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Pengenalan kepada Kimia
1 Introduction to Chemistry
PETA Konsep
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PENGENALAN KEPADA KIMIA
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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
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Perkembangan bidang kimia dan Penggunaan, pengurusan dan
kepentingan dalam kehidupan Penyiasatan saintifik dalam kimia pengendalian radas serta bahan kimia
Development in chemistry and its Scientific investigation in chemistry Uses, management and handling of
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• Maksud kimia • Mereka bentuk eksperimen • Jenis dan fungsi alat pelindungan
Meaning of chemistry untuk menguji hipotesis dan keselamatan dalam
Design experiment to test the makmal
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Kimia Tingkatan 4 Bab 1 Pengenalan kepada Kimia
1. Kebanyakan bahan yang kita gunakan dalam kehidupan harian terdiri daripada bahan kimia dan alat-alat
1 yang menggunakan teknologi berkaitan kimia.
Most substances that we use in our everyday life consist of chemical substances and equipment based on chemical technology.
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composition structure properties
Chemistry is the study about the , , and
interaction
between matter.
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3. Bahan kimia yang digunakan dalam kehidupan harian: 2
Chemical substances used in everyday life:
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Plastik, Polymer
Plastic, Polymer
Bahan pencuci PVC Baja, Racun serangga
Cleaning agents Polietena, Fertilisers, Pesticides
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Detergen Polythene, PVC Urea
Sabun, , Copper(II) sulphate
Soap, Detergent
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Kegunaan bahan
Urea , Kuprum(II) sulfat
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Bahan tambah makanan kimia Ubat, Vitamin
Food additives Uses of chemical Medicine, Vitamins
substances
Garam, Gula , Ester Parasetamol , Penisilin
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jobs health
Contributions: Provides , improves and standard of living.
(a) (d)
Ahli kimia Doktor perubatan
Chemist Medical doctor
(b) (e)
Ahli farmasi Jurutera kimia
Pharmacist Chemical engineer
(c) (f)
Ahli teknologi makanan Pensyarah
Food technologist Lecturer
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Kimia Tingkatan 4 Bab 1 Pengenalan kepada Kimia
BAB
Scientific Investigation in Chemistry
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observations
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(g) Mengumpul (f) Merancang (e) Mengawal (d) Mengenal pasti
data eksperimen pemboleh ubah pemboleh ubah
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Collecting data Planning Controlling Identifying
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(h) Mentafsir data (i) Membuat
gi (j) Menulis laporan
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Interpreting data kesimpulan Writing report
Making conclusion
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Tujuan / Aim:
Mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap keterlarutan garam dalam air
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Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
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tinggi tinggi
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Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Jisim garam yang larut // Keterlarutan garam
Responding variable: Mass of salt that dissolves // Solubility of salt
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Kimia Tingkatan 4 Bab 1 Pengenalan kepada Kimia
Bahan / Materials:
Serbuk natrium klorida (garam), air suling
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Radas / Apparatus:
1 Silinder penyukat 50 cm3, bikar 100 cm3, spatula, penunu Bunsen, termometer, penimbang elektronik, rod kaca
50 cm3 measuring cylinder, 100 cm3 beaker, spatula, Bunsen burner, thermometer, electronic balance, glass rod
Prosedur / Procedure:
1. 20 cm3 air suling disukat dan dituang ke dalam bikar.
20 cm3 of distilled water is measured and poured into a beaker.
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2. 200 g serbuk garam ditimbang dan dituang ke dalam bikar. Larutan dikacau hingga larut.
200 g of salt powder is weighed and poured into the beaker. The solution is stirred until dissolve.
3. Bikar dan kandungannya ditimbang. Jisimnya direkod. Suhu awal disukat.
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The beaker and its contents is weighed. The mass is recorded. The initial temperature is measured.
4. Sedikit garam ditambah dan dikacau. Langkah ini diulang sehingga garam tidak larut lagi.
A little salt powder is added and stirred. This step is repeated until no more salt dissolves.
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5. Bikar dan kandungannya ditimbang. Jisim akhir direkod.
The beaker and its contents is weighed. The final mass is recorded.
6. Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang pada suhu yang lebih tinggi.
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Steps 1 to 5 is repeated at higher temperatures.
Nota: Bikar dipanaskan di langkah 3 pada suhu 40, 50, 60°C.
Note: The beaker is heated in step 3 at temperature 40, 50, 60°C.
Keputusan / Results: gi 2
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Suhu Jisim awal Jisim akhir Jisim garam yang larut
Temperature (°C) Initial mass (g) Final mass (g) Mass of dissolved salt (g)
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28 220.0 237.0 17.0
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Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Apabila suhu air meningkat, keterlarutan garam meningkat.
When the temperature of water increases, the solubility of salt increases.
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Kimia Tingkatan 4 Bab 1 Pengenalan kepada Kimia
BAB
Uses, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Chemical Substances
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Gloves Protect the hands from chemicals.
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(b) Baju dan kasut makmal Melindungi kulit, pakaian dan kaki daripada tumpahan bahan kimia.
Lab coat and shoes Protect skin, clothing and foot from chemicals spills.
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(c) Pencuci mata Untuk membasah dan membersihkan mata.
Eyewash To irrigate and flush the eyes.
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(d) Topeng muka Melindungi muka daripada bahan kimia dan wasap pelarut organik.
Face mask Protects the face from chemicals and fumes of organic solvent.
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Management and handling of apparatus and chemical substances:
(b) Jangan letak bahan kimia yang mudah terbakar dekat dengan sumber api.
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flammable
Do not keep substances near the fire.
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(a) Laporkan sebarang kemalangan dan kerosakan radas kepada guru dengan segera.
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teacher
Report any accidents and breakage of apparatus to the immediately.
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(b) Pastikan peti kecemasan mudah dicapai jika diperlukan semasa kecemasan.
first aid kit
Ensure the is reachable when an emergency occurs.
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(c) Bahan kimia yang tumpah seperti asid atau alkali mesti dialirkan dengan air yang
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banyak.
water
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Kimia Tingkatan 4 Bab 1 Pengenalan kepada Kimia
PRAKTIS SPM 1
BAB
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B Arkitek
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Semakin kecil saiz gula, semakin singkat masa bagi Architect
gula itu larut dalam 50 cm3 air. C Pegawai perubatan
The smaller the size of sugar, the shorter the time taken for Medical officer
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the sugar to dissolve in 50 cm3of water. D Ahli biokimia
Biochemist
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah pemboleh ubah
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malar bagi eksperimen ini? 5. Antara yang berikut, bahan kimia yang manakah
Which of the following is the constant variable in the dapat diperoleh di dalam rumah dengan mudah?
experiment? Which of the following are chemicals that can be easily found
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A Saiz gula at home?
Size of sugar I Natrium klorida
B Masa
Time gi Sodium chloride
II Glukosa
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C 50 cm3 air Glucose
50 cm3 of water III Kalium hidroksida
D Keterlarutan Potassium hydroxide
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Solubility IV Asid hidroklorik
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Hydrochloric acid
2. Antara industri berasaskan bahan kimia berikut, yang A I dan II
manakah terlibat dengan penghasilan baja sintetik? I and II
Which of the following chemical-based industries is involved in
B I dan III
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C II dan III
Rubber industry
II and III
B Industri plastik
D III dan IV
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Plastic industry
III dan IV
C Industri pemakanan
Food industry
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