Bab

3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia

The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation

3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif

Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass

A Jisim Atom Relatif, JAR

Relative Atomic Mass, RAM
1. Atom adalah sangat kecil dan jisim satu atom tidak mungkin ditimbang dalam gram dengan menggunakan sebarang
penimbang elektronik. Maka, ahli kimia membandingkan jisim sesuatu atom dengan atom piawai.
Atom is very small and it is impossible to weigh the mass of an atom in gram using any electronic balance. Thus, chemist compares
the mass of an atom with a standard atom.
2. Jisim sesuatu atom apabila dibandingkan dengan atom piawai dipanggil jisim atom relatif, JAR
relative atomic mass, RAM

A
The mass of an atom when compared to a standard atom is called
3.
Jisim atom relatif tidak mempunyai unit kerana jisim atom relatif bukannya jisim sebenar tetapi merupakan nilai
bandingan sahaja.
comparison
Relative atomic mass has no unit because it is not the actual mass but only a value.
4. Hidrogen/ Hydrogen

SI
(a) Dipilih pada awalnya sebagai atom piawai.
Earlier chosen as the standard atom.
(b) Jisim satu atom hidrogen ditetapkan sebagai 1 unit.
The mass of one hydrogen atom was assigned 1 unit.
(c) Dipilih kerana merupakan atom yang paling ringan.
Chosen because its the lighest atom.
A
(d) Namun ditolak kerana/ However rejected because:
(i) Tidak semua unsur dapat bertindak balas dengan hidrogen.
Not many elements can react with hydrogen.
(ii) Wujud sebagai gas dan susah dikendalikan.
Exist as a gas and difficult to handle.
5. Oksigen/ Oxygen:
(a) Dipilih kerana/ Chosen because:
N

(i) Mudah dikendalikan berbanding dengan hidrogen.

Easier to handle than hydrogen.
(ii) Lebih mudah diperoleh.
More readily available.
(iii) Bertindak balas dengan hampir semua unsur.
PA

React with almost all the elements.

(b) Namun ditolak kerana/ However rejected because:
(i) Kewujudan isotop 168O 178O 188O
Existence of isotopes 168O 178O 188O
(ii) Ahli fizik menggunakan jisim oksigen-16 sebagai piawai tetapi ahli kimia menggunakan nilai purata bagi
jisim 3 isotop sebagai piawai.
Physicists used the mass of oxygen-16 as the standard whereas chemists used the average value of the mass of 3 isotopes
as the standard.
6. Karbon-12/ Carbon-12:
(a) Jisim satu atom karbon-12 ditetapkan sebagai 12 unit.
The mass of one carbon-12 atom was assigned 12 units.
(b) Dipilih kerana/ Chosen because:
(i) Karbon-12 digunakan sebagai rujukan piawai dalam spektrometer jisim.
Carbon-12 was used as the reference standard in mass spectrometers.
(ii) Kebanyakan unsur berpadu dengan karbon-12.
Most elements combine with carbon-12.
(iii) Wujud dalam bentuk pepejal pada suhu bilik dan mudah dikendalikan.
Exist as a solid at room temperature and easy to handle.
(iv) Karbon-12 ialah isotop karbon dengan kelimpahan 98.89%, manakala isotop karbon-13 dan karbon-14
hanya 1.11%. Maka, jisim purata bagi tiga isotop adalah sama dengan 12.
Carbon-12 is the carbon isotope with 98.89%, abundant whereas carbon-13 and carbon-14 isotopes is only 1.11%.
Thus, the average mass of three isotopes is equal to 12.

32
 7.
Berdasarkan skala karbon-12, jisim atom relatif, JAR sesuatu unsur ialah jisim purata satu atom
1 karbon-12
unsur itu apabila dibandingkan dengan kali jisim satu atom .
12
atom
Based on the carbon-12 scale, the relative atomic mass, RAM of an element is the average mass of one of
1 carbon-12
the element when compared with times the mass of one atom.
12

Jisim purata satu atom unsur/ Average mass of one atom of the element
Jisim atom relatif, JAR =
Relative atomic mass, RAM 1
× jisim satu atom karbon-12/ mass of one atom of carbon-12
12

Contoh/ Example:
1
daripada satu atom karbon-12
12 C-12
1
of a carbon-12 atom
12
He

A
1
daripada satu atom karbon-12
12
1
of a carbon-12 atom
12

Rajah/Diagram 3.1

karbon-12.
SI
Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1, jisim 1 atom helium adalah

Based on Diagram 3.1, the mass of 1 helium atom is

atom.
4
4 kali lebih besar daripada

times greater than

1
12
1
12
kali jisim satu atom

times of the mass of one carbon-12

A

Maka, jisim atom relatif, JAR atom helium/ Therefore, the relative atomic mass, RAM of helium atom = 4

Contoh/ Example:
1
Diberi jisim 1 atom nitrogen ialah 14 kali lebih besar daripada kali jisim satu atom karbon-12. Tentukan jisim atom
12
relatif, JAR bagi satu atom nitrogen.
1
Given that the mass of 1 nitrogen atom is 14 times greater than times the mass of 1 carbon-12 atom. Determine the relative
12
atomic mass, RAM of a nitrogen atom.
N

1

Jisim satu atom nitrogen = 14 kali lebih besar daripada kali jisim 1 atom karbon-12
12
1
Mass of one nitrogen atom = 14 times greater than times the mass of 1 carbon-12 atom
12
14 kali lebih besar Jisim karbon-12
PA

[121  12]
14 times greater Mass of carbon-12
= 14 
= 14

∴ Jisim atom relatif, JAR atom nitrogen/ Relative atomic mass, RAM of nitrogen atom = 14

Contoh/ Example:
Tentukan berapa kali 2 atom argentum lebih besar daripada 4 atom aluminium.
Determine how many times greater are 2 silver atoms compared to 4 aluminium atoms.

[JAR/ RAM: Al = 27; Ag = 108]

Jisim 2 atom argentum = Q kali lebih besar daripada jisim 4 atom aluminium
Mass of 2 silver atoms = Q times greater than the mass of 4 aluminium atoms
Q kali lebih besar
Q times greater
2 atom Ag 4 atom Al
2 Ag atoms 4 Al atoms
2(108) = Q  4 (27)
JAR Ag JAR Al
216 = Q  108
RAM of Ag RAM of Al
216
108 = Q
Q = 2
∴2 atom argentum ialah 2 kali lebih besar daripada 4 atom aluminium.
2 silver atoms are 2 times greater than 4 aluminium atoms.

33
 Contoh/Example 1
Berapa kalikah 2 atom bromin lebih besar daripada 5 atom oksigen?
How many times greater are 2 bromine atoms compared to 5 oxygen atoms?
[JAR/ RAM: Br = 80; O = 16]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
Jisim 2 atom bromin = Q kali lebih besar daripada jisim 5 atom oksigen
Mass of 2 bromine atom Q times greater than the mass of 5 oxygen atoms
2(80) = Q  5 (16)
160
80 = Q
Q = 2
∴ 2 atom bromin ialah 2 kali lebih besar daripada 5 atom oksigen.
2 bromine atoms are 2 times greater than 5 oxygen atoms.

Contoh/Example 2 TP 3
Berapakah atom oksigen yang mempunyai jisim sama dengan satu atom sulfur?

A
How many oxygen atoms that have the same mass as one atom of sulphur?
[JAR/ RAM: S = 32; O = 16]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
Jisim Q atom oksigen = Jisim satu atom sulfur
Mass of Q atoms oxygen

Q = 2
Q(16) = 1(32)

Bilangan atom oksigen/ Number of oxygen atoms = SI

Mass of one atom sulphur

2
A
Contoh/Example 3 TP 3
Jisim bagi 4 atom unsur X adalah sama dengan jisim bagi 5 atom oksigen. X bukan simbol sebenar bagi unsur itu. Berapakah
jisim atom relatif, JAR bagi unsur X?
The mass of 4 atoms of element X is equal to the mass of 5 oxygen atoms. X is not the actual symbol of the element. What is the relative
atomic mass, RAM of element X?
[JAR/ RAM: O = 16]
N

Penyelesaian/Solution :
Jisim 4 atom unsur X = Jisim 5 atom oksigen
Mass of 4 atoms element X Mass of 5 oxygen atoms
4(Q) = 5(16)
PA

Q = 20
∴ Jisim atom relatif, JAR bagi unsur X/ Relative atomic mass, RAMr of element X = 20

B Jisim molekul relatif, JMR dan jisim formula relatif, JFR

Relative molecular mass, RMM and relative formula mass, RFM
1. Jisim molekul relatif, JMR sesuatu molekul ditakrif sebagai jisim purata molekul itu apabila dibandingkan
1
dengan kali jisim satu atom karbon-12 .
12
molecule 1
Relative molecular mass, RMM of a molecule is defined as the average mass of the when compared with
12
carbon-12 atom
times the mass of one .

Jisim purata satu molekul

Jisim molekul relatif, JMR =
1
× jisim satu atom karbon-12
12
Average mass of one molecule
Relative molecular mass, RMM =
1
× mass of one atom of carbon-12
12

34
 Contoh/ Example:
1
daripada satu atom karbon-12
12
O 1
of a carbon-12 atom
12
H H

Rajah/Diagram 3.2
18 1

Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2, jisim 1 molekul air ialah kali besar daripada kali jisim satu atom karbon-12.
12
18 1
Based on Diagram 3.2, the mass of 1 water molecule is times greater than times of the mass of a carbon-12
12
atom.

Maka, jisim molekul relatif bagi air/Therefore, the relative molecular mass of water = 18

2.
Istilah jisim molekul relatif, JMR hanya boleh digunakan untuk bahan yang terdiri daripada molekul. Bagi sebatian
ion, istilah jisim formula relatif, JFR digunakan.
The term relative molecular mass, RMM can only be used for substances that are made up of molecules. For ionic compounds,

A
the term relative formula mass, RFM is used instead.

Contoh/Example 4 TP 3

Hitungkan jisim molekul relatif, JMR bagi setiap sebatian yang berikut.

(a) Ammonia/ Ammonia, NH3

(b) Asid etanoik/ Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
(c) Tetraklorometana/ Tetrachloromethane, CCl4
SI
Calculate the relative molecular mass, RMM for each of the following compounds.
[JAR/ RAM: C =12; Cl = 35.5; O = 16, H = 1, N = 14]
A
Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Jisim molekul relatif ammonia, NH 3 = 14 + 3 (1) = 14 + 3 (1) = 17
Relative molecular mass of ammonia
JAR N/ RAM of N JAR H/ RAM of H
2 C 4 H 2O

(b) Jisim molekul relatif asid etanoik, CH3COOH = 2 (12) + 4 (1) + 2 (16) = 24 + 4 + 32 = 60
N

Relative molecular mass of ethanoic acid

JAR C JAR H JAR O
RAM of C RAM of H RAM of O

(c) Jisim molekul relatif tetraklorometana, CCl 4 = 12 + 4 (35.5) = 12 + 142 = 154

Relative molecular mass of tetrachloromethane
PA

JAR C/ RAM of C JAR Cl/ RAM of Cl

Contoh/Example 5 TP 3
Hitungkan jisim formula relatif, JFR bagi setiap sebatian ion yang berikut.
Calculate the relative formula mass, RFM for each of the following ionic compounds.
[JAR/ RAM: O = 16; Mg = 24; N = 14; Cl = 35.5; S = 32; H = 1; Cu = 64]
(a) Magnesium oksida/ Magnesium oxide, MgO
(b) Kuprum(II) klorida/ Copper(II) chloride, CuCl2
(c) Ammonium sulfat/ Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Jisim formula relatif magnesium oksida, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
Relative formula mass of magnesium oxide
JAR Mg JAR O
RAM of Mg RAM of O

(b) Jisim formula relatif kuprum(II) klorida, CuCl2 = 64 + 2 (35.5)

Relative formula mass of copper(II) chloride = 135
(c) Jisim formula relatif ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4 = 2[14 + 4(1)] + 32 + 4(16)
Relative formula mass of ammonium sulphate = 132

35
 Uji Kendiri 3.1
1. Tentukan jisim molekul relatif, JMR bagi bahan yang berikut. TP 3
Determine the relative molecular mass, RMM of the following substances.
[JAR/ RAM: H = 1; Cl = 35.5; O = 16; C = 12]

Bahan Sebatian Jisim molekul relatif, JMR

Substance Compound Relative molecular mass, RMM
Gas hidrogen klorida
HCl 1 + 35.5 = 36.5
Hydrogen chloride gas

Gas karbon dioksida

CO2 12 + (2  16) = 44
Carbon dioxide gas

Air
H2O (2  1) + 16 = 18
Water

2. Tentukan jisim formula relatif, JFR bagi bahan yang berikut. TP 3

A
Determine the relative formula mass, RFM of the following substances.
[JAR/ RAM: Na = 23; Cl = 35.5; Cu = 64; N = 14; O = 16; C = 12; S = 32; Fe = 56]

Bahan Sebatian ion Jisim formula relatif, JFR

Substance Ionic compound Relative formula mass, RFM
Natrium klorida
Sodium chloride

Kuprum(II) nitrat
Copper(II) nitrate

Natrium karbonat
SI NaCl

Cu(NO3)2
23 + 35.5 = 58.5

64 + 2[14 + (3 x 16)] = 188

A
Na2CO3 2(23) + 12 + 3(16) = 106
Sodium carbonate

Kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat

CuSO4.5H2O 64 + 32 + 4(16) + 5(18) = 250
Hydrated copper(II) sulphate

Ferum(II) sulfat heptahidrat

FeSO4.7H2O 56 + 32 + 4(16) + 7(18) = 278
Iron(II) sulphate heptahydrate
N

3.2 Konsep Mol

PA

Mole Concept
1.
Dalam kehidupan seharian, satu ‘dozen’ telur = 12 biji telur. Namun, dalam bidang kimia, satu ‘mol’ telur =
6.02  1023 atau 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 biji telur.
In our daily life, a ‘dozen’ of eggs = 12 eggs. However, in chemistry field, one ‘mole’ of eggs = 6.02  1023 or
602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 eggs.
2.
Unit mol digunakan dalam penyukatan kuantiti bahan. Satu mol bahan mengandungi 6.02214076  1023 entiti
asas bahan tersebut.
The mole unit is used in measuring the quantity of substance. One mole of substance contains 6.02214076  1023 elementary
entities of the substance.

3. Pemalar Avogadro, NA ditakrif sebagai bilangan zarah yang terkandung di dalam satu mol bahan
itu, iaitu 6.02  10 mol . Sama ada bahan merupakan bahan atom, bahan molekul atau bahan ion.
23 –1

number of particles one mole

Avogadro constant, NA is defined as the in of a substance, that is 6.02  1023 mol–1.
4.
Sama ada bahan atom, bahan molekul atau bahan ion, bilangan zarah di dalam satu mol bahan adalah sama.
Whether it’s an atomic substance, a molecular substance or an ionic substance, the number of particles in one mole of substance
is the same.

36
(a) Bahan atom/ Atomic substance (b) Bahan molekul/ Molecular substance (c) Bahan ion/ Ionic substance

Kuprum/ Copper, Cu
Air/ Water, H2O Kalium klorida/ Potassium chloride, KCl
1 mol bahan atom, Cu = 6.02  1023
atom 1 mol bahan molekul, H2O = 6.02  1023 1 mol bahan ion, KCl = 6.02  1023
kuprum
1 mol of atomic substance, Cu molekul unit formula KCl
air 1 mol of ionic substance, KCl = 6.02  1023
atoms 1 mol of molecular substance, H2O
= 6.02  1023 copper formula units of KCl
molecules
= 6.02  1023 water

A Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah

Number of Moles and Number of Particles
1. Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan bilangan zarah dengan menggunakan pemalar
Avogadro, NA sebagai faktor penukaran.

A
Diagram 3.3 shows the relationship between the number of moles and the number of particles by using Avogadro constants, NA
as the conversion factor.
 NA

Bilangan mol/ Number of moles, n

Bilangan mol, n
Number of moles, n

SI
Bilangan zarah/ Number of particles:
Atom // Molekul/Molecule // Ion

 NA
Rajah/Diagram 3.3
=
Bilangan zarah/ Number of particles
NA
A
Contoh/Example 6 TP 3

Hitung bilangan atom bagi yang berikut/ Calculate the number of atoms of the following:
(a) 0.2 mol ferum/ iron, Fe
(b) 0.1 mol magnesium/ magnesium, Mg
[Pemalar Avogadro/ Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02  1023 mol–1]
N

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan atom/ Number of atoms (b) Bilangan atom/ Number of atoms
= Bilangan mol  NA/ Number of moles  NA = Bilangan mol  NA/ Number of moles  NA
= 0.2  6.02  1023 = 0.1  6.02  1023
PA

= 1.204  1023 atom/ atoms = 6.02  1022 atom/ atoms

Contoh/Example 7 TP 3

Hitung bilangan molekul bagi yang berikut/ Calculate the number of molecules of the following:
(a) 3 mol gas nitrogen/ nitrogen gas, N2
(b) 0.25 mol molekul sulfur/ sulphur molecule, S8
[Pemalar Avogadro/ Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02  1023 mol–1]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan molekul/ Number of molecules (b) Bilangan molekul/ Number of molecules
= Bilangan mol  NA/ Number of moles  NA = Bilangan mol  NA/ Number of moles  NA
= 3  6.02  1023 = 0.25  6.02  1023
= 1.806  1024 molekul/ molecules = 1.505  1023 molekul/ molecules

37
Contoh/Example 8 TP 3

Tentukan bilangan unit formula bagi yang berikut/ Determine the number of formula units of the following:
(a) 2 mol kalium sulfat/ potassium sulphate, K2SO4
(b) 0.025 mol zink nitrat/ zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2
[Pemalar Avogadro/ Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02  1023 mol–1]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan unit formula/ Number of formula units (b) Bilangan unit formula/ Number of formula units
= Bilangan mol  NA/ Number of moles  NA = Bilangan mol  NA/ Number of moles  NA
= 2  6.02  1023 = 0.025  6.02  1023
= 1.204  1024 unit formula/ formula units = 1.505  1022 unit formula/ formula units

Contoh/Example 9 TP 3

Hitung bilangan atom dalam yang berikut/ Calculate the number of atoms in the following:
(a) 1 mol gas nitrogen/ nitrogen gas, N2
(b) 1 mol gas karbon dioksida/ carbon dioxide gas, CO2

A
(c) 1 mol gas ammonia/ ammonia gas, NH3
[Pemalar Avogadro/ Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02  1023 mol–1]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan atom dalam gas N2/ Number of atoms in N2 gas
= Bilangan mol  NA  2 / Number of moles  NA  2 Gas nitrogen, N2 wujud dalam bentuk molekul. Untuk menghitung bilangan
= 1  6.02  1023  2
= 1.204  1024 atom/ atoms

SI
(b) Bilangan atom dalam gas CO2/ Number of atoms in CO2 gas
= Bilangan mol  NA  3 / Number of moles  NA  3
= 1  6.02  1023  3
atom, kita harus ‘ 2’ kerana setiap N2 mengandungi 2 atom nitrogen, N.
Nitrogen gas, N2 exists as molecules. To calculate the number of atoms, we
should ‘ 2’ because each N2 consists of 2 nitrogen atoms, N.

Gas karbon dioksida, CO2 wujud dalam bentuk molekul. Untuk

menghitung bilangan atom, kita harus ‘ 3’ kerana setiap CO2
mengandungi 1 atom karbon, C dan 2 atom oksigen, O.
A
= 1.806  1024 atom/ atoms Carbon dioxide gas, CO2 exists as molecules. To calculate the number of
atoms, we should ‘ 3’ because each CO2 consists of 1 carbon atom, C
(c) Bilangan atom dalam gas NH3/ Number of atoms in NH3 gas and 2 oxygen atoms, O.
= Bilangan mol  NA  4/ Number of moles  NA  4
= 1  6.02  1023  4
= 2.408  1024 atom/ atoms
N

Contoh/Example 10 TP 3

Hitung bilangan ion dalam yang berikut/ Calculate the number of ions in the following: NaOH
(a) 0.75 mol natrium hidroksida/ sodium hydroxide, NaOH
PA

(b) 2.5 mol litium oksida/ lithium oxide, Li2O Na+ OH−
(c) 0.225 mol aluminium oksida/ aluminium oxide, Al2O3 2 ion/ ions
[Pemalar Avogadro/ Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02  1023 mol–1]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan ion di dalam NaOH/ Number of ions in NaOH
Bilangan mol  NA adalah untuk mencari bilangan unit NaOH. Untuk
= Bilangan mol  NA  2 / Number of moles  NA  2 menghitung bilangan ion, kita harus ‘ 2’ kerana terdapat 2 ion di
= 0.75  6.02  1023  2 dalam 1 unit NaOH.
= 9.03  1023 ion/ ions Number of moles  NA is to find the number of formula unit of NaOH.
To calculate the number of ions, we should ‘ 2’ because there are 2
(b) Bilangan ion di dalam Li2O/ Number of ions in Li2O ions in 1 formula unit of NaOH.
= Bilangan mol  NA  3 / Number of moles  NA  3
Bilangan mol  NA adalah untuk mencari bilangan unit Li2O. Untuk
= 2.5  6.02  1023  3 menghitung bilangan ion, kita harus ‘ 3’ kerana terdapat 3 ion di
= 4.515  1024 ion/ ions dalam 1 unit Li2O.
Number of moles  NA is to find the number of formula unit of Li2O.
To calculate the number of ions, we should ‘ 3’ because there are 3
(c) Bilangan ion di dalam Al2O3/ Number of ions in Al2O3 ions in 1 formula unit of Li2O.
= Bilangan mol  NA  5/ Number of moles  NA  5
= 0.225  6.02  1023  5
= 6.7725  1023 ion/ ions

38
 Contoh/Example 11 TP 3

Tentukan bilangan mol dalam yang berikut/ Determine the number of moles in the following:
(a) 3.01  1023 atom karbon/ carbon atoms
(b) 9.03  1023 unit NaCl/ NaCl units
(c) 5.418  1023 molekul oksigen/ oxygen molecules
[Pemalar Avogadro/ Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02  1023 mol–1]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles
Bilangan atom karbon/ Number of carbon atoms
=
NA
3.01 × 1023
=
6.02 × 1023 mol–1
= 0.5 mol atom/ mole atoms
(b) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles
Bilangan unit NaCl/ Number of NaCl units
=
NA

A
9.03 × 1023
=
6.02 × 1023
= 1.5 mol unit/ mole units
(c) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles

=
5.418 × 1023
6.02 × 1023
NA

= 0.9 mol molekul/ mol molecules

SI
Bilangan molekul oksigen/ Number of oxygen molecules
A
B Bilangan Mol dan Jisim Bahan
Number of Moles and Mass of Substances
1. Jisim molar ialah jisim bagi satu mol bahan.
mass of one mole
The molar mass is the of the substance.
N

2. Jisim molar sesuatu bahan mengandungi 6.02  1023 zarah bahan itu.
6.02  1023
The molar mass of a substance contains particles of the substance.

3. Unit bagi jisim molar ialah g mol –1

./ Unit of molar mass is
g mol–1
.
PA

4. Jisim molar dan jisim relatif sesuatu bahan mempunyai nombor yang setara.
The molar mass and relative mass of a substance is numerically equal.
Contoh/ Example:
Jadual/Table 3.1
Bahan Jisim relatif Jisim molar
Substance Relative mass Molar mass
Zink/ Zinc, Zn JAR/ RAM = 65 Jisim/ Mass = 1 mol  JAR/ 1 mole  RAM
= 1 mol  65 = 65 g mol–1

Etana/ Ethane, C2H6 JMR/ RMM = (2  12) + (6  1) Jisim/ Mass = 1 mol  JMR/ 1 mole  RMM
= 30 = 1 mol  30 = 30 g mol–1

Ek stra
Ekstra Tip
Jisim atom relatif/ Relative atomic mass

Jisim relatif/ Relative mass Jisim molekul relatif/ Relative molecular mass

Jisim formula relatif/ Relative formula mass

39

Jisim molar

Molar mass
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles, n
Bilangan mol, n Jisim Jisim/ Mass, g
Number of moles, n Mass =
Jisim molar/ Molar mass, g mol21
Jisim molar

Molar mass

Rajah/Diagram 3.4 Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan jisim bahan dengan menggunakan jisim molar sebagai faktor penukaran
Relationship between the number of moles and the mass of substances by using molar mass as the conversion factor

Contoh/Example 12 TP 3

Hitungkan jisim bagi yang berikut/ Calculate the mass of the following:
(a) 1.5 mol zink/ zinc, Zn
(b) 0.25 mol litium hidroksida/ lithium hydroxide, LiOH
(c) 4 mol nitrogen monoksida/ nitrogen monoxide, NO
[JAR/ RAM: Zn = 65; Li = 7; O = 16; H = 1; N = 14]

A
Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Jisim/ Mass (b) Jisim/ Mass (c) Jisim/ Mass
Bilangan mol Bilangan mol Bilangan mol
5  Jisim molar 5  Jisim molar 5  Jisim molar
Number of moles Molar mass Number of moles Molar mass Number of moles Molar mass


5 1.5  [65]
5 97.5 g

Contoh/Example 13 TP 3

SI
5 0.25  [7 + 16 + 1]
5 0.25  24 5 6 g

Hitungkan bilangan mol dalam yang berikut/ Calculate the number of moles in the following:


5 4  [14 + 16]
5 4  30 5 120 g
A
(a) 3.2 g kuprum/ copper, Cu
(b) 3.72 g molekul fosforus/ molecules of phosphorus, P4
(c) 8.88 g magnesium nitrat/ magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2
[JAR/ RAM: Cu = 64; P = 31; Mg = 24; N = 14; O = 16]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles (b) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles (c) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles
N

Jisim/ Mass Jisim/ Mass Jisim/ Mass

= = =
Jisim molar/ Molar mass Jisim molar/ Molar mass Jisim molar/ Molar mass
3.2 3.72 8.88
= = =
64 4(31) 24 + 2[14 + 3(16)]
PA

= 0.05 mol atom/ mol atoms = 0.03 mol molekul/ mol molecules = 0.06 mol unit/ mol units

C Bilangan Mol dan Isi Padu Gas

Number of Moles and Volume of Gases
1. Isi padu molar sesuatu gas ialah isi padu yang ditempati atau dipenuhi oleh satu mol gas atau 6.02  1023 zarah
gas itu.
The molar volume of the gas is the volume occupied by one mole of the gas or 6.02  1023 particles of the gas.

2.
Unit bagi isi padu molar ialah dm3 mol–1 ./ Unit of molar volume is
dm3 mol–1
.
3.
Isi padu molar sesuatu gas bergantung kepada keadaan.
The molar volume of a gas depends on the conditions.
Jadual/Table 3.2

Keadaan Isi padu molar

Condition Molar volume

Suhu dan tekanan piawai/ Standard temperature and pressure, STP:

Suhu/ Temperature = 0 oC; Tekanan/ Pressure = 1 atm 22.4 dm3 mol–1 atau/ or 22 400 cm3 mol–1

Keadaaan bilik/ Room conditions:

24 dm3 mol–1 atau/ or 24 000 cm mol
3 –1
Suhu/ Temperature = 25 oC; Tekanan/ Pressure = 1 atm

40
 4.
Pada keadaan suhu dan tekanan yang sama, bilangan mol sebarang gas yang sama akan mempunyai
isi padu yang sama .
same volume
Under the same temperature and pressure, an equal number of moles of any gas will have the .

Isi padu molar

Molar volume
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles, n
Bilangan mol, n Isi padu Isi padu gas/ Gas volume
Number of moles, n Volume =
Isi padu molar/ Molar volume
Isi padu molar

Molar volume

Rajah/Diagram 3.5 Hubung kait antara bilangan mol dan isi padu gas dengan menggunakan isi padu molar sebagai faktor penukaran
Relationship between the number of moles and the volume of gas by using molar volume as the conversion factor

Contoh/Example 14 TP 3

Hitung isi padu dalam unit dm3 bagi setiap gas yang berikut pada STP.

A
Calculate the volume in dm3 of each of the following gases at STP.
[Isi padu molar/ Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol–1 pada/at STP]
(a) 7 mol gas hidrogen/ hydrogen gas, H2
(b) 3.5 mol gas sulfur dioksida/ sulphur dioxide gas, SO2
(c) 0.25 mol gas klorin/ chlorine gas, Cl2

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
5
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
= 7  22.4
 Isi padu molar
Molar volume
SI (b) Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
5

Bilangan mol
Number of moles
= 3.5  22.4
 Isi padu molar
Molar volume
A
= 156.8 dm3 = 78.4 dm3
(c) Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
Bilangan mol
5  Isi padu molar
Number of moles Molar volume
= 0.25  22.4
= 5.6 dm3
N

Contoh/Example 15 TP 3

Hitung isi padu dalam unit cm3 bagi setiap gas yang berikut pada keadaan bilik.
Calculate the volume in cm3 of each of the following gases at room conditions.
[Isi padu molar/ Molar volume: 24 000 cm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik/at room conditions]
PA

(a) 3 mol gas nitrogen/ nitrogen gas, N2

(b) 0.5 mol gas ammonia/ ammonia gas, NH3
(c) 0.025 mol of gas etena/ ethene gas, C2H4

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
Bilangan mol
=  Isi padu molar
Number of moles Molar volume
= 3  24 000
= 72 000 cm3
(b) Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
Bilangan mol
=  Isi padu molar
Number of moles Molar volume
= 0.5  24 000
= 12 000 cm3
(c) Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
Bilangan mol
5  Isi padu molar
Number of moles Molar volume
= 0.025 24 000
= 600 cm3

41
 Contoh/Example 16 TP 3

Hitung bilangan mol bagi setiap gas yang berikut pada STP.
Calculate the number of moles of the following gases at STP.
[Isi padu molar/ Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol–1 pada/at STP]
(a) 1.12 dm3 gas fluorin/ fluorine gas, F2
(b) 39.2 dm3 gas oksigen/ oxygen gas, O2
(c) 582.4 cm3 gas neon/ neon gas, Ne

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles (b) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles (c) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles
Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
= = =
Isi padu molar/ Molar volume Isi padu molar/ Molar volume Isi padu molar/ Molar volume
1.12 39.2 582.4
= = =
22.4 22.4 22 400
= 0.05 mol/ mole = 1.75 mol/ mole = 0.026 mol/ mole

Contoh/Example 17 TP 3

A
Hitung bilangan mol bagi setiap gas yang berikut pada keadaan bilik.
Calculate the number of moles of the following gases at room conditions.
[Isi padu molar/ Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik/at room conditions]
(a) 16.8 dm3 gas metana/ methane gas, CH4
(b) 0.4464 dm3 gas ozon/ ozone gas, O3
(c) 120 cm3 gas nitrogen/ nitrogen gas, N2

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles
=
Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
Isi padu molar/ Molar volume
SI(b) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles

=
Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
Isi padu molar/ Molar volume
(c) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles

=
Isi padu gas/ Volume of gas
Isi padu molar/ Molar volume
A
16.8 0.4464 582.4
= = =
24 24 22 400
= 0.7 mol/ mole = 0.0186 mol/ mole = 0.026 mol/ mole

Uji Kendiri 3.2

N

Selesaikan masalah penghitungan berikut/ Solve the following numerical problems: KBAT Mengaplikasi
[JAR/RAM: C = 12; H = 1; O = 16; Zn = 65; Ne = 20; Br = 80; NA = 6.02  1023, Isi padu molar/ Molar volume = 22.4 dm3
pada/at STP dan/and 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik/at room conditions]
1. Berapakah bilangan ion bromida dalam 9 g zink bromida, ZnBr2?
How many bromide ions are there in 9 g of zinc bromide, ZnBr2?
PA

9
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles =
65+2(80)
= 0.04 mol
Bilangan ion/ Number of ions = 0.04  6.02  1023  2
= 4.816  1022 ion/ ions
2. Berapakah jisim bagi 1 molekul air? Diberi bahawa jisim molar air ialah 18 g mol–1.
What is the mass of a water molecule? Given the molar mass of water is 18 g mol–1.
1
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles =
mol
6.02  1023
1
Jisim/ Mass =  18
6.02  1023
= 2.99  10–23 g
3. Dapatkan jisim bagi 2.408  1023 atom neon.
Find the mass of 2.408  1023 neon atoms.
2.408  1023
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles =
mol
6.02  1023
= 0.4 mol
Jisim/ Mass = 0.4  20
= 8 g

42
 4. Hitungkan isi padu, dalam unit dm3, bagi 12 g metana, CH4 pada STP.
Calculate the volume, in dm3, of 12 g of methane, CH4 at STP.
12
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles = 12+ (4(1) mol
= 0.75 mol
Isi padu/ Volume = 0.75  22.4 dm3
= 16.8 dm3

5. Dapatkan jisim bagi 6 000 cm3 gas X pada keadaan bilik. Jisim molar gas X ialah 44 g mol–1.
Find the mass of 6 000 cm3 of gas X at room conditions. Molar mass of gas X is 44 g mol–1.
6 000
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles = 24 000 mol
= 0.25 mol
Jisim/ Mass = 0.25  44 g mol–1
= 11 g

Formula Kimia

A
3.3
Chemical Formula
1. Formula kimia ialah satu perwakilan bagi sesuatu bahan kimia dengan menggunakan huruf bagi mewakili atom
dan nombor subskrip untuk menunjukkan bilangan setiap jenis atom yang terdapat di dalam entiti asas bahan itu.
Chemical formula is a representation of a chemical substance using letters for atoms and subscript numbers to show the

2.
Air terdiri daripada hidrogen dan oksigen.

SI
numbers of each type of atoms that are present in the elementary entities of the substance.

Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.

H2 O
Jisim molekul relatif/ Relative molecular mass
A
2 atom hidrogen 1 atom oksigen = 2(1) + 16
2 hydrogen atoms 1 oxygen atom = 18

Rajah/Diagram 3.6 Maklumat yang boleh diperoleh daripada suatu formula kimia
Information that can be obtained from a chemical formula

Daripada formula kimia, kita dapat mengetahui: TP 2

N

From the chemical formula, we can know:

(a) Jisim relatif bahan itu./ The relative mass of the substance.
(b) Jenis unsur yang terkandung dalam bahan itu./ The type of elements that make up the substance.
(c) Bilangan atom atau ion dalam bahan itu./ The number of atoms or ions in the substance
PA

A Formula Empirik dan Formula Molekul

Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
1. Sebatian boleh diwakili dengan dua jenis formula kimia, iaitu formula empirik dan formula molekul .
empirical formula molecular formula
Compounds can be represented by two types of chemical formulae, namely the and the .

Formula Kimia
Chemical Formula

Formula empirik Formula molekul

Empirical formula Molecular formula

Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah paling Formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan
ringkas bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sebenar atom setiap unsur dalam satu molekul
sesuatu sebatian . sesuatu sebatian .
A chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the A chemical formula that shows the actual number of
number of atoms of each type of element in a compound. atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound .

43
 2.
Tuliskan formula empirik berdasarkan formula molekul sebatian yang berikut:
Write the empirical formula based on the molecular formula of the following compounds.
Jadual/Table 3.3
Sebatian Formula molekul Formula empirik
Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula
Etena/ Ethene C2H4 CH2
Propena/ Propene C3H6 CH2
Glukosa/ Glucose C6H12O6 CH2O
Asid etanoik/ Ethanoic acid CH3COOH CH2O
Naftalena/ Naphthalene C10H8 C5H4
Disulfur diklorida/ Disulphur dichloride S2Cl2 SCl
Air/ Water H 2O H2O
Ammonia/ Ammonia NH3 NH3

A
B Penentuan Formula Empirik
Determination of an Empirical Formula
1. Formula empirik ditentukan melalui eksperimen dengan mencari nisbah nombor bulat paling ringkas bilangan
mol atom setiap unsur dalam sebatian.
simplest whole number ratio
Empirical formulae are determined through experiments by finding the of atoms of

2.
each element in a compound.

SI
Kaedah yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 3.4 digunakan untuk memudahkan pengiraan ketika menentukan formula
empirik suatu sebatian:
The method shown in Table 3.4 is used to ease calculation when determining the empirical formula of a compound.
Jadual/Table 3.4
A
Unsur/ Element X Y
Jisim/ Mass (g) a b
a b
Bilangan mol atom
Jisim atom relatif X Jisim atom relatif Y
Number of moles of atoms
Relative atomic mass of X Relative atomic mass of Y
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles Bilangan mol/ Number of moles
N

Nisbah mol atom

Ratio of moles of atoms
Bilangan mol terkecil Bilangan mol terkecil
Smallest number of moles Smallest number of moles
Formula empirik
Empirical formula
PA

Contoh/ Example:
2.24 g ferum bertindak balas dengan 0.64 g oksigen untuk membentuk satu sebatian oksida. Apakah formula empirik
sebatian itu?
2.24 g of iron reacts with 0.64 g of oxygen to form an oxide compound. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

[JAR/ RAM: Fe = 56; O = 16]
Jadual/Table 3.5

Unsur Ferum Oksigen Logam diletakkan di hadapan, diikuti dengan bukan logam.
Element Iron Oxygen Metal is placed in front, followed by non-metal.
Jisim (g)
2.24 0.64
Mass (g)
Bilangan mol atom 2.24 0.64 Bahagikan jisim dengan jisim atom relatif.
Number of moles of atoms = 0.04 = 0.04 Divide the mass with relative atomic mass.
56 16
Nisbah mol atom 0.04 0.04 Bahagikan setiap nombor dengan bilangan mol terkecil,
Ratio of moles of atoms =1 =1
0.04 0.04 iaitu 0.04.
Divide each number by the smallest number of moles, that

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: FeO is 0.04.

Formula empirik yang diperoleh selepas penghitungan.

Empirical formula obtained after the calculation.

44
Contoh/Example 18 TP 3

Satu sampel oksida plumbum mengandungi 4.14 g plumbum dan 0.32 g oksigen. Apakah formula empirik sampel itu?
A sample of lead oxide contains 4.14 g of lead and 0.32 g of oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the sample?
[JAR/ RAM: O = 16; Pb = 207]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
Unsur Plumbum Oksigen
Element Lead Oxygen
Jisim (g)
Mass (g) 4.14 0.32

Bilangan mol atom 4.14 0.32

Number of moles of atoms = 0.02 = 0.02
207 16
Nisbah mol atom 0.02 0.02
Ratio of moles of atoms =1 =1
0.02 0.02

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: PbO

A
Contoh/Example 19 TP 3

2.36 g kobalt berpadu secara kimia dengan 1.92 g sulfur untuk membentuk kobalt sulfida. Apakah formula empirik kobalt
sulfida itu?
2.36 g of cobalt combines chemically with 1.92 g of sulphur to form cobalt sulphide. What is the empirical formula of cobalt sulphide?
[JAR/ RAM: Co = 59; S = 32]

Penyelesaian/Solution :

Jisim (g)
Unsur
Element
SI
Kobalt
Cobalt
Oksigen
Oxygen
A
Mass (g)
2.36 1.92

Bilangan mol atom 2.36 1.92

Number of moles of atoms = 0.04 = 0.06
59 32 Cari nisbah mol dalam nombor bulat
jika nisbah mol yang yang diperoleh
Nisbah mol atom 0.04 0.06 dalam nombor perpuluhan.
Ratio of moles of atoms =1 = 1.5
0.04 0.04 Find the moles ratio in whole
N

numbers if the ratio obtained is in

Nisbah mol atom teringkas the form of demical places.
Simplest ratio of moles of atoms 2 3

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: Co2S3

PA

Contoh/Example 20 TP 3

Satu oksida kuprum mengandungi 88.89% kuprum mengikut jisim. Tentukan formula empirik oksida kuprum itu.
An oxide of copper contains 88.89% copper by mass. Determine the empirical formula of oxide of copper.
[JAR/ RAM: Cu = 64; O = 16]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
Oksida kuprum ialah satu sebatian yang terhasil daripada kuprum dan oksigen./ Oxide of copper is a compound formed
between copper and oxygen.
Peratus oksigen/ Percentage of oxygen = 100% – 88.89%
= 11.11%
Unsur Kuprum Oksigen
Element Copper Oxygen
Jisim (g)
88.89 11.11
Mass (g)
Bilangan mol atom 88.89 11.11
Number of moles of atoms = 1.389 = 0.694
64 16
Nisbah mol atom 1.389 0.694
Ratio of moles of atoms =2 =1
0.694 0.694

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: Cu2O

45
 Contoh/ Example:
Satu sebatian dengan formula empirik M2O3 mengandungi 27 g logam M dan 24 g oksigen. Dapatkan jisim atom relatif
bagi logam M.
A compound with the empirical formula of M2O3 contains 27 g of metal M and 24 g of oxygen. Find the relative atomic mass of metal M.
[JAR/ RAM: O = 16]
Jadual/Table 3.6
Unsur
M Oksigen/ Oxygen
Element
Jisim (g)
27 24
Mass (g)
27 24
Bilangan mol atom 27 24 JAR M/ RAM of M
= ??
16
= 1.5
= ?? = 1.5
Number of moles of atoms JAR M/ RAM of M 16
2 3
Jika 3 merujuk kepada 1.5 mol, maka, 2
Nisbah mol atom merujuk kepada 1 mol
2 3
Ratio of moles of atoms If 3 refers to 1.5 mol, then 2 refers to 1 mol
Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: M 2 O 3
27
= 1
JAR M/ RAM of M

A
27
= JAR M/ RAM of M
1
∴Jisim atom relatif logam M/ Relative atomic mass of metal M = 27

Contoh/Example 21

xBr2. Cari jisim atom relatif unsur x.

SI
1.2 g unsur x bertindak balas dengan bromin untuk membentuk 6 g sebatian. Formula empirik sebatian yang terbentuk ialah

1.2 g of element x reacts with bromine to form 6 g of compound. The empirical formula of the compound formed is xBr2. Find the relative
atomic mass of element x.
[JAR/ RAM: Br = 80]
TP 3
A
Penyelesaian/Solution :
Jisim sebatian yang terbentuk = Jisim unsur x + Jisim bromin
Mass of compound formed Mass of element x Mass of bromine
6 = 1.2 + Q
6 – 1.2 = Q
N

Q = 4.8
∴Jisim bromin/ Mass of bromine = 4.8 g
Unsur Bromin
x
Element Bromine
Jisim (g)
PA

1.2 4.8
Mass (g)
Bilangan mol atom 1.2 4.8
= ?? = 0.06
Number of moles of atoms Ar of x 80
Nisbah mol atom
1 2
Ratio of moles of atoms

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: xBr2

1.2
= 0.03
JAR bagi x/ RAM of x
1.2
= JAR bagi x/ RAM of x
0.03
JAR bagi x/RAM of x = 40
∴Jisim atom relatif unsur x/ Relative atomic mass of element x = 40

46
 AKTIVITI 3.1
Tujuan/ Aim:
Menentukan formula empirik magnesium oksida.
To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
Bahan/ Materials:
10 cm pita magnesium, kertas pasir
10 cm of magnesium ribbon, sandpaper
Radas/ Apparatus:
Mangkuk pijar dan penutup, penyepit, penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga, alas segi tiga tanah liat, penimbang
elektronik
Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, pipe-clay triangle, electronic balance
Prosedur/ Procedure:
Penutup
Mangkuk pijar Lid
Crucible
Pita magnesium
Alas segi tiga Magnesium ribbon
tanah liat

A
Pipe-clay triangle
Panaskan
Heat

Rajah/Diagram 3.7 Susunan radas/ Apparatus set-up

1. Mangkuk pijar bersama-sama dengan penutup ditimbang dan jisimnya direkodkan.

mangkuk pijar
SI
The crucible together with its lid is weighed and the mass is recorded.
2. 10 cm pita magnesium digosok dengan kertas pasir. Pita magnesium digulung dan dimasukkan ke dalam

10 cm magnesium ribbon is rubbed with sandpaper. The magnesium ribbon is coiled and put in the crucible.
3. Mangkuk pijar bersama-sama dengan penutup dan gegelung magnesium ditimbang semula. Jisimnya
direkodkan.
A
The crucible together with its lid and the coil of magnesium are weighed again. The mass is recorded.
4. Susunan radas seperti dalam Rajah 3.7 disediakan.
The apparatus set-up as shown in Diagram 3.7 is prepared.
5. Mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan kuat tanpa penutup.
The crucible is heated strongly without its lid.
6. Apabila gegelung magnesium mula terbakar, mangkuk pijar ditutup dengan penutupnya.
When magnesium coil starts to burn, the crucible is closed with its lid.
N

7. Dengan menggunakan penyepit, penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sedikit sekali sekala dan ditutup semula
dengan cepat.
Using a pair of tongs, the crucible lid is slightly lifted from time to time and quickly placed back.
8. Apabila pembakaran magnesium telah lengkap, penutup dialihkan dan mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan
kuat selama 2 minit.
PA

When the burning of magnesium is completed, the lid is taken off and the crucible is heated with high temperature
for 2 minutes.
9. Mangkuk pijar ditutup semula dan dibiarkan menyejuk ke suhu bilik.
The lid of the crucible is put back and allowed to cool to room temperature.
10. Mangkuk pijar bersama-sama dengan penutup dan kandungannya ditimbang semula. Jisimnya direkodkan.
The crucible with its lid and its contents are weighed again. The mass is recorded.
11. Proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang sehingga jisim yang tetap diperoleh. Jisim
yang tetap direkodkan.
The heating, cooling and weighing process are repeated until a constant mass is obtained. The constant mass is recorded.
Keputusan/ Result:
Jadual/Table 3.7
Perkara/Description Jisim/Mass (g)
Mangkuk pijar kosong + penutup
x
Empty crucible + lid
Mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium
y
Crucible + lid + magnesium
Mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida
z
Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide
Magnesium/ Magnesium y–x
Oksigen/ Oxygen z–y

47
Penghitungan/ Calculation:
Jadual/Table 3.8

Unsur Magnesium Oksigen

Element Magnesium Oxygen

Jisim/Mass (g) y–x z–y

Bilangan mol y–x z–y

Number of moles 24 16

Nisbah mol atom

r s
Ratio of moles of atoms

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula = MgrOs

Perbincangan/ Discussion: TP 4
1. Magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara untuk membentuk wasap putih. Apakah nama
wasap putih yang terbentuk? Tuliskan satu persamaan kimia untuk mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku.
Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes. What is the name of the white fume formed? Write a

A
chemical equation to represent the reaction that occurs.
Magnesium oksida/ Magnesium oxide
2Mg + O2 ➔ 2MgO
2. Langkah berjaga-jaga dalam aktiviti ini/ Precautions in this activity.

SI
(a) Pita magnesium digosok dengan kertas pasir untuk menyingkirkan lapisan oksida
Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper to
remove the oxide layer

(b) Penutup dibuka sekali sekala untuk membenarkan oksigen daripada udara masuk ke dalam mangkuk
pijar supaya magnesium terbakar dengan lengkap. .
.
.
A
The lid is lifted at intervals to allow oxygen from the air enters the crucible for the complete
combustion of magnesium.
.

(c) Mangkuk pijar ditutup dengan segera untuk mengurangkan wasap putih magnesium oksida
terlepas ke persekitaran. .
N

The crucible is immediately closed with its lid to reduce the white fumes of magnesium oxide escape
into the surroundings.
.
(d) Proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang sehingga jisim yang tetap diperoleh
supaya semua pita magnesium telah bertindak balas lengkap dengan udara untuk membentuk
PA

magnesium oksida. .
The heating, cooling and weighing process are repeated until a constant mass is obtained so that all the
magnesium ribbon has completely reacted with the air to form magnesium oxide.
.

3. Lengkapkan yang berikut dengan menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang diberi.

Complete the following by using the words given.

zink/ zinc kuprum/ copper kalsium/ calcium plumbum/ lead

aluminium/aluminium kuprum(II) oksida/ copper(II) oxide

(a) Kaedah pemanasan dalam oksigen sesuai digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida
logam yang melibatkan logam lebih reaktif daripada hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam seperti
kalsium , aluminium dan zink . Ini adalah kerana logam reaktif adalah mudah
bertindak balas dengan oksigen.
Method of heating in oxygen are suitable to be used to determine the empirical formulae of oxides of metal
involving the metals which are more reactive than hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals such as
calcium aluminium zinc
, and . This is because reactive metals can readily react
with oxygen.

48
 (b) Kaedah pemanasan dalam oksigen tidak sesuai digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi
oksida logam yang melibatkan logam kurang reaktif daripada hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan
logam seperti kuprum dan plumbum . Ini adalah kerana logam kurang reaktif adalah

tidak mudah terbakar dalam oksigen. Sebaliknya, oksida logam seperti kuprum(II) oksida dan
plumbum(II) oksida perlu dipanaskan dalam aliran gas hidrogen.
Method of heating in oxygen are not suitable to be used to determine the empirical formulae of oxides of
metal involving the metals which are less reactive than hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals such as
copper lead
and . This is because less reactive metals are not easily burned in oxygen.
copper(II) oxide
Instead, oxides of metals such as and lead(II) oxide should be heated in the flow of
hydrogen gas.

Kesimpulan/ Conclusion:
Formula empirik magnesium oksida ialah MgO jika r = 1 dan s = 1
The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO if r = 1 and s = 1

A
AKTIVITI 3.2
Tujuan/ Aim:
Menentukan formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida.
To determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide.

Bahan/ Materials:

SI
Air, serbuk kuprum(II) oksida, ketulan zink, asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm–3, kayu uji, putik kapas
Water, copper(II) oxide powder, zinc granules, hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm–3, wooden splinter, cotton bud

Radas/ Apparatus:
Tabung didih, penyumbat getah, salur getah, salur kaca 12 cm panjang, salur kaca 10 cm panjang, lampu spirit,
A
kaki retort dan pengapit, penimbang elektronik, spatula, bongkah kayu
Boiling tube, rubber stopper, rubber tube, 12 cm long glass tube, 10 cm long glass tube, spirit lamp, retort stand and
clamp, electronic balance, spatula, wooden block
Prosedur/ Procedure:

Salur kaca Serbuk kuprum(II) oksida

Glass tube Copper(II) oxide power
N

Salur getah
Rubber tube
Lubang
udara
Air hole Lampu
spirit Asid hidroklorik
Spirit Hydrochloric acid
PA

lamp
Air Ketulan zink
Water Zinc granules

Bongkah kayu
Wooden block

Rajah/Diagram 3.8 Susunan radas/ Apparatus set-up

1. Salur kaca yang berukuran 12 cm panjang ditimbang dengan penimbang elektronik. Jisimnya direkodkan.
The mass of a 12 cm long glass tube is weighed using an electronic balance. The mass is recorded.
2. Sedikit serbuk kuprum(II) oksida diisikan ke dalam salur kaca. Kayu uji digunakan untuk mengalihkan
serbuk kuprum(II) oksida ke bahagian tengah salur kaca. Salur kaca bersama-sama kandungannya
ditimbang dan jisimnya direkodkan.
A small amount of copper(II) oxide powder is put into the glass tube. Wooden splinter is used to move the copper(II)
oxide powder to the middle of the glass tube. The glass tube with its content is weighed and the mass is recorded.
2
3. Satu tabung didih diisikan dengan air sehingga penuh.
3
2
The boiling tube is filled with water up to full.
3
4. Tabung didih ditutup dengan penyumbat getah yang bersambung dengan salur kaca 12 cm panjang.
Tabung didih diapitkan pada kaki retort.
The boiling tube is closed with a rubber stopper that connected to a 12 cm long glass tube. The boiling tube is
clamped onto the retort stand.

49
 5. Beberapa ketulan zink dimasukkan ke dalam tabung didih yang lain. Asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm–3
1
ditambahkan ke dalam tabung didih sehingga penuh.
3
A few zinc granules is inserted into another boiling tube. 1.0 mol dm–3 of hydrochloric acid is added into the boiling
1
tube until it is full.
3
6. Tabung didih ditutup dengan penyumbat getah yang bersambung dengan salur kaca 10 cm panjang.
Tabung didih itu diapitkan pada kaki retort yang satu lagi.
The boiling tube is closed with a rubber stopper that is connected to a 10 cm long glass tube. The boiling tube is
clamped onto other retort stand.
7. Salur kaca yang berisi serbuk kuprum(II) oksida dipasangkan seperti dalam Rajah 3.8.
Glass tube contains copper(II) oxide powder is connected as shown in Diagram 3.8.
8. Gas hidrogen dibiarkan mengalir selama 10 saat dengan membenarkan gelembung gas terbebas ke
dalam air sebelum memulakan pemanasan.
Hydrogen gas is allowed to flow for 10 seconds by letting the gas bubbles liberate into the water before the heating.
9. Kuprum(II) oksida dipanaskan dengan lampu spirit dalam aliran gas hidrogen yang berterusan.
Copper(II) oxide is heated using a spirit lamp with a continuous flow of hydrogen gas.
10. Pemanasan dihentikan apabila warna hitam serbuk kuprum(II) oksida berubah sepenuhnya kepada
perang.
The heating is stopped when the black copper(II) oxide turns completely brown.

A
11. Aliran gas hidrogen diteruskan sehingga salur kaca menyejuk ke suhu bilik.
The flow of hydrogen gas is continued until the glass tube is cooled to room temperature.
12. Salur kaca yang berisi serbuk perang ditanggalkan. Titisan air di hujung salur kaca disingkirkan dengan
menggunakan putik kapas.
The glass tube contains powder is removed. Water droplets at the ends of the glass tube are eliminated with a cotton
bud.

SI
13. Salur kaca dengan kandungannya ditimbang dan jisimnya direkodkan.
The glass tube with its contents are weighed and the mass is recorded.
14. Proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan dalam langkah 9 hingga 13 diulang sehingga jisim
yang tetap diperoleh.
The heating, cooling and weighing process in steps 9 to 13 are repeated until a constant mass reading is obtained.
A
The constant mass is recorded.
Keputusan/ Results:
Jadual/Table 3.9

Perkara/Description Jisim/Mass (g)

Salur kaca
X
Glass tube
N

Salur kaca + kuprum(II) oksida

Y
Glass tube + copper(II) oxide

Salur kaca + kuprum

Z
Glass tube + copper
PA

Kuprum/ Copper Z–X

Oksigen/ Oxygen Y–Z

Penghitungan/ Calculation:
Jadual/Table 3.10

Unsur Kuprum Oksigen

Element Copper Oxygen

Jisim (g)
Z–X Y–Z
Mass (g)

Bilangan mol Z–X Y–Z

Number of moles 64 16
Nisbah mol atom
m n
Ratio of moles of atoms

[JAR/ RAM = Cu, 64; O, 16]

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula = CumOn

50
Perbincangan/ Discussion: TP 4
1. Asid hidroklorik bertindak balas dengan zink untuk menghasilkan gas hidrogen. Tuliskan persamaan kimia
untuk mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku.
Hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc to produce hydrogen gas. Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction
that occurs.
2HCl + Zn ➔ ZnCl2 + H2
2. Kuprum(II) oksida yang berwarna hitam bertindak balas dengan gas hidrogen untuk menghasilkan
logam kuprum yang berwarna perang. Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk mewakili tindak balas yang
berlaku.
Black copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen gas to produce brown copper metal. Write a chemical equation to
represent the reaction that occurs.
H2 + CuO ➔ Cu + H2O
3. Langkah berjaga-jaga dalam aktiviti ini./ Precautions in this activity.
(a) Tujuan gas hidrogen dibiarkan mengalir seketika sebelum memulakan pemanasan adalah untuk
menyingkirkan semua udara yang terdapat di dalam salur kaca. .
remove all the air in the
The purpose of allowing hydrogen gas to flow for a while before heating is to
glass tube.
.

A
(b) Semasa penyejukan, aliran gas hidrogen masih diteruskan untuk memastikan udara tidak memasuki
salur kaca dan tidak mengoksidakan kuprum yang panas kepada kuprum(II) oksida semula.
to ensure that air does not enter the
During cooling, the flow of hydrogen gas is continued
glass tube

SI and does not oxidise the hot copper to copper(II) oxide again.
(c) Proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang sehingga jisim yang tetap diperoleh untuk
memastikan semua kuprum(II) oksida telah diturunkan kepada kuprum. .
The process of heating, cooling and weighing is repeated until a constant mass is obtained to ensure that
all copper(II) oxide has been reduced to copper.
.
A
4. Lengkapkan yang berikut dengan menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang diberi.
Complete the following by using the words given.

plumbum/ lead ferum/ iron stanum/ tin

lebih reaktif daripada hidrogen/ more reactice than hydrogen
N

(a) Kaedah pemanasan dalam hidrogen sesuai digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida
logam yang melibatkan logam yang kurang reaktif daripada hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam
seperti logam ferum , stanum dan plumbum .
Method of heating in hidrogen is suitable to determine the empirical formulae of oxides of metal that involving
PA

iron
the metals which are less reactive than hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals such as ,
tin lead
and .
(b) Kaedah pemanasan dalam hidrogen tidak sesuai digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik
oksida logam yang melibatkan logam seperti kalsium, magnesium, aluminium dan zink kerana logam-
logam ini lebih reaktif daripada hidrogen. .
Method of heating in hydrogen is not suitable to determine the empirical formulae of oxides of metal such as
more reactive than hydrogen.
calcium, magnesium, aluminium and zinc because these metals are .

Kesimpulan/ Conclusion:
Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida ialah CuO jika m = 1 dan n = 1.
The empirical formula of copper (II) oxide is CuO if m = 1 and n = 1.

51
 C Penentuan Formula Molekul
Determination of a Molecular Formula
1. Untuk mencari formula molekul sesuatu sebatian, kita perlu mengetahui formula empirik dan jisim molekul relatif
sebatian itu.
To find the molecular formula of a compound, we need to know the empirical formula and relative molecular mass of the
compound.

Formula molekul/ Molecular formula = (Formula empirik)n / (Empirical formula)n

* Nilai n merupakan integer positif/The value of n is a positive integer

Contoh/ Example:
Formula empirik suatu sebatian organik ialah CH. Tentukan formula molekul jika jisim molekul relatif sebatian
organik ialah 78.
The empirical formula of an organic compound is CH. Determine the molecular formula if the relative molecular mass of the
organic compound is 78.

[JAR/ RAM: C = 12; H = 1] Untuk mencari nilai n, kita menggunakan formula berikut:

(Formula empirik)n = Jisim relatif To find the value of n, we use the following formula:
(Formula empirik)n = Jisim relatif
(Empirical formula)n Relative mass
(Empirical formula)n Relative mass
(CH)n = 78

A
n  (12+1) = 78
78
n = 13
= 6
∴ Formula molekul/ Molecular formula = (Formula empirik)n/ (Empirical formula)n

Contoh/Example 22 TP 3
= (CH)6
= C6H6

SI
A
Satu sebatian mengandungi 1.5 g hidrogen dan 24 g oksigen. Jika jisim relatif sebatian itu ialah 34, apakah formula molekul
sebatian itu?
A compound contains 1.5 g of hydrogen and 24 g of oxygen. If the relative mass of the compound is 34, what is the molecular formula of
the compound?
[JAR/ RAM: H = 1; O = 16]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
N

Unsur Hidrogen Oksigen

Element Hydrogen Oxygen
Jisim/ Mass (g) 1.5 24
PA

Bilangan mol atom 1.5 24.0

Number of moles of atoms
= 1.5 mol = 1.5 mol
1 16
Nisbah mol atom 1.5 1.5
Ratio of moles of atoms
=1 =1
1.5 1.5

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: HO

(HO)n = 34 (Formula empirik)n = Jisim relatif

n [1 + 16] = 34 (Empirical formula)n Relative mass
n (17) = 34
34
n = 17
= 2
Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n
(HO)2
∴Formula molekul/ Molecular formula = Molecular formula (Empirical formula)n
H2O2
=

52
 Contoh/Example 23 TP 3

Hitung peratus sulfur mengikut jisim dalam natrium tiosulfat, Na2S2O3.

Calculate the percentage of sulphur by mass in sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3.
[JAR/ RAM: Na = 23; S = 32; O = 16]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
Peratus sulfur mengikut jisim dalam Na2S2O3/ Percentage of sulphur by mass in Na2S2O3
Jisim sulfur dalam 1 mol Na2S2O3/ Mass of sulphur in 1 mol Na2S2O3
=
Jisim 1 mol Na2S2O3/ Mass of 1 mol Na2S2O3
64
=  100%
158
= 40.51%

Contoh/Example 24 TP 3

Hitung peratus komposisi jisim nitrogen dalam urea, CO(NH2)2

Calculate the percentage composition of nitrogen mass in urea, CO(NH2)2.
[JAR/ RAM: C = 12; N = 14,;O = 16; H = 1]

A
Penyelesaian/Solution :
Peratus komposisi jisim nitrogen/ Percentage composition of nitrogen mass
Jisim nitrogen dalam 1 mol CO(NH2)2/ Mass of nitrogen in 1 mol of CO(NH2)2
=

=
28
60
 100%
= 46.67%

D Formula Kimia Sebatian Ion

SI
Jisim 1 mol CO(NH2)2/ Mass of 1 mol of CO(NH2)2
A
Chemical Formulae of Ionic Compounds
1. Formula kimia sesuatu sebatian ion boleh ditentukan sekiranya formula kation dan anion diketahui.
Chemical formula of an ionic compound can be determined if the formulae of cation and anion are known.
2.
Lengkapkan formula kation dan formula anion dalam Jadual 3.11.
Complete the formulae of kation and anion in Table 3.11.
Jadual/Table 3.11
N

Kation Formula Anion Formula

Cation Formula Anion Formula
Ion litium/ Lithium ion Li +
Ion fluorida/ Fluoride ion F–
PA

Ion natrium/ Sodium ion Na+ Ion klorida/ Chloride ion Cl–

Ion kalium/ Potassium ion K+ Ion bromida/ Bromide ion Br–

Ion argentum/ Silver ion Ag+ Ion iodida/ Iodide ion I–

Ion ammonium/ Ammonium ion NH4+ Ion hidroksida/ Hydroxide ion OH–

Ion kuprum(II)/ Copper(II) ion Cu2+ Ion manganat(VII)/ Manganate(VII) ion MnO4–

Ion kalsium/ Calcium ion Ca2+ Ion nitrat/ Nitrate ion NO3–

Ion barium/ Barium ion Ba2+ Ion oksida/ Oxide ion O2–

Ion magnesium/ Magnesium ion Mg2+ Ion karbonat/ Carbonate ion CO32–

Ion zink/ Zinc ion Zn2+ Ion sulfat/ Sulphate ion SO42–

Ion ferum(II)/ Iron(II) ion Fe2+ Ion tiosulfat/ Thiosulphate ion S2O32–

Ion plumbum(II)/ Lead(II) ion Pb2+ Ion kromat(VI)/ Chromate(VI) ion CrO42–

Ion ferum(III)/ Iron(III) ion Fe3+ Ion dikromat(VI)/ Dichromate(VI) ion Cr2O72–

53
 Contoh/Example 25 TP 2

Tentukan formula kimia bagi sebatian ion yang berikut:

Determine the chemical formula for the following ionic compounds:

Penyelesaian/Solution :
(a) Kuprum(II) sulfat/ Copper(II) sulphate (b) Zink klorida/ Zinc chloride

Ion/ Ions Ion/ Ions

Cu2+ SO42– Zn2+ Cl–

Cas ion Cas ion
2+ 2– 2+ 1–
Charge of ion Charge of ion
Saling tukar nilai
Saling tukar Saling tukar
2 2 cas ion 1 2
Interchange Interchange the Interchange
value of charges
Nisbah teringkas Nisbah teringkas
1 1 of ions 1 2
Simplest ratio Simplest ratio

A
Formula ion/Ionic formula: CuSO4 Formula ion/Ionic formula: ZnCl2

(c) Aluminium oksida/Aluminium oxide (d) Magnesium nitrat/Magnesium nitrate

Ion/ Ions Ion/ Ions

Cas ion
Charge of ion
Saling tukar
Interchange
Al

3+

2
3+
O

2-

3
SI
2–

Cas ion
Charge of ion
Saling tukar
Interchange
Mg2+

2+

1
NO3–

1-

2
A
Nisbah teringkas Nisbah teringkas
2 3 Simplest ratio
1 2
Simplest ratio

Formula ion/Ionic formula: Al2O3 Formula ion/Ionic formula: Mg(NO3)2

E Penamaan Sebatian Kimia

N

Naming of Chemical Compounds

1. Untuk menamakan sebatian ion, nama kation ditulis dahulu, diikuti dengan nama anion.
To name an ionic compound, the name of the cation is written prior before the name of the anion.
Jadual/Table 3.12
PA

Kation Anion Nama sebatian

Cation Anion Name of the compound

Ion natrium Ion nitrat Natrium nitrat

Sodium ion Nitrate ion Sodium nitrate

Ion zink Ion sulfat Zink sulfat

Zinc ion Sulphate ion Zinc sulphate

Ion kalium Ion klorida Kalium klorida

Potassium ion Chloride ion Potassium chloride

Ion magnesium Ion nitrat Magnesium nitrat

Magnesium ion Nitrate ion Magnesium nitrate

Ion kalsium Ion karbonat Kalsium karbonat

Calcium ion Carbonate ion Calcium carbonate

54
 2.
Jika kation merupakan logam peralihan, huruf Roman digunakan dalam penamaan kerana kation mempunyai lebih
daripada satu nombor pengoksidaan.
If the cation is a transition metal, the Roman numeral is used in naming because the cation has more than one oxidation number.
Jadual/Table 3.13
Kation Anion Nama sebatian/
Cation Anion Name of the compound
Ion kuprum(I), Ion Cu+ Ion Cl– Kuprum(I) klorida
Copper(I) ion, Cu+ Cu ion
+
Cl– ion Copper(I) chloride
Ion kuprum(II), Ion Cu2+ Ion Cl– Kuprum(II) klorida
Copper(II) ion, Cu2+ Cu2+ ion Cl– ion Copper(II) chloride
Ion ferum(II), Ion Fe 2+
Ion O 2–
Ferum(II) oksida
Ferum(II) ion, Fe2+ Fe2+ ion O2– ion Ferum(II) oxide
Ion ferum(III), Ion Fe3+ Ion O2– Ferum(III) oksida
Ferum(III) ion, Fe3+ Fe3+ ion O2– ion Ferum(III) oxide

3.
Bagi penamaan sebatian molekul ringkas, nama unsur pertama dikekalkan tetapi nama unsur kedua mempunyai
akhiran “ida”. Awalan Yunani seperti mono, di, tri, tetra digunakan untuk mewakili bilangan atom setiap unsur.
For the naming of simple molecular compound, the name of first element is retained but the second element name has the suffix

A
“ide”. Greek prefixes such as mono, di, tri, and tetra are used to represent the number of atoms of each element. TP 2
Jadual/Table 3.14
Unsur pertama Unsur kedua Awalan terlibat Nama sebatian/
Formula
First element Second element Prefix involved Name of the compound
Karbon Oksida Karbon monoksida
CO

NO2

S2Cl2
Carbon
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Sulphur
SI Oxide
Oksida
Oxide
Klorida
Chloride
mono

di

di
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioksida
Nitrogen dioxide
Disulfur diklorida
Disulphur dichloride
A
Nitrogen Oksida Nitrogen monoksida
NO mono
Nitrogen Oxide Nitrogen monoxide
Sulfur Oksida Sulfur trioksida
SO3 tri
Sulphur Oxide Sulphur trioxide
Karbon Sulfida Karbon disulfida
CS2 di
Carbon Sulphide Carbon disulphide
N

Nitrogean Oksida Dinitrogen tetroksida

N 2O 4 di, tetra
Nitrogen Oxide Dinitrogen tetroxide
Fosforus Klorida Fosforus pentaklorida
PCl5 penta
Phosphorus Chloride Phosphorus pentachloride
PA

Uji Kendiri 3.3

1. Takrifkan maksud formula molekul.
Define the meaning of molecular formula.
Formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom setiap unsur dalam satu molekul sesuatu sebatian.
A chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.

2. Tuliskan formula empirik bagi asid etanoik, CH3COOH.

Write the empirical formula of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH.
CH2O
3. Tuliskan formula kimia bagi setiap sebatian yang berikut:
Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds:
(a) Kalium sulfat/ Potassium sulphate
K2SO4
(b) Karbon tetrafluorida/ Carbon tetrafluoride
CF4

55
 4. Sebatian hidrokarbon Q terdiri daripada 85.7 % karbon dan 14.3 % hidrogen. Jisim relatif hidrokarbon ini ialah 42.
Tentukan formula molekul bagi sebatian hidrokarbon Q.
Hydrocarbon compound Q is made up of 85.7 % of carbon and 14.3 % of hydrogen. The relative mass of this hydrocarbon is 42.
Determine the molecular formula of hydrocarbon compound Q.
[JAR/ RAM: C = 12; H = 1] KBAT Mengaplikasi

Karbon Hidrogen
Carbon Hydrogen

Jisim/ Mass (g) 85.7 14.3

Bilangan mol atom 85.7 14.3

= 7.14 = 14.3
Number of mole atoms 12 1
Nisbah mol 7.14 14.3
=1 =2
Ratio of mole atoms 7.14 7.14

Formula empirik/ Empirical formula: CH2

Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n
Molecular formula (Empirical formula)n

A
(CH2)n = 42
[12 + 2(1)] n = 42
14n = 42
n = 3
Formula molekul/ Molecular formula: C3H6

3.4 Persamaan Kimia

Chemical Equation
SI
A
A Cara Menulis Persamaan Kimia
How to Write Chemical Equations
1. Persamaan kimia ialah satu perwakilan bagi suatu tindak balas kimia dengan menggunakan formula kimia bagi
bahan yang terlibat.
A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulae for the participating substances.
N

Bahan tindak balas Hasil tindak balas

Reactant Product

2 Na (p/s) + 2 H2O (ce/ l) → 2 NaOH (ak/ aq) + H 2(g/ g)

PA

2 mol Na 2 mol H2O 2 mol NaOH 1 mol H2

Pepejal Cecair Larutan akueus Gas
Solid Liquid Aqueous solution Gas
Rajah/Diagram 3.9

(a) Bahan-bahan pemula dinamakan bahan tindak balas dan ditulis di sebelah kiri persamaan.
reactants
The starter substances are known as and are written to the left of the equation.

(b) Bahan baharu yang dihasilkan dinamakan hasil tindak balas dan ditulis di sebelah kanan persamaan.
products
The new substances produced are known as and are written to the right of the equation.
(c) Anak panah ‘→’ bermaksud ‘menghasilkan’.
The arrows ‘→’ means ‘to produce’.
(d) Keadaan fizik setiap bahan, iaitu sama ada pepejal (p), cecair (ce), gas (g) atau larutan akueus (ak) juga ditunjukkan.
The physical state of each substance, whether solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g) or aqueous solution (aq), is also indicated.

56
 2.
Rajah 3.10 menunjukkan contoh cara menulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara natrium dan air.
Diagram 3.10 shows an example of how to write the chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and water.

Persamaan dalam bentuk

Bahan tindak balas/ Reactants Hasil tindak balas/ Products
perkataan
Natrium + air Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen Equation in the form of words
Na + H2O NaOH + H2 Formula kimia bahan dan hasil
tindak balas
Na + H2O NaOH + H2 Chemical formulae of reactants
(1 atom H) (2 atom H, 1 atom O) (1 atom Na, 1 atom O, 1 atom H) (2 atom H) and products
Semak keseimbangan persamaan
Persamaan tidak seimbang/ The equation is not balance kimia
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Check the equilibrium of chemical
equation
(2 atom Na) (4 atom H, 2 atom O) (2 atom Na, 2 atom O, 2 atom H) (2 atom H)
Selaraskan pekali pada formula
2Na (p/ s) + 2H2O (ce/ l) 2NaOH (ak/ aq) + H2 (g/ g) kimia
Adjust coefficients at chemical
formulae
Menulis keadaan fizik bahan dan hasil tindak balas
Write the physical state of reactants and products
Rajah/Diagram 3.10

A
Contoh/Example 26 TP 3

Seimbangkan persamaan kimia yang berikut:

Balance the following chemical equations:
7
(a) C2H6 (g/ g) + 2 O2 (g/ g) ➞ 2 CO2 (g/ g) + 3 H2O (ce/ l)
(b) MgCO3 (p/ s) +
(c)
(d)
(e)
2
3
2
KClO3 (p/ s) ➞
2
2

Zn (p/ s) + Fe2O3 (p/ s) ➞

KCl (s) +
2

HCl (ak/ aq) + Na2S2O3 (ak/ aq) ➞

SI
HCl (ak/ aq) ➞ MgCl2 (ak/ aq) + CO2 (g/ g) + H2O (ce/ l)
3 O2 (g)
Fe (p/ s) +
2
3 ZnO (p/ s)
NaCl (ak/ aq) + S (p/ s) + SO2 (g/ g) + H2O (ce/ l)
A
Contoh/Example 27 TP 3

Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi setiap persamaan perkataan yang berikut:
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following word equations:
N

(a) Serbuk magnesium oksida bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik untuk membentuk magnesium sulfat dan air.
Powdered magnesium oxide reacts with sulphuric acid to form magnesium sulphate and water.
MgO + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2O

(b) Tindak balas antara larutan kalium klorida dengan larutan argentum nitrat menghasilkan mendakan putih argentum
PA

klorida dan larutan kalium nitrat.

Reaction between potassium chloride solution and silver nitrate solution produces white precipitate of silver chloride and potassium
nitrate solution.
KCl + AgNO3 → KNO3 + AgCl
(c) Penguraian magnesium karbonat menghasilkan pepejal magnesium oksida dan gas karbon dioksida.
Decomposition of magnesium carbonate produces solid magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2

(d) Pembakaran natrium dalam udara menghasilkan natrium oksida.

Burning of sodium in air produces sodium oxide.
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

57
 B Menggunakan Persamaan Kimia
Using Chemical Equations
1. Persamaan kimia boleh ditafsirkan secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.
Chemical equations can be interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively.
Jadual/Table 3.15
Aspek kualitatif Aspek kuantitatif
Qualitative aspects Quantitative aspects
Apakah bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang
Berapakah nisbah sebenar (bilangan mol) bahan dan
terlibat dalam tindak balas dan keadaan fizik setiap
hasil tindak balas dalam sesuatu tindak balas kimia?
bahan dan hasil tindak balas? What is the exact ratio (number of moles) of the reactants and
What are the reactants and products involved in the reaction
products in a chemical reaction?
and the physical states of the reactants and products?

2. Stoikiometri ialah kajian kuantitatif komposisi bahan yang terdapat dalam tindak balas kimia.
composition of substances
Stoichiometry is a quantitative study of the present in chemical reactions.

3. Pekali dalam persamaan kimia menunjukkan nisbah sebenar (bilangan mol) bahan dan hasil tindak balas .
reactants products

A
The coefficients in the chemical equation show the exact ratio (number of moles) of the and .

4.
Langkah-langkah menyelesaikan masalah numerikal stoikiometri:
Steps to solve stoichiometric numerical problems:
(a) Langkah/ Step 1: Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang (sekiranya perlu).
Write a balanced chemical equation (if necessary).

SI
(b) Langkah/ Step 2: Tukarkan kuantiti yang diberi kepada bilangan mol.
Convert a given quantity into the number of moles.
(c) Langkah/ Step 3: Berdasarkan nisbah mol, tentukan bilangan mol kuantiti yang tidak diketahui.
Based on mole ratio, determine the number of moles of the unknown quantity.
(d) Langkah/ Step 4: Tukarkan bilangan mol yang dihitung kepada kuantiti yang dikehendaki.
Convert the calculated number of moles to the required quantity.
A
Contoh/ Example:
Tindak balas antara kalium dengan klorin membentuk kalium klorida adalah seperti berikut:
The reaction of potassium and chlorine to form potassium chloride is as the following:
2K(p/ s) + Cl2(g/ g) → 2KCl(p/ s)

Hitung jisim kalium klorida yang terbentuk apabila 7.8 g kalium bertindak balas dengan gas klorin berlebihan.
Calculate the mass of potassium chloride formed when 7.8 g of potassium reacts with excess chlorine gas.
N

[JAR/ RAM: K = 39; Cl = 35.5]
2 mol 2 mol
Nisbah mol K:KCl = 1 : 1
2 K + Cl2 → 2 KCl Mole ratio of K:KCl = 1 : 1
7.8 g ?g

Jisim/ Mass
PA

Bilangan mol/ Number of moles = Jisim molar/ Molar mass
7.8 Tukarkan kuantiti yang diberi (7.8 g) kepada bilangan mol

= 39 Convert the given quantity (7.8 g) into the number of moles

= 0.2 mol K/ mol K

Berdasarkan persamaan, 2 mol K menghasilkan 2 mol KCl.

Maka, 0.2 mol K menghasilkan 0.2 mol KCl.
Based on the chemical equation, 2 mol K produce 2 mol KCl.
Berdasarkan nisbah mol, tentukan bilangan mol KCl
Therefore, 0.2 mol K produces 0.2 mol KCl. Based on mole ratio, determine the number of moles of KCl

∴Jisim KCl = Bilangan mol  Jisim molar of KCl
Mass of KCl Number of moles Molar mass of KCl
Tukarkan bilangan mol kepada jisim
= 0.2  [39 + 35.5] Convert the number of moles to mass

JAR/ RAM K JAR/ RAM Cl

= 0.2  74.5

= 14.9 g

58
Contoh/Example 28 TP 3

3.9 g unsur X bertindak balas lengkap dengan oksigen seperti berikut:

3.9 g of element X reacts completely with oxygen as the following:
4X (p/ s) + O2 (g/ g) → 2X2O (p/ s)
(a) Hitungkan bilangan mol unsur X itu/ Calculate the number of moles of element X.
(b) Hitungkan jisim maksimum X2O yang terbentuk/ Calculate the maximum mass of X2O formed.
[JAR/ RAM: X = 39, O =16]

Penyelesaian/Solution :
Jisim Mass
(a) Bilangan mol/ Number of moles = Jisim molar // Molar mass
3.9
= 3.9 = 0.1 mol X/ mol X
(b) Berdasarkan persamaan kimia, 4 mol X menghasilkan 2 mol X2O./ Based on the chemical equation, 4 mol X produce 2 mol X2O.
Maka, 0.1 mol X menghasilkan 0.05 mol X2O./ Therefore, 0.1 mol X produces 0.05 mol X2O
∴Jisim X2O = Bilangan mol  Jisim molar X2O
Mass of X2O Number of moles Molar mass of X2O
= 0.05  [2(39) + 16]
= 0.05  94

A
= 4.7 g

Contoh/Example 29 TP 3

karbon dioksida, CO2 dan air, H2O?

SI
Apakah isi padu minimum gas oksigen, O2 yang diperlukan untuk membakar 2.9 g butana, C4H10 untuk membentuk gas

What is the minimum volume of oxygen gas required to burn 2.9 g of butane, C4H10 to form carbon dioxide CO2, gas and water, H2O?
[JAR/ RAM: H, 1; C, 12; Isi padu molar/ Molar mass: 24.0 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik/ at room conditions]
A
Penyelesaian/Solution :
13
C4H10 + 2 O2 4CO2 + 5H2O
2.9
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles, C4H10 = 58
= 0.05 mol/ moles
1 mol butana memerlukan 6.5 mol oksigen/ 1 mole of butane needs 6.5 moles of oxygen
N

Maka, 0.05 mol butana memerlukan 0.325 mol oksigen/ Therefore, 0.05 moles of butane need 0.325 moles of oxygen
Isi padu oksigen yang diperlukan/ The volume of oxygen needed = 0.325  24.0 dm3
= 7.8 dm3
PA

Uji Kendiri 3.4

1. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang berikut: KBAT Mengaplikasi
Write the following chemical equations:
(a) Apabila garam zink nitrat dipanaskan, garam terurai menjadi zink oksida, gas nitrogen dioksida dan gas oksigen.
When zinc nitrate salt is heated, it decomposes into zinc oxide, nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas.
2Zn(NO3)2 → 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2
(b) Wayar kuprum terbakar dalam udara untuk menghasilkan kuprum(II) oksida.
Copper wire burns in air to produce copper(II) oxide.
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
2. Berdasarkan persamaan kimia yang diberikan, jawab soalan yang berikut.
Based on the given chemical equation, answer the following questions.
Zn (p/ s) + H2SO4 (ak/ aq) → ZnSO4 (ak/ aq) + H2 (g/ g)
(a) Namakan bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas.
Name the reactants and products.
Bahan tindak balas/ Reactants: Zink dan asid sulfurik / Zinc and sulphuric acid
Hasil tindak balas/ Products: Zink sulfat dan gas hidrogen / Zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas

59
 (b) Huraikan secara ringkas persamaan kimia berdasarkan aspek kualitatif dan kuantitatif. KBAT Menganalisis
Describe briefly the chemical equation according to qualitative and quantitative aspects.
1 mol pepejal zink bertindak balas dengan 1 mol asid sulfurik untuk menghasilkan 1 mol larutan zink sulfat
dan 1 mol gas hidrogen./ 1 mole of zinc solid reacts with 1 mole of sulphuric acid to form 1 mole of zinc sulphate
solution and 1 mole of hydrogen gas.

3. Ammonia, NH3 bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik, H2SO4 untuk menghasilkan ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4.
Berapakah jisim ammonium sulfat (NH4)2SO4 yang terbentuk apabila 4.9 g asid sulfurik, H2SO4 bertindak balas
dengan ammonia, NH3 berlebihan? KBAT Mengaplikasi
Ammonia, NH3 reacts with sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to produce ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4. What is the mass of ammonium
sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 formed when 4.9 g of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 reacts with excess ammonia, NH3?
[JAR/ RAM: H = 1; S = 32; O = 16; N = 14]
2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4
Jisim/ Mass
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles = Jisim molar/ Molar mass
4.9
= 2(1) + 32 + 4(16)

A
= = 0.05 mol H2SO4/ mol H2SO4
Berdasarkan persamaan, 1 mol H2SO4 menghasilkan 1 mol (NH4)2SO4
Based on the equation, 1 mol H2SO4 produces 1 mol (NH4)2SO4

Maka, 0.05 mol H2SO4 menghasilkan 0.05 mol (NH4)2SO4 / Therefore, 0.05 mol H2SO4 produces 0.05 mol (NH4)2SO4

SI
∴Jisim/ Mass of (NH4)2SO4 = Bilangan mol/ Number of moles  Jisim molar/ Molar mass
= 0.05  [2[14 + 4(1)] + 32 + 64]
= 0.05  132 = 6.6 g
4. Apabila 50 g kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 ditambah kepada asid hidroklorik, HCl, kalsium klorida, CaCl2, gas karbon
dioksida, CO2 dan air, H2O dihasilkan. Hitungkan isi padu maksimum gas karbon dioksida, CO2 dalam unit cm3 yang
A
boleh dihasilkan pada keadaan bilik. KBAT Mengaplikasi
When 50 g of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is added to hydrochloric acid, HCl, calcium chloride, CaCl2, carbon dioxide, CO2 gas
and water, H2O are produced. Calculate the maximum volume, in cm3, of carbon dioxide,CO2 gas in cm3 that can be formed at
room conditions.
[Jisim molar/ Molar mass of CaCO3 = 100 g mol–1, Isi padu molar/ Molar volume = 24 dm3 mol–1]
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
N

Jisim/ Mass
Bilangan mol/ Number of moles = Jisim molar/ Molar mass
50
= 100
= 0.5 mol CaCO3/ mol CaCO3
PA

Berdasarkan persamaan, 1 mol CaCO3 menghasilkan 1 mol CO2

Based on the equation, 1 mol CaCO3 produces 1 mol CO2

Maka, 0.5 mol CaCO3 menghasilkan 0.5 mol CO2 / Therefore, 0.5 mol CaCO3 produces 0.5 mol CO2
∴Isi padu/ Volume of CO2 = Bilangan mol/ Number of moles  Isi padu molar/ Molar volume
= 0.5  24000
= 12 000 cm3

60