Gc Tusu` Khfn
? Fhfbtrk 6M
WH Bfhkipkb
CC
Qfgc =<6>1==6:3=6
Nmrcm`tk =<6>1==<47=5
Ourusm`
Wfb`cb Fhfbtrk
Jmbuhtms
Wfb`cb
=
gf`m`m m ″ gm` m z mgmhmn pfigtItms mmt dmcr gm` pfigtItms ef 'iaure
, romý ofrh mwmh efhfrrau`e (gcm`eemp amhf), Z0 omtun tfemrem` gcmi
efhfiau`e
gm` * tfhmn emym tf<m`e (tfr‿sk`) \friubmi zmt dmcr.
Ocbm sumtu zmt hsgfsc dmcr if`ew¥ u`e sfaumn ak`m dmcr mtmu }f`cm dmcrm` hm
c, imbm g″ ‿mt tfhfmh h″femefcm` mbcamt c″ftmm″st•fmm` akhm dmi tfrsfaut
gmhmi ifgm` hcstrg″. Akhm dmi ym`e gbf`mc ifgw F z¥″m` afrumamn Utub
if`omgc sjfrkcgm sfpfrtc g#tm=}ub^m` gmhmi emiafr afrg″ut gf`ei ifgw gc
gmhmi`ym
sfafsmr Fz, imbm nr¥xc`em` m`tmrm bfgum ifgf`
Af:miym 37SP 5>jCe afBfj|f pmgm auhb gmhfi ifgf` tmb *PP (^mOe
gf`m`m ? Q ofrc omrc autcrm` gm` F ermgcf` tfem`em`
Ocbm m z 0 m ‐ imbm mrmn emym ym`e afbfrom pmgm augrm` sfmrmn r •`ee
tfbm`m` hcstýb imb:iui (Jm) sfnc`eem emym Iw if`gkrk`e autcrm` bf
mrmn amecm` ymre bumt gmrc ifgf`.
Ocbm Dh z 8 Fh ‐ imbm mrmn emym afgmwm`w gf`ei tfbm`m` ãstrcb
imb:ciui XJ ). Emym J c`c mbm` afmfr hm m afdmr. V`tub autcrm`
pf`enm`hos m m m
sfnc`eem J-=/1 QP ermg.F¼.
V`tub ifgw ym`e sfrmefi, ifgm` pkkhc`e bumt gctfipmt ym`e sfrmefi, mxcs
ermg.F <. Kcfn :fama Atu autctwc mbm` tfrtmrcb bf tfipmt gim`f r`fgm``ym
sfrfemi. Mbcamt`ym autcrwc mbm` :f}zemr ghf`tftf bfgum gfbtrkgm gf` sfkhmn
khmn r`frr ‿f`tub ofiaftf` ym`e r`f`emwmhc tfromg`ym bfefeIw
ýktmm. Mgm`ym autcrm` pf`enwAr ghm`Arf ftfbtrkgm mbm` if`embcamtbm`
pfiafsmrm` ifgm` gmhmi zft dmr gcgfbmt pfr`xcbmm` autcrm`. \fiafsfrm`
rthfgm` c`c gctf`tubm` ktfn af`tub autchwt.
\mgm prk>fs prcifr, fhfbtrk` ym`e gcafamsbm` afrefrmb dfpmt sfnc`eem tciauh
f`frec ym`e dubup bumt u`tub rrf`ciauhbm` am`ocrm` fhfhmrk`. Our@mn fhfbtrk`
@f pmgm hc`tmmm` sfomun dt^ mbm` afrtmiamn gf`em` g@f, sfnc`eem fhfbtrk`
afams tmiamnm` ym`e tfromgc gmhmi hmpc>m` gx mgman g@f 9 m @f.gx . Wfiymtm
ouihmn fhfbtrk` afams g@f ym`e afrtmiamn mbcamt prk>fs ck`csmsc smim
afsmiym gf`em` ouihmn ck` pksctcj g@. amr` ym`e gcnmschbm`, sfncrXeem g@f 9
g@. 9 K @f.(t).gt2 gcim`m ?
Mrus c`c mbm` `mcb tfrus smipmc tfromgc pfrmhcnm` if`omgc pfhfpmsm` ym`e
afrtmnm` sf`gcrc. \frmhcnm` c`c mgmhmn pfrdcbm` gm` ! ' gccbutc khfn
pfruamnm` mrus gf`em` dfpmt gcim`m bmrf`m m m ¼ 00 = imbm m m m m
¼ sfdmrm tfkrctcs if`omgc tmb tfrnc`eem, tftmpc gmhmi prmbtfb nmh c`c
gcamtmsc rthfn cipfgm`sc rm`ebmcm` ym`e if`u`oubbm` rrxOhmc`ym pfrdcbm`.
@•
c9
gf`em`
gcim`m ? Z ? tfem`em` gcim`m iuhmc tfromgc CurzOtm`, Z ?
tfem`em` ym`e gctftmpbm` ` ? `chmc m`tmrm 4 gm` =< gm` M mgmhmn bk`stm`tm.
Bkrgcsc iuhmc jfromgc`ym am`ocrm` fhfhmrk`, gcpRfrkCfn gf`em` if`ymimbm`
pfrkhfnm` f`frec gfn fhfbtrk` ym`e if`fipun hc`tmsm` rmtm-rmtm ymctu V, 9 J
K
9 f F m , gf`em` f`frec u`tub if`eck`csmsc ikhfbuh Vz9 D.n gcim`m F ?
bumt ifgm` ym`e gctftmpbm`,
m ? hc`tmmm` afams rmtm rmtm, n ? dmtu (bum`tui) f`frec ym`e gcpfgrg″m` u`tub
if`eckrbsmscbm` ikhfbuh gm` D ? bk`stm`tm.
Ifgm` hcstrcb gmhmi efhfiau`e ems ym`e mgm gmhmi cdkhmsc zmt dmcr +
!gcim`m m , mgmhmn pfrictcvctms zmt dmcr gm` F² mgmhmn ifgm` hcstrcb
gmhmi zmt dmcr tm`pm efhfiau`e.
Achm smim gf`em` amtms ifgm` ck`cdmsc ems, imbm mbm` tfromgc
hudutm` pmgm efhkiacmce. Nmh c`c mbm` rrcfipfrdfpmt pfiaf`tubm` ems
bmrf`m gfbkipkscsc zmt dmcr gm` gmpmt if`embcamtbm` bfememhm` cskhmsc.
Af`tub pf`emin ifgm` tfrnmgmp efhfiau`e ugmrm gctu`oubbm` pmgm
emiamr->.
Ifbm`hsif Bfememhm` hfkhmsh _mt Dmhr
1. Hc`tmsm` dmnmym ym`e kfrmn gmrc fhfCmrr8Cm ym`e smtu bf fhfbtrkgm ym`e Cmc`.
4. Wfromgc efhfiau`e ems gm` autcr autcr zmt pmgmt nmsch gfbkipkscsc zmt dmcr
Ocbm fhfbtrkgm ifichcbc amecm` pfriubmm` tcgmb rmtm (mgm ym`e ru`dc`e)
imbm bumt ifgm` ym`e tfrafsmr tfrgmpmt pmgm amecm` ym`e ru`dc`e
tfrsfaut. Bumt imbsciui c`c mbm` ifrcefhumrbm` fhfhmrk` f= ym`e mbm`
ifiuhmc jfraf`tub`ym am`ocrm` fhfbtrk`. Fhfbtrk` ym`e gcnmschbm` f=, f1,
f4 gm` f` ym`e bfiugcm` mbm` r`f`yfamabm` tciauh`ym mrus bk`gubsc
gmhmi zmt dmcr pmgm bumt ifgm` ym`e tc`eec. Mrus ym`e tciauh rrcfipu`ymc
bfrmpmtm` (Tdtcmmbjc ?
gcim`m-
V`tub C 888 g yf`e ifdfrrrcrmdm` bfmgmm` mfaf`miym, Jhm rk`eem tfrhmc ems, imbm
tfef`em` pmmm D, mgmcmMZ,- m ,. t/gt Zm
friubmm` fhfbtrkgm
afraf`tub bm`mh
Gf`em` ruius smrb gm` Emrtk` " " 1g– "
g
Ocbm bfbrzmtm` msmsc (c`jrc`scb) tcgmb tfrdmpmc g , imbm zmt cskhmsc mbm`
pmgm
ememh achm tfem`em` Z gc`mcbbm` hmec. Omgc bfbumtm` hcstrcb imbscicm``ym
M/ • - <.:
mgmhmn ¼ . Gcim`m ?
J ?emym ym`e afbfrom pmgm zmt pmgmt, m H? pfrtmiamnm` pm`om`e zmt pmgmt H?
pm`om`e zmt pmgmt, M?pfrtmiamnm` zmt ym`e gcbf`mc emym, g+tfag zmt pmgmt
sfafhui gcbf`mc tfemrcem` Z, g?tfamh sftfhmn gcbf`mc jfem`em` Z gm` m ²k
Ifbmrhtsrrtf bfemqmhm` amn`` cskhmsc pmgmt tfrgcrc gmrc afafrmpm of`cs sfsumc ju`esc
wmbtu pf`fmpm` tfqm`em``ym. Nmh c`c gmpmt gchcnmc sfamemc afrcbut –
j/ M
ym`e afbfrom pmgm zmt pmgmt afrnuaurcqm` gf`em` Ikguhus Sku`e >
Afsmiym f`frey tfrsfaut mgmhmn ?
V 9 f.Z 9 N.if . vc
(=-=)
f 9 iumtm` fhfdtrk`
i 9 imssm fhfdtrk`
r 9 bfdfpmtm` fhfdtrk`
Ocbm ermgcf` cfem`em` ym`e mgm dubup tc`eec kubm ouihmn fhfbtrk` ym`e
gcck`csmscbm` mbm` hfacn am`ymb gcam`gc`ebm` gf`em` ouihmn ck` ym`e gccm`ebmp
ikhfbuh kbscef`. Wcmp-ýmp fhfbtrk` c`c bfiugcm` mbm` afromhm` if`uou m`kgm
Mh 9 ikhfbuh mtmu smim gf`em` f`frec ye hfacn tc`eec pisfs c`c gcsfaut
jktkfbsctmsc (pnktkfxdcttck`<
Achm
nv * fZ=
imbm bfhfacnm` f`frec c`c mbm` gcmccnbm` bfpmgm fhfdtrk` ye gct•famsbm` gmhmi
Gc im`m
M 9 ikhfbuh k`chm-mcuhm
V 9 nv
Gc im`m
]um`tui f`frey mtmu jktk` c`c gmpmt i`eck`cs«scb`` ikhfbuh ye `ftrmc gmcmi ems
ocbm
V 9 nv * fZc
(=-6)
Gc im`m
Gmrc pfrsmimm` (=-6) gmpmt gchcnmt amnwm f`frec ye gmtc`e nmis hfacn afsmr gmrc
ikhfbuh
Achm nv * fZc
Imbm f`frec ye gmtc`e tcgmb mbm` if`yfamabm` tfromgc ck`csmsc.Wftmpc f`frec c`c
mbm` gcsfrmp kcfn ikhfbuh mtmu mtki mbm` `mcb bf tc`ebmt ye hfacn tc`eec gmrc
Gcim`m
M + nv ‗‿ M=
Bmrf`m ctu, `ubm mis sfpm`om`e dfhmn temp) m`tmrm bmtkgm gm` m`kgm mbm`
`mcb sfdmi fbspk`f`scmc puhm,mtmu gc im`m
G9oiMdUM
ermgcf`t ifgm` F gm` tfbm`m` ems p tfrtf`tu gmpmc gchmbubm` gf`em` if`frmpbm`
pfrsmimm` (=-4) pmgm sfaumn pfrdkamm` gc im`m g gcuamn gm` C gc ubur,sfgm`e
Cz
Ocbm tfem`em` gc`mcbm` tfr`s sfnc`eem ifhfacnc Z1,kubm m`cs`ym mbm` `mcb
sfdmrm fbspk`f`scmO.Bf`mcbm` mis sfsugmn tfem`em` ifhfacnc Z1 if`urut
Wkwsf`g gcsfamabm` khfn ck`csmsc ems bmrf`m af`turm` fhfdtrk`.\mgm wmbtu
bumt ifgm` `mcb, imbm fhfbti`-fhfbtrk` ye if`c`eemhbm` bmtkgm imbc` hmvm
mcmbc` gcpfrdfpmt,sfnc`eem fhfdti`-fhfbtrk` c`c ifichcbc dubup f`frey u`tub
ifmcu`ebc`bm` tfcomgc`ym ck`csmsc mbcamt af`tccrm` gf`em` mtki mtmu ikhfbuh
ems.Wuiaccbm`-tuiaubm` c`c mbm` if`ciauhbm` fhfdti`-fhfbtrk` amru,ye
bfiugcm` ouem ifc`pfrkhfn tmiamnm` f`frey gmrc ifgm` sfnc`eem immcpu puhm
ifhmbubm` ck`csmsc.Gf`em` gficbcm`ouihmn fhfdtrk` ye gcafamsbm` kubc` hmmcm
mcmbc` am`ymb gm` m`cs`ym pu` imbc` afsmr.Ocbm tfem`em``ym tfhmn if`dmpmc
sumtu nmrem brctcsZs.imbm mbm` afrcmmcamn sm`emt dfpmt gm` mbhcciym mbm` tfromgc
sfamemc 2
( C -4)
mtmu
`9 D‘
u`cub if`eck`csmscbm` mtki-mtki ye ifrfbm af`tur.\rksfs c`c tfhmn gcm`mhcscs
khfn Tmnm gm` gmpmc gctuhcsbm` sfamemc?
Gcim`m?
(=-1)
gm` gcjccsc.
rmgckbtcj
Ocbm gcm`tmrm fhfbtrkgm (emiamr =.=< gctftmpbm` sumcu tfem`em` Z,cibm mbm`
tciauh sumtu ifgm` hcstrcb F ye ifipu`ymc afsmr gm` mrm tfrtf`tu.Gc gmhmi
ifg sk hcstrcb,fhfdtrk`-fhfbtrk` afams mbm` i`gmpmt f`frey ye dubup
bumt,sfnc`eem gmpmt ifrm`esm`e tcrrcauh`ym prksfs ck`csmsc.
CKCUTMTC GM@ \eKTF,T BFEMEMHM@ GC NGMQMyD2 MT
=.=. \f`gmnuhum`