Bobot Tongkol Bobot Tongkol tanpa

(mm) Tongkol dengan Kelobot Kelobot
(cm) (Mg ha-1) (Mg ha-1)
Organonitrofos plus
O1 18,02 a 7,99 a 0,83 a 0,52 a
O2 21,44 ab 9,49 ab 1,32 ab 0,93 ab
O3 25,31 b 10,89 b 1,45 b 1,14 b
O4 25,68 b 10,34 b 1,52 b 1,02 b
BNJ 5% 6,90 2,87 0,63 0,50
Pupuk Anorganik
K1
K2 20,38 a 7,53 a 0,93 a 0,66 a
24,85 b 11,83 b 1,63 b 1,14 b
BNJ 5% 3,79 1,23 0,31 0,26
14 Dermiyati et al.: Pengujian Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus terhadap Produksi Jagung Manis

limbah MSG, dengan pengkayaan mikroba dengan kelobot, bobot tongkol tanpa kelobot yang nyata lebih
nilai C/N yang kurang dari 20 diduga mampu baik dibandingkan tanpa pupuk anorganik.
menyumbangkan unsur hara ke jagung manis. Kandungan 46% N di Urea, 36% P di SP-36, dan
Pendugaan ini diperkuat dengan hasil penelitian 60% K di KCl mampu memenuhi kebutuhan hara
Muyasir (2006) bahwa pemberian pupuk limbah jagung manis sehingga hasilnya nyata lebih baik
MSG mampu meningkatkan konsentrasi N dan P dibandingkan tanaman jagung manis yang tidak diberi
dalam jaringan tanaman jagung yang diperoleh dari pupuk anorganik pada tanah Taman Bogo yang
hasil mineralisasi bahan organik yang tinggi pada hanya memilki kandungan N 0,08 g kg-1 dan P 3,25
MSG. Sedangkan menurut Ismayana ( 2012), pupuk g kg-1.
organik yang memiliki C/N <20% menunjukkan Namun, produksi jagung manis pada penelitian
bahwa tingkat dekomposisi bahan organik cukup baik ini masih jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan deskripsi
sehingga mampu menyumbang hara untuk tanaman. jagung manis Bonanza F1 (data tidak ditampilkan).
Pemberian pupuk Organonitrofos plus dosis 20 Hal ini diduga karena kondisi tanah Ultisols Taman
dan 30 Mg ha-1 menghasilkan produksi jagung manis Bogo masih bersifat masam sehingga unsur P untuk
(diameter tongkol, panjang tongkol, bobot tongkol perkembangan tongkol tidak cukup tersedia untuk
dengan kelobot, dan bobot tongkol tanpa kelobot) jagung manis karena terikat dengan Fe, Al, dan Ca.
nyata lebih baik dibandingkan tanpa pupuk Seperti yang dijelaskan Prasetyo dan Suriadikarta
Organonitrofos plus. Pemberian pupuk (2006) bahwa gejala kekurangan unsur hara P akan
Organonitrofos plus dosis 10 Mg ha-1 menghasilkan menyebabkan perkembangan tongkol dan stigma
produksi jagung manis yang tidak berbeda dengan tidak lengkap, akibatnya penyerbukan tidak
tanpa pupuk Organonitrofos plus. Hal ini diduga sempurna sehingga dihasilkan biji yang tidak merata.
karena unsur hara N yang terkandung dalam Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat
Organonitrofos plus masih rendah namun dengan korelasi yang sangat nyata antara pH, C-organik,
peningkatan dosis Organonitrofos plus maka unsur P-tersedia dengan bobot brangkasan kering tanaman
hara yang diberikan semakin meningkat. jagung manis (Gambar 2). Hal ini berarti
Pemberian pupuk anorganik pada tanaman meningkatnya pH, C-organik, dan P-tersedia akan
jagung manis mampu menghasilkan diameter meningkatkan berat kering total tanaman jagung.
tongkol, panjang tongkol, bobot tongkol dengan Selanjutnya, juga terdapat korelasi yang sangat nyata

3,50
3,5
A 4,0
Bobot kering brangkasan
ha ) (Mg ha-1)

A 4,0
Brangkasan
Keringbrangkasan

3,00
3,0 3,5
3,5 BB
2,50
2,5 3,0
3,0
ha-1)
brangkasan
-1

2,00 2,5
2,5
-1

2,0
(Mgha

2,0
2,0
Bobot kering(Mg

Bobotkering

1,50
1,5
(Mg

1,0 1,5
1,5
1,00
y = 1,494x- -5,056
y=1,494x 5,056 1,0
1,0 yy=0,260x
= 0,260x + + 0,548
0,548
0,5
0,50
Bobot

RR²
2 = 0,278
= 0,278 0,5
0,5 R² R
= 20,441
= 0,278
0,0
0,00
0,0
0,0
4,4
4,4 4,6
4,6 4,8
4,8 55 5,2
5,2 5,4
5,4 5,6
5,6
00 22 44 66 88 10
10 12
12
pH
pH
P-Tersedia
P-Tersedia

3,5 2,50
2,5
D
3,5
brangkasan

tongkol dengan

CC D
dengan
Kering Brangkasan

(Mgha-1)

3,0
3,0
2,00
ha-1)

2,0
2,5
2,5
ha-1)

1,50
(Mg ha-1)

1,5
kelobot(Mg

2,0
Bobottongkol

2,0
Bobotkering

1,00
(Mg

1,5
1,5 1,0
kelobot

1,0
1,0 y = 3,048x
y=3,048x - 1,095
- 1,095
R2R²
= =0,584
0,584 0,50
0,5 y = 0,003x ++0,731
y=0,003x 0,731
Bobot

Bobot

0,5
0,5
R² = 0,293
2
R = 0,293
0,0
0,0 0,00
0,0
0
0 0,5
0,5 11 1,5
1,5 0 100 200 300 400
0 100 200 300
-1 400
C-Organik
C-organik Serapan N (Kg ha )
Serapan N (Kg ha-1)
Gambar 2. Korelasi antara (a) pH (b) P-tersedia (c) C-organik dengan bobot brangkasan kering tanaman,
serta antara (d) serapan N dan bobot tongkol dengan kelobot jagung manis.
 J Trop Soils, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016: 9-17 15

antara serapan hara N dan bobot tongkol dengan
kelobot jagung manis dengan nilai koefisien korelasi
sebesar 0,54 (Gambar 2). Hal ini diduga karena
perlakuan pupuk Organotitrofos plus yang
merupakan pupuk organik mampu memperbaiki
agregat-agregat tanah yang dapat mempermudah
akar tanaman menembus pori-pori tanah untuk
memperoleh unsur hara yang diperlukan tanaman
melalui proses aliran massa. Proses aliran massa
merupakan proses gerakan unsur hara di dalam
tanah menuju permukaan akar tanaman melalui
gerakan massa air, serapan hara N terjadi melalui
proses aliran massa dikarenakan unsur hara N
memiliki sifat mobil yang mudah bergerak. Unsur
hara N terserap oleh akar dalam bentuk NO 3-,
besarnya pergerakan NO 3-secara aliran massa
dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain kadar
dan potensial air tanah, porositas tanah, dan
transpirasi (Mukhlis 2003). Sedangkan korelasi
antara serapan hara P dan K dengan bobot tongkol
dengan kelobot jagung manis tidak nyata. Hal ini
diduga karena pH tanah rendah sehingga unsur P
terikat oleh liat, alumunium, besi ataupun kalsium
dan menjadi tidak tersedia bagi tanaman (Yafizham,
2012; Njurumana et al. 2008), sedangkan unsur K
pada tanah masam tidak mudah terjerap sehingga
mudah tercuci dan tidak tersedia bagi tanaman.
Relatif Agronomic Evectiveness (RAE)
Nilai Relatif agronomic effectiveness (RAE)
dihitung berdasarkan formula yang sudah ditentukan
dan ditampilkan pada Tabel 4. Perlakuan O4K2B2
(30 Mg OP ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik, 10 Mg
biochar ha-1) memiliki nilai RAE tertinggi sebesar
181% diikuti dengan perlakuan O2K2B3 (10 Mg
OP ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik, 20 Mg biochar
ha-1) dengan perbedaan selisih nilai RAE sebesar
0,5%. Dengan demikian, untuk dosis pupuk
anorganik yang sama maka dapat diterapkan

Tabel 4. Hasil Perhitungan Relatif Agronomic Efectiviness (RAE).

Perlakuan Bobot brangkasan Bobot Tongkol RAE

Organonitrofos plus – Urea – SP-36 – KCl – kering dengan Kelobot Biomassa
biochar (Mg ha-1) (Mg ha-1) Total (%)
O1K1B1 (0-0-0-0-0) 0,72 0,18 0
O1K1B2 (0-0-0-0-10) 1,65 0,60 49
O1K1B3 (0-0-0-0-20) 1,03 0,21 13
O1K2B1 (0 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 0) 2,19 1,45 100
O1K2B2 (0 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 10) 3,01 0,86 108
O1K2B3 (0 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 20) 3,49 1,67 155
O2K1B1 (10 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 0) 2,08 0,57 64
O2K1B2 (10 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 10) 2,64 0,90 96
O2K1B3 (10 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 20) 2,20 1,20 91
O2K2B1 (10 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 0) 2,90 1,24 118
O2K2B2 (10 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 10) 3,49 2,06 169
O2K2B3 (10 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 20) 3,87 1,97 180
O3K1B1 (20 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 0) 3,47 1,38 144
O3K1B2 (20 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 10) 2,47 0,81 87
O3K1B3 (20 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 20) 3,46 1,43 145
O3K2B1 (20 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 0) 3,79 1,30 152
O3K2B2 (20 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 10) 3,60 2,00 171
O3K2B3 (20 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 20) 2,96 1,80 141
O4K1B1 (30 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 0) 2,44 1,07 95
O4K1B2 (30 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 10) 3,06 1,28 125
O4K1B3 (30 – 0 – 0 – 0 – 20) 3,57 1,59 155
O4K2B1 (30 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 0) 4,00 1,64 173
O4K2B2 (30 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 10) 3,86 2,02 181
O4K2B3 (30 – 0,44 – 0,28 – 0,16 – 20) 4,21 1,54 177
Keterangan : OP= Organonitrofos plus, O1 = 0 Mg OP ha-1; O2 = 10 Mg OP ha-1; O3 = 20 Mg OP ha-1; O4 = 30 Mg OP
ha-1; K1 = Tanpa pupuk anorganik; K2 = dengan pupuk anorganik, yaitu 0,44 Mg Urea ha -1, 0,28 Mg SP-36
ha-1, 0,16 Mg KCl ha-1; B1= 0 Mg biochar ha-1; B2= 10 Mg biochar ha-1, B3 = 20 Mg biochar ha-1.
Biomassa total = bobot brangkasan kering + bobot tongkol dengan kelobot
16 Dermiyati et al.: Pengujian Pupuk Organonitrofos Plus terhadap Produksi Jagung Manis

Tabel 5. Hasil analisis tanah inkubasi selama 3 bulan.

N-total P-tersedia C-organik KB

Perlakuan pH (H20) KTK (me/100g)
(%) (ppm) (%) (%)
O1K1B1 4,6 0,05 5,23 0,85 3,62 47,15
O1K1B2 4,99 0,11 5,55 1,01 5,54 36,35
O1K1B3 4,95 0,12 5,29 0,88 5,27 42,58
O1K2B1 4,6 0,14 5,49 0,86 4,64 47,39
O1K2B2 4,79 0,13 5,78 1,05 4,41 49,12
O1K2B3 4,6 0,06 5,84 1,05 4,57 39,80
O2K1B1 5,1 0,07 5,83 0,91 5,32 57,44
O2K1B2 5,14 0,13 6,6 1,06 4,56 51,43
O2K1B3 5,08 0,08 5,83 1,16 4,65 41,63
O2K2B1 4,77 0,13 5,9 1,21 4,27 45,15
O2K2B2 4,88 0,12 7,09 1,16 4,75 47,43
O2K2B3 4,92 0,11 7,54 1,24 4,35 47,52
O3K1B1 5,19) 0,1 7,64 1,31 4,31 53,99
O3K1B2 5,13 0,13 7,12 1,24 4,53 53,13
O3K1B3 5,22 0,06 7,7 1,28 5,54 51,81
O3K2B1 4,89 0,13 6,72 1,26 4,78 45,13
O3K2B2 5,01 0,08 7,44 1,19 4,56 49,32
O3K2B3 5,13 0,1 7,62 1,31 4,47 58,03
O4K1B1 5,28 0,06 9,34 1,28 4,25 65,53
O4K1B2 5,29 0,11 8,27 1,28 4,48 63,48
O4K1B3 5,39 0,08 8,5 1,16 4,58 69,28
O4K2B1 4,95 0,13 8,98 1,28 4,73 50,95
O4K2B2 4,99 0,15 9,93 1,36 5,62 48,61
O4K2B3 5,21 0,08 11,32 1,29 4,37 78,31
Keterangan : OP= Organonitrofos plus, O1= 0 Mg OP ha-1; O2= 10 Mg OP ha-1; O3= 20 Mg OP ha-1; O4= 30 Mg OP ha-1;
K1 = Tanpa pupuk anorganik; K2 = dengan pupuk anorganik, yaitu 0,44 Mg Urea ha -1, 0,28 Mg SP-36 ha-1,
0,16 Mg KCl ha-1; B1= 0 Mg biochar ha-1; B2= 10 Mg biochar ha-1, B3 = 20 Mg biochar ha-1

perlakuan O4K2B2 atau O2K2B3 untuk budidaya
jagung manis, karena kandungan yang ada pada
kedua perlakuan ini mampu memperbaiki sifat tanah
sehingga meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi
jagung manis.
Pembahasan Sifat Tanah
Perubahan sifat tanah sebelum dan sesudah
inkubasi disajikan pada Tabel 1 dan 5. Berdasarkan
kriteria penilaian sifat kimia tanah Hardjowigeno
(2003), tanah Ultisols Taman Bogo memiliki pH 4,61
yang termasuk dalam kategori tanah masam,
memiliki kandungan nitrogen (0,08 g kg-1), P-tersedia
(3,25 mg kg-1), Kdd (0,16 g kg-1), C-organik (0,95 g
kg-1), dan KTK (3,43 me 100 g-1) yang sangat
rendah. Tanah Ultisols Taman Bogo merupakan
tanah marginal yang kesuburannya sangat rendah.
Pemberian pupuk Organonitrofos, anorganik,
dan biochar meningkatkan kesuburan tanah Ultisols
Taman Bogo. Sifat-sifat tanah setelah inkubasi
selama 3 bulan cenderung meningkat (Tabel 5).
Meningkatnya dosis OP meningkatkan pH, P-
tersedia, C-organik, KTK dan KB. Hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa pemberian OP dapat
memperbaiki kesuburan tanah Ultisols. Namun,
pemberian biochar belum terlihat pengaruhnya
terhadap sifat kimia tanah ultisols.
KESIMPULAN
Hasil penelitian melalui uji tanah (inkubasi) di
laboratorium dan uji tanaman di rumah kaca
menunjukkan bahwa pupuk Organonitrofos Plus,
pupuk anorganik dan biochar dapat digunakan untuk
meningkatkan kesuburan tanah marginal.
Pemberian pupuk OP dapat memperbaiki
kesuburan tanah Ultisols Taman Bogo dan
meningkatkan produksi tanaman jagung, sehingga
pupuk OP dapat dijadikan sebagai substitusi pupuk
anorganik (anorganik). Pemberian pupuk OP
tunggal, pupuk anorganik tunggal, dan interaksi
antara OP dan anorganik meningkatkan bobot
brangkasan kering, panjang tongkol, diameter
 J Trop Soils, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016: 9-17
tongkol, bobot tongkol dengan kelobot, dan bobot
tongkol tanpa kelobot.
Terdapat korelasi positif yang sangat nyata
antara pH, C-organik, P-tersedia dan berat kering
total tanaman jagung. Selain itu, juga terdapat korelasi
positif yang sangat nyata antara serapan N dan
bobot tongkol dengan kelobot tanaman jagung manis.
Nilai RAE tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan
O4K2B2 (30 Mg OP ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik,
10 Mg biochar ha-1) yaitu sebesar 181 % diikuti
O2K2B3 (10 Mg OP ha-1, dengan pupuk anorganik,
20 Mg biochar ha-1) dengan selisih perbedaan nilai
RAE 0,5%.
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH
Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada
Kemenristekdikti yang telah mendanai penelitian ini
melalui Hibah IPTEKS Tahun 2015 dan pada
Universitas Lampung yang telah memfasilitasi
sarana dan prasarana untuk kegiatan penelitian ini.
Terimakasih juga disampaikan kepada Kepala
Kebun Percobaan Balai Besar Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian
(BBSDLP) Taman Bogo Lampung Timur yang telah
memberi izin untuk pengambilan sampel tanah.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Akil M. 2010. Pengelolaan Hara N, P, dan K pada Tanaman
Jagung di Lahan sawah Tadah Hujan Takalar.
Proseding Pekan Serelia Nasional. Hal. 169-176.
Anonymous. 2012. Harga Jagung Manis Lebih Tinggi.
http://www.pasarjagung.com/harga-jagung-manis-
lebih-tinggi/. Diakses pada tanggal 15 September
2016.
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2013. Produksi Jagung di
Indonesia. BPS Indonesia. Jakarta. http://
www.bps.go.id/tnmn_pgn.php?eng=0.
Hardjowigeno S. 2003. Klasifikasi Tanah dan
Pedogenesis. CV. Akademika Pressindo. Jakarta.
17
Ismayana A, NS Indrasti, Suprihatin, A Maddu, A Fredy.
2012. Faktor Rasio C/N Awal dan Laju Aerasi pada
Proses Co-Composting Bagasse dan Blotong. J
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