Ergonomi sebagai aspek penting K3

K3: TL184307

Sutarsis

Departemen Teknik Material & Metalurgi

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
2021
Tujuan

Tujuan pembelajaran:
1. Mengidentifikasi musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
terkait pekerjaan secara umum.
2. Mengenal factor resiko MSDs terkait pekerjaan.
3. Mengidentifikasi metoda pengendalian secara
ergonomic untuk menghilangkan/mengurangi MSDs
terkait pekerjaan.

Reference: OTEIC outreach resources workgroup

Pendahuluan

This chart shows how MSDs compare to other hazards based on percentage of injuries and illnesses using statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, FY2014.
Pendahuluan

This chart shows the incident rates of musculoskeletal disorders for selected private sector industries. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Pendahuluan
Ergonomi
Disiplin ilmu yang fokus pada pemahaman interaksi antara manusia dan
elemen-elemen lainnya pada suatu sistem, dan profesi yang
menerapkan teori, prinsip, metoda, dan data untuk mendesain dalam
rangka mengoptimasi kesejahteraan dan kinerja manusia secara
keseluruhan.
Pendahuluan
Makna Ergonomi

“fitting the job to the worker,”

termasuk:
• Ruang kerja/lingkungan kerja
• Peralatan dan perlengkapan

Ergo = Work
Nomos = Law
Pendahuluan
Mengapa ergonomic penting?
• Kelelahan (kerja terlalu berat) menyebabkan cedera
• Biaya lebih tinggi
• Nyeri berulang / persisten dapat berkembang di masa
depan
• Reaksi tubuh adalah penyebab utama dari cedera di
tempat kerja
• Gerakan berulang juga termasuk dalam 10 besar
cedera di tempat kerja yang paling umum
MSDs terkait pekerjaan
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
• Mempengaruhi otot, saraf, pembuluh darah, ligamen, dan
tendon
• Gejala :
✓ Tidak nyaman ✓ Terasa terbakar
✓ Nyeri ✓ Pembengkakan
✓ mati rasa ✓ Perasaan geli
✓ Kehilangan ✓ Peradangan
gerak/fleksibilitas ✓ Denyutan
✓ Sendi kaku ✓ Kelumpuhan
Faktor Resiko MSDs tergantung pada
• Posisi dan postur dalam bekerja
• Frekwensi pekerjaan
• Tingkatan kesulitan/usaha dan durasi kerja
Faktor Resiko MSDs

• Mengerahkan Kekuatan berlebihan

• Lifting heavy objects/people
• Pushing or pulling heavy loads
• Manual pouring materials
• Maintaining control of equipment or
tools
• Melakukan kerja yang sama secara
berulang

Source: OSHA
Faktor Resiko MSDs
• Working in awkward postures or
same postures for long periods
• Prolonged/repetitive reaching above shoulder height
• Kneeling
• Squatting
• Leaning over a counter/bending
• Using a knife with wrists bent
• Twisting the torso while lifting
• Localized pressure into the body part
• Pressing the body/part of the body against hard or
sharp edges
• Using the hand as a hammer Source: OSHA
Faktor Resiko MSDs
• Cold temperatures
(in combination with other risk factors)
• Vibration
• Whole body
• Hand-arm
• Combined exposure to several risk factors

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
Metoda melindungi dari resiko MSDs:
• Menyelenggarakan program terkait ergonomi
• Training
• Feedback dari semua level
• Melaksanakan analisa bahaya pekerjaan
• Mengenali dan melaporkan potensi MSDs
Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Contoh pengendalian secara teknik
• Desain dan penataan lingkungan kerja
• Peralatan yang didesain secara ergonomi
• Perlengkapan yang didesain secara ergonomi
• Mengurangi berat beban

Source: OSHA (International Labor Organization)

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Melaksanakan kerja secara tepat:
• Teknik menggangkat yang benar
• Menggangkat beban berat/besar secara tim
• Relaksasi/peregangan/Stretch
• Rotasi kerja
• Variasi tugas
• Istirahat cukup

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Pelindung (PPE):
• Bantalan lutut
• Sarung tangan vibrasi
• Sarung tangan termal
• Sabuk bahu
• Lifting braces

Source of graphics: OSHA

Lifting straps
Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
Bahaya ergonomi secara fisik & solusi:
• Melakukan pekerjaan diatas kepala/bahu - Bahaya
• Working with the hands above head for more than 2 hours per day

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Working with the elbows above shoulders for more than 2 hours per day

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Reaching above the head/shoulders - solutions
• Keep items within close reach
• Elevate work areas

Source: NIOSH Source: NIOSH Source: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Reaching above the head/shoulders - solutions
• Remove obstacles
• Utilize equipment to raise and
lower items or move items
closer to worker

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: NIOSH

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Awkward body postures - hazards
• Working with the neck or back bent forward more
than 30° for more than 2 hours per day

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Squatting for more than 2 hours per day

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Lifting objects - hazards
• Heavy, frequent, and awkward lifting

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Lifting - solutions
• Managing for safer lifting
• Plan lifts
• Minimize lifting distances
• Position materials to power zone
levels
• Avoid manually lifting/lowering
loads to/from floor
• Identify/reduce unstable or heavy
loads
• Reduce frequency of lifting and
duration of lifting tasks
• Provide clear access Source of graphics: NIOSH
Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Lifting - solutions
• Employee guidelines for safer lifting
• Stretch before lifting
• Check for tags on loads
• Test load for stability and weight
• Plan the lift
• Use proper lifting techniques –
grip; two hands; smooth, even motions;
load close to body; legs to push up and lift
load; avoid twisting; alternate with less
physically demanding tasks;
rest breaks
• Get assistance when necessary

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
• Lifting - solutions
• Use proper lifting techniques

Lean the sack onto Slide the sack up Slide the sack onto As you stand up, keep the sack
your kneeling leg. onto your the other leg while close to your body.
kneeling leg. keeping the sack
close to your body.
Source: NIOSH
Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
Vibration – hazards
• Moderate – more than 2 hours per day
• High – more than 30 minutes per day
• Prolonged

Source of graphics: OSHA

Metoda Pengendalian Resiko Secara Ergonomi
Vibration – solutions
• Use low-vibration tools and devices that may
reduce vibration (tool balancers, extension handles,
vibration isolators, damping techniques)
• Adequate rest periods
• Rotate jobs
• Maintenance
• PPE

Source of graphics: OSHA