Jawapan Praktis Kimia T5 2021

JAWAPAN
BAB
(c)
Tindak Balas Redoks
1
Pengoksidaan Penurunan
Redox Reactions Oxidation Reduction
Ion iodida mengalami Ion manganat(VII)

Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan pengoksidaan dengan mengalami penurunan
1.1 Oxidation and Reduction kehilangan elektron untuk dengan penerimaan
membentuk iodin. elektron untuk membentuk
Maksud pengoksidaan dan penurunan Iodide ion undergoes oxidation ion mangan(II).
Meanings of oxidation and reduction by losing electron to form iodine. Manganate(VII) ion undergoes
reduction by gaining electrons
1. Pengoksidaan Penurunan to form manganese(II) ion.
Oxidation Reduction
Agen penurunan Agen pengoksidaan
(a) Penerimaan oksigen Kehilangan oksigen Reducing agent Oxidising agent
Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen
(b) Kehilangan hidrogen Penerimaan hidrogen Ion iodida Ion manganat(VII
Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen Iodide ion Manganate(VII) ion
(c) Kehilangan elektron Penerimaan elektron (d)

Loss of electrons Gain of electrons
(d) Peningkatan nombor Penurunan nombor Pengoksidaan Penurunan
Oxidation Reduction
pengoksidaan pengoksidaan
Increase in oxidation Decrease in oxidation Persamaan ion / Ionic equation: Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
number number
Zink mengalami Ion kuprum(II) mengalami
2. (a)
pengoksidaan dengan penurunan dengan
Pengoksidaan Penurunan peningkatan nombor pengurangan nombor
Oxidation Reduction pengoksidaan daripada pengoksidaan daripada
0 kepada +2, untuk +2 kepada 0, untuk
Karbon menjalani Plumbum(II) oksida membentuk ion zink. membentuk kuprum.
pengoksidaan dengan menjalani penurunan Zinc undergoes oxidation by Copper(II) ion undergoes
penerimaan oksigen untuk dengan kehilangan increasing oxidation number reduction by decreasing
membentuk gas karbon oksigen untuk membentuk from 0 to +2, to form zinc ion. oxidation number from +2 to 0,
to form copper.
dioksida. plumbum.
Carbon undergoes oxidation by Lead(II) oxide undergoes Agen penurunan Agen pengoksidaan
gaining oxygen to form carbon reduction by losing oxygen to Reducing agent Oxidising agent
dioxide gas. form lead.
Zink Ion kuprum(II)
Agen penurunan Agen pengoksidaan Zinc Copper(II) ion
Reducing agent Oxidising agent
3. (a) Fe3+ + e–
Karbon Plumbum(II) oksida
2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Carbon Lead(II) oxide
(b) • membentuk ion ferm(III) dengan menderma
(b) elektron
releasing electron to form iron(III) ion
Pengoksidaan Penurunan • membentuk ion kromium(III) dengan
Oxidation Reduction menerima elektron
receiving electrons to form chromium(III) ion
Hidrogen sulfida mengalami Gas klorin mengalami (c) Agen penurunan / Reducing agent: Fe2+
pengoksidaan dengan penurunan dengan
Agen pengoksidaan / Oxidising agent: Cr2O72–
kehilangan hidrogen untuk penerimaan hidrogen untuk (d) • menjadi kuning / perang
membentuk sulfur. membentuk hidrogen turns yellow / brown
Hydrogen sulphide undergoes klorida. • menjadi hijau / turns green
oxidation by losing hydrogen to Chlorine gas undergoes • terpesong / deflects
form sulphur. reduction by gaining hydrogen
to form hydrogen chloride. (e) 14H+ + Cr2O72– + 6Fe2+ → 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
J1 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Kimia Tingkatan 5 Jawapan
Tindak balas redoks berdasarkan perubahan

nombor pengoksidaan (ii) Nombor pengoksidaan ion kuprum(II)
Redox reactions based on change of oxidation number berkurang daripada +2 kepada 0 untuk
4. Nombor pengoksidaan suatu unsur ialah cas bagi unsur membentuk kuprum
Oxidation number of copper(II) ion decreases from +2 to
tersebut. Nombor pengoksidaan boleh bercas positif 0 to form copper
atau negatif.
Oxidation number of an element is the charge of the element. It
(f) (i) Ion kuprum(II)
Copper(II) ion
can be positively-charged or negatively-charged.
(ii) Zink
1
Zinc
Tugasan 6.
• kuning / yellow • hijau / green
1. (a) NH4+ • perang / Brown • hijau kotor / dirty-green
NH4 = +1 • perang-kemerahan
N + 4(+1) = +1 reddish-brown
N = –3 • pengoksidaan / oxidation • penurunan / reduction
• Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e– • Fe3+ + e– → Fe2+
(b) Fe2O3
• air bromin / bromin water • zink / zinc
Fe2O3 = 0 • Br2 + 2e– → 2Br– • Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–
2Fe + 3(–2) = 0 • 2Fe2+ + Br2 → 2Fe3+ + • 2Fe3+ + Zn → 2Fe2+ +
Fe = +3 2Br– Zn2+
(c) CO32–
CO3 = –2 Tindak balas penyesaran sebagai satu tindak
C + 3(–2) = –2 balas redoks
Displacement reactions as a redox reaction
C = +4
7.
(d) HOCl
Pemerhatian Inferens
HOCl = 0 Observation Inference
(+1) + (–2) + Cl = 0
Cl = +1 • menjadi pudar / biru • menurun / decreases
muda • Ion Mg2+ / Mg 2+ ion
(e) K2Cr2O7 fades / turns paler • Kuprum / Copper
K2Cr2O7 = 0
• menjadi hijau muda • Ion Fe2+/ Fe 2+ ion
2(+1) + 2Cr + 7(–2) = 0
changes to pale / light green
Cr = +6
• perang / Brown
(f) Na2S2O3 • kekal biru / remains blue
Na2S2O3 = 0
Perbincangan / Discussion
2(+1) + 2S + 3(–2) = 0
S = +2 1. (a) menderma / releasing
2. (a) Kuprum(I) oksida / Copper(I) oxide (b) meningkatkan / increasing
(b) Plumbum(II) iodida / Lead(II) iodide 0 ke +2 / 0 to +2
(c) Kalium dikromat(VI) / Potassium dichromate(VI) 2. (a) Mg2+ + 2e–

(b) Fe2+ + 2e–
5. (a) Zn(p) + CuSO4(ak) → ZnSO4(ak) + Cu(p)
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) 3. magnesium dan ferum / magnesium and iron
(b) Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu 4. lebih elektropositif / menurunkan / menyesarkan
(c) • Zn → Zn2+ + 2e– more electropositive / reduce / displace
• Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu 5. penurunan / reduction
(d) (i) Zink menjalani pengoksidaan dengan (a) menerima / receiving.
menderma elektron (b) mengurangkan nombor pengoksidaan daripada
Zinc undergoes oxidation by releasing electrons. +2 kepada 0.
(ii) Nombor pengoksidaan zink meningkat daripada decreasing oxidation number from +2 to 0.
0 kepada +2 untuk membentuk ion zink 6. Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
Oxidation number of zinc increases from 0 to +2 forming
zinc ion 7. ion kuprum(II) / copper(II) ion
(e) (i) Ion kuprum(II) menjalani penurunan dengan 8. (a) Mg + Cu2+ → Mg2+ + Cu
menerima elektron (b) Fe + Cu2+ → Fe2+ + Cu
Copper(II) ion undergoes reduction by receiving
electrons
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J2

8.
Keputusan / Result
Halogen / Halogen
Larutan halida
Halide solution Klorin / Chlorine Bromin / Bromine Iodin / Iodine
Cl2 Br2 I2
Kuning pudar Klorin Perang Bromin Ungu Iodin

Kalium klorida Pale yellow Chlorine Brown Bromine Purple Iodine
Potassium chloride
(KCI)
✗ ✗ ✗
Perang Bromin Perang Bromin Ungu Iodin

Kalium bromida Brown Bromine Brown Bromine Purple
Potassium bromide Iodine
(KBr)
✓ ✗ ✗
Ungu Iodin Ungu Iodin Ungu Iodin

Kalium iodida Purple Iodine Purple Iodine Purple Iodine
Potassium iodide
(KI)
✓ ✓ ✗
Perbincangan / Discussion
1. (b) Cl2 + 2KI → 2KCl + I2
Tugasan 2
(c) Br2 + 2KI → 2KBr + I2
2. (a) 2Br– → Br2 + 2e– (a) (b)
(b) 2I– → I2 + 2e– Penyelesaian / Solution: Penyelesaian / Solution:
3. (a) Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl– Eo sel = Eo katod – Eo anod Eo sel = Eo katod – Eo anod
Eo cell = Eo cathode – Eo anode Eo cell = Eo cathode – Eo anode
(b) Br2 + 2e– → 2Br–
= (– 0.45) – (– 0.76) = (+0.80) – (+0.34)
4. bromin / bromine = 0.31 V = 0.46 V
iodin / iodine
5. iodin / iodine
(c) (d)
6. Iodin / iodine
Penyelesaian / Solution: Penyelesaian / Solution:
7. kuat / strongest Eo sel = Eo katod – Eo anod Eo sel = Eo katod – Eo anod
lemah / weakest Eo cell = Eo cathode – Eo anode Eo cell = Eo cathode – Eo anode
8. (b) Cl2 + 2I → 2Cl + I2
– – = (–0.76) – (–2.37) = (+0.34) – (–0.13)
(c) Br2 + 2I– → 2Br– + I2 = 1.61 V = 0.47 V
Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai

1.2 Standard Electrode Potential
Sel Kimia
1. keupayaan sel setengah / potential of a half-cell
1.3 Voltaic Cell
2. elektrod rujukan / reference electrode
3. (a) 1.0 mol dm–3 1. tenaga kimia / tenaga elektrik

(b) 25oC atau 298K / 25oC or 298K chemical energy / electrical energy
(c) 1 atm atau 101 kPa / 1 atm or 101 kPa 2.
(d) Platinum / Platinum Sel primer Sel sekunder
4. menerima elektron / receive electrons Primary cells Secondary cells
5. menderma elektron / release electrons Tidak boleh dicas semula Boleh dicas semula
6. (a) Zn2+ < Cu2+ < Ag+ < Cl2 Non-rechargeable cells Rechargeable cells
(b) Zn > Cu > Ag > Cl–

Contoh / Examples Elektrolit: Warna biru larutan CuSO4 menjadi pudar / biru
Sel Daniell Plumbum-asid akumulator muda
Daniell cells Lead-acid accumulator Electrolyte: The blue colour of CuSO4 solution fades / turns paler
Sel kering Sel nikel-kadmium Inferens / Inference

Dry cells Nickel-cadmium cells Anod Zink terlarut dalam larutan zink sulfat
Bateri alkali Bateri litium Anode membentuk ion zink.
Alkaline batteries Lithium batteries Zinc dissolves in zinc sulphate solution forming
zinc ion.
3. dua logam berbeza / elektrolit Katod Kuprum terenap pada elektrod kuprum.
two different metals / electrolyte Cathode Copper is deposited on the copper electrode.
4. (a) Elektrolit Kepekatan ion kuprum(II) berkurangan.
Electrolyte Concentration of copper(II) ion decreases.
Pemerhatian / Observation Inferens / Inference
(b) elektrod zink / elektrod kuprum
• terpesong / deflects • Kuprum / Copper zinc electrode / copper electrode
• nipis / thinner • menurun / decreases (c) melengkapkan litar / complete the circuit
• semakin tebal / thicker (d) • Asid hidroklorik cair
• menjadi pudar / biru Diluted hydrochloric acid
muda • Larutan natrium klorida cair
Diluted sodium chloride solution
fades / turns paler
• Larutan natrium sulfat cair
(b) Diluted sodium sulphate solution
Elektrod magnesium Elektrod kuprum

Sel Elektrolisis
1.4
Magnesium electrode Copper electrode
Electrolytic Cell
anod / anode katod / cathode
lebih / more kurang / less Elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit
Electrolyte and non-elecrolytes
ion magnesium, Mg 2+
Ion kuprum, Cu 2+
magnesium, Mg2+ ions Copper ion, Cu2+ 1. larutan akueus / leburan / unsur-unsur juzuknya
aqueous solution / molten state / constituent elements
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e– Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu 2. bergerak bebas / kimia
free-moving / chemical
(c) (+0.34) – (–2.37) = 2.71 V
3. molekul / tidak membenarkan
(d) elektrod magnesium / elektrod kuprum molecules / does not allow
magnesium electrode / copper electrode
4. pepejal / leburan / elektron
5. (a) solid / molten / electrons
5. tenaga elektrik / tenaga kimia
Elektrod zink Elektrod kuprum electrical energy / chemical energy
Zinc electrode Copper electrode
3
anod katod
anode cathode
Tugasan
Zink lebih elektropositif Kuprum kurang
daripada kuprum elektropositif daripada zink
Zinc is more electropositive than Copper is less electropositive Elektrolit Bukan elektrolit
copper than zinc Electrolytes Non-electrolytes
Persamaan setengah/ Half-equation • Larutan natrium klorida • Larutan glukosa

Sodium chloride solution Glucose solution
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e– Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu • Leburan kuprum(II) • Cecair bromin
nitrat Bromin liquid
Zink Kuprum(II)
Zinc Copper(II) Molten copper(II) nitrate • Leburan asetamida
• Asid hidroklorik Molten acetamide
Persamaan ion keseluruhan / Overall ionic equation Hydrochloric acid
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
Pemerhatian / Observation
Elektrolisis sebatian lebur
menjadi semakin nipis menjadi semakin tebal Electrolysis of molten compounds
becomes thinner becomes thicker

6. (a) logam plumbum / katod // terminal negatif / gas Eksperimen 1.1

bromin / anod // terminal positif Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
lead metal / cathode // negative terminal / bromine gas /
anode // positive terminal
Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated:
Kedudukan ion dalam Siri Elektrokimia
Elektrod Pemerhatian Positions of ions in the Electrochemical Series
Electrode Observation
Bergerak balas / Responding:
Anod • perang / Brown Ion yang terpilih untuk dinyahcas
Anode • merah / red Ion that is selectively discharged
Katod • Pepejal / solid Dimalarkan / Constant:

Cathode Jenis elektrod / Type of electrode
(b) mula terpesong / ion-ion mula bergerak bebas Keputusan / Result:

starts to deflects / start moving freely
Anod / Terminal positif Katod / Terminal negatif
(c) Ion plumbum(II) / ion bromida Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal
Lead(II) ions / bromide ions
(d)
Pemerhatian/ Observation
Terminal positif / Anod Terminal negatif / Katod
Positive terminal / Anode Negative terminal / Cathode • tak berwarna / Colourless • perang / brown
• berbara / menyala
• 2Br– → Br2 + 2e– • Pb2+ + 2e– → Pb glowing / relights
• pengoksidaan / oxidation • penurunan / reduction
(i) menderma / releasing (i) menerima / receiving Inferens / Inference
(ii) meningkatkan (ii) +2 kepada 0
increasing +2 to 0 oksigen / Oxygen Kuprum / Copper
• agen penurunan • agen pengoksidaan
reducing agent oxidising agent
• Pb2+ + 2Br– → Pb + Br2 • tak berwarna / Colourless • tak berwarna / Colourless

• berbara / menyala • menyala / bunyi “pop”
4
glowing / relights lighted / “pop” sound
Tugasan Inferens / Inference
Anod Katod oksigen / Oxygen hidrogen / Hydrogen

Anode Cathode
Perbincangan / Discussion:
(a) Persamaan setengah Persamaan setengah
Half-equation: Half-equation: 1. mula terpesong / ion-ion bergerak bebas
2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– Na+ + e– → Na starts to deflects / ions move freely
Nama hasil Nama hasil 2. pudar // biru muda / berkurangan

Name of product: Name of product: paler // lighter in colour / decreases
Gas klorin / Chlorine gas Natrium / Sodium 3. Ion kuprum(II) / Cu2+, ion sulfat / SO42–, ion hidrogen /
H+ dan ion hidroksida / OH–.
(b) Persamaan setengah Persamaan setengah Copper(II) / Cu2+ ion, sulphate / SO42– ion, hydrogen / H+ ion and
Half-equation: Half-equation:
hydroxide / OH– ion.
2O → O2 + 4e
2– –
Cu + 2e → Cu
2+ –
4.
Nama hasil Nama hasil
Name of product: Name of product: Anod / Terminal positif Katod / Terminal negatif
Gas oksigen / Oxygen gas Kuprum / Copper Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal
(c) Persamaan setengah Persamaan setengah (a) Ion sulfat / SO42–, ion (a) Ion kuprum(II) / Cu2+
Half-equation: Half-equation:
hidroksida / OH– dan ion hidrogen / H+
2O2– → O2 + 4e– AI3+ + 3e– → Al Sulphate / SO42– ion, Copper(II) / Cu2 ion and
Nama hasil Nama hasil hydroxide / OH– ion hydrogen / H+ ion
Name of product: Name of product: (b) Ion hidroksida / OH– (b) Ion kuprum(II) / Cu2+
Gas oksigen / Oxygen gas Aluminium / Aluminium Hydroxide / OH– ion Copper(II) / Cu2+ ion

Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
(c) Kedudukan ion OH– (c) Kedudukan ion
1. kuprum / katod // terminal negatif / gas oksigen / anod
lebih rendah berbanding Cu2+ lebih rendah
dengan ion SO4 dalam
2–
berbanding dengan // terminal positif
copper / cathode // negative terminal / oxygen gas / anode //
Siri Elektrokimia. ion H+ dalam Siri positive terminal
The position of OH– ion is Elektrokimia
lower than SO4 ion in the
2– 2.
gas hidrogen / katod // terminal negatif / gas klorin /
The position of Cu2+ ion is
electrochemical series. lower than H+ ion in the anod // terminal positif
electrochemical hydrogen gas / cathode // negative terminal / oxygen gas /
(d) 4OH– → 2H2O + O2 + 4e–
series. anode // positive terminal
(e) pengoksidaan / oxidation
(d) Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
(i) menderma / air /
(e) penurunan / reduction Eksperimen 1.2
gas oksigen
releasing / water / (i) menerima / Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement:
oxygen gas kuprum Bagaimanakah kepekatan ion mempengaruhi pemilihan ion
(ii) meningkatkan / receiving / copper untuk dinyahcas di kedua-dua elektrod karbon?
–1 kepada 0/ air / (ii) mengurangkan How does the concentration of ions affect the selective discharge of ions
oksigen / +2 kepada 0 / at the carbon electrode?
increasing / from kuprum Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
–1 to 0 / water / decreasing / +2 to 0 / Semakin tinggi kepekatan suatu ion, semakin mudah ion itu
oxygen copper dipilih untuk dinyahcas.
(f) penurunan / reducing (f) pengoksidaan / oxidising The higher the concentration of an ion, the easier the ion is selectively
discharged.
(g) 4OH– + 2Cu2+ → 2H2O + O2 + 2Cu Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
5. Ion hidrogen / H+, ion sulfat / SO42– dan ion hidroksida / Kepekatan ion / Concentration of ion
OH–. Bergerak balas / Responding:
Hydrogen/ H+ ion, sulphate / SO42– ion and hydroxide / OH – ion.
Ion yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas / Ion that is selectively
6. discharged
Anod / Terminal positif Katod / Terminal negatif Dimalarkan / Constant:
Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal Jenis elektrod / Type of electrode
(a) Ion sulfat / SO42–, ion (a) Ion hidrogen, H+ Keputusan / Result:
hidroksida / OH– Hydrogen ion, H+
Sulphate / SO ion,
4
2–
(b) Ion hidrogen / H +
hydroxide / OH ion
–
Hydrogen ion / H+ Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal
(b) Ion hidroksida / OH– (c) Satu-satunya kation
Hydroxide / OH– ion yang wujud. Pemerhatian/ Observation
(c) Kedudukan ion The only cation present.
• tak berwarna • tak berwarna /Colourless
OH– lebih rendah (d) 2H+ + 2e– → H2 Colourless • menyala / bunyi “pop”
berbanding dengan (e) penurunan / reduction • berbara / menyala lighted / “pop” sound
ion SO42– dalam Siri (i) menerima / gas glowing / relights
Elektrokimia. hidrogen
The position of OH– ion is Receiving / hydrogen Inferens / Inference
lower than SO42– ion in the gas
Electrochemical Series. (ii) mengurangkan / oksigen / Oxygen hidrogen /Hydrogen
(d) 4OH– → 2H2O + O2 + 4e– +2 kepada 0 / gas
(e) pengoksidaan / oxidation hidrogen Pemerhatian/ Observation
(i) menderma / air / decreasing / from +2
• kuning-kehijauan • tak berwarna / Colourless
gas oksigen to 0 / hydrogen gas Yellowish-green
Releasing /water / • menyala / bunyi “pop”
(f) pengoksidaan /oxidising • sengit / pungent lighted / “pop” sound
oxygen gas
(ii) meningkatkan /–1 • biru lembap / kertas
kepada 0 / air / litmus bertukar merah
moist blue / the litmus
oksigen paper turns red
increasing / from –1
to 0 / water/ oxygen
Inferens / Inference
(f) penurunan / reducing
klorin / Chlorine hidrogen / Hydrogen
(g) 4OH– + 4H+ → 2H2O + O2 + 2H2


Perbincangan / Discussion: (d) 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– (d) 2H+ + 2e– → H2

1. mula terpesong / ion-ion bergerak bebas (e) pengoksidaan / oxidation (e) penurunan / reduction
starts to deflects / ions move freely
(i) menderma (i) menerima / gas
2. Ion klorida / Cl–, ion hidrogen/ H+ dan ion hidroksida / releasing hidrogen
OH–. (ii) meningkatkan / receiving / hydrogen
Chloride/ Cl– ion, hydrogen/ H+ ion and hydroxide / OH– ion. –1 kepada 0 / gas gas
3. klorin (ii) mengurangkan /
increasing / from –1 +1 kepada 0 / gas
Anod / Terminal positif Katod / Terminal negatif to 0 / chlorine gas hidrogen
Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal (f) penurunan /reducing decreasing / +1 to 0 /
hydrogen gas
(a) Ion klorida / Cl– dan (a) Ion hidrogen / H+ (f) pengoksidaan /oxidising
ion hidroksida / OH– Hydrogen / H+ ion
Chloride / Cl– ion and (b) Ion hidrogen / H+ (g) 2Cl– + 2H+ → Cl2 + H2
hydroxide / OH– ion Hydrogen / H+ ion
(b) Ion hidroksida / OH– (c) Satu-satunya kation Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Hydroxide / OH– ion yang wujud. 1. gas hidrogen / katod // terminal negatif / gas oksigen /
(c) Kedudukan ion The only cation present. anod // terminal positif
OH– lebih rendah (d) 2H+ + 2e– → H2 hydrogen gas / cathode // negative terminal / oxygen gas /
berbanding dengan (e) penurunan /reduction anode // positive terminal
ion Cl– dalam Siri (i) menerima / gas 2. gas hidrogen / katod (terminal negatif) / gas klorin /
Elektrokimia. hidrogen anod (terminal positif)
Position of OH– ion is receiving / hydrogen hydrogen gas / cathode (negative terminal) / chlorine gas /
lower than Cl– ion in gas anode (positive terminal)
Electrochemical Series. (ii) mengurangkan /
(d) 4OH– → 2H2O + O2 + 4e– +1 kepada 0 / gas Eksperimen 1.3
(e) pengoksidaan / oxidation hidrogen Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement:
(i) menderma / air / decreasing / +1 to 0 / Bagaimanakah jenis elektrod mempengaruhi pemilihan ion
gas oksigen hydrogen gas untuk dinyahcas di kedua-dua elektrod?
receiving / water / How do types of electrodes affect the selective discharge of ions at both
oxygen gas
(f) pengoksidaan /oxidising
electrodes?
(ii) meningkatkan / –1
Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
kepada 0 / air / gas
Apabila elektrod aktif digunakan, ion daripada elektrod aktif
oksigen
akan dipilih untuk dinyahcas.
Increasing / from –1
When an active electrode is used, ions of the active electrode will be
to 0 / water / oxygen
selectively discharged.
gas
(f) penurunan / reducing Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
Jenis elektrod / Type of electrode
(g) 4OH– + 4H+ → 2H2O + O2 + 2H2
Ion yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas / Ion that is selectively
4. discharged
Anod / Terminal positif Katod / Terminal negatif Dimalarkan / Constant:
Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal Kepekatan elektrolit / Concentration of electrolyte
(a) Ion klorida/ Cl– dan ion (a) Ion hidrogen/ H+ Keputusan / Results:
hidroksida/ OH– Hydrogen / H+ ion
Chloride/ Cl– ion and (b) Ion hidrogen/ H+ Anod / Terminal positif Katod / Terminal negatif
hydroxide/ OH– ion Hydrogen / H+ ion Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal
(b) Ion klorida/ Cl– (c) Satu-satunya kation Pemerhatian/ Observation
Chloride/ Cl– ion yang wujud.
(c) Kepekatan ion Cl –
The only cation present. • tak berwarna / Colourless perang / Brown
adalah jauh lebih tinggi • berbara / menyala
daripada kepekatan ion glowing / relights
OH–.
The concentration of Cl– ion Inferens / Inference
is much higher than the
concentration of OH – ion. oksigen / Oxygen Kuprum / Copper

6.
Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal
nipis / thinner tebal / thicker
(a) Ion sulfat/ SO42– dan (a) Ion kuprum(II) / Cu2+
Inferens / Inference ion hidroksida/ OH– dan ion hidrogen / H+
Sulphate/ SO42– ion and Copper(II) / Cu2+ ion and
hydroxide / OH– ion hydrogen / H+ ion
terlarut membentuk ion Kuprum / Copper
Cu2+ (b) Tiada / None (b) Ion kuprum(II) / Cu2+
dissolves to form Cu ions
2+ (c) Anod kuprum Copper(II) / Cu2+ ion
merupakan elektrod (c) Kedudukan ion
aktif menyebabkannya Cu2+ lebih rendah
Perbincangan / Discussion: berbanding dengan ion
terlarut dan menderma
1. mula terpesong / ion-ion bergerak bebas H+ dalam Siri
elektron untuk
starts to deflects / ions move freely
membentuk ion Cu2+. Elektrokimia.
2. pudar // biru muda / berkurangan Copper anode is an The position of Cu2+ ion is
fades // turns paler / decreases active electrode causing lower than H+ ion in the
3. tetap biru / kekal sama it to dissolve and release Electrochemical Series.
remains blue / remains the same electrons forming Cu2+ ions. (d) Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
4. Ion kuprum(II) / Cu , ion sulfat / SO , ion hidrogen /H
2+ 2– + (d) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– (e) penurunan
4
(e) pengoksidaan reduction
dan ion hidroksida / OH–.
Copper(II) / Cu2+ ion, sulphate / SO42– ion, hydrogen / H+ ion and
oxidation (i) menerima / kuprum
(i) menderma / receiving / copper
hydroxide / OH– ion.
ion kuprum(II) / (ii) mengurangkan
5. / +2 kepada 0 /
Cu2+

releasing / copper(II) kuprum
Anod / Terminal positif Katod / Terminal negatif / Cu2+ ion decreasing / +2 to 0 /
Anode / Positive terminal Cathode / Negative terminal copper
(ii) meningkatkan /
0 kepada +2 / ion (f) pengoksidaan
(a) Ion sulfat / SO42– dan (a) Ion kuprum(II) / Cu2+ kuprum(II) / Cu2+ oxidising
ion hidroksida/ OH– dan ion hidrogen / H+
increasing / 0 to +2 /
Sulphate / SO42– ion and Copper(II) / Cu2+ ion and copper(II) / Cu2+ ion
hydroxide / OH– ion hydrogen / H+ ion (f) penurunan / reducing
(b) Ion hidroksida/ OH- (b) Ion kuprum(II) / Cu2+
Hydroxide / OH– ion Copper(II) / Cu2+ ion
(c) Kedudukan ion (c) Kedudukan ion Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
OH– lebih rendah Cu2+ lebih rendah 1. kuprum / katod (terminal negatif) / gas oksigen / anod
berbanding dengan ion berbanding dengan ion (terminal positif)
SO42– dalam Siri H+ dalam Siri copper / cathode (negative terminal) / oxygen gas / anode
(positive terminal)
Elektrokimia. Elektrokimia.
Position of OH– ion is lower The position of Cu2+ ion is 2. semakin tebal / semakin nipis
than SO42– ion in the lower than H+ ion in the thicker / thinner
Electrochemical Electrochemical
Series. Series.
(d) 4OH– → 2H2O + O2 + 4e– (d) Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
(e) pengoksidaan / oxidation (e) penurunan /reduction
(i) menderma / air / (i) menerima /
gas oksigen kuprum
releasing / water / receiving / copper
oxygen gas (ii) mengurangkan
(ii) meningkatkan / / +2 kepada 0 /
–1 kepada 0 / air / kuprum
oksigen decreasing / +2 to 0
increasing / –1 to 0 / / copper
water / oxygen gas (f) pengoksidaan /oxidising
(f) penurunan /reducing
(g) 4OH– + 2Cu2+ → 2H2O + O2 + 2Cu

Tugasan 5
Ciri-ciri Sel kimia Sel elektrolisis
Characteristics Voltaic cell Electrolytic cell
Perubahan tenaga Tenaga kimia kepada tenaga elektrik Tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga kimia
Energy conversion Chemical energy to electrical energy Electrical energy to chemical energy
Arah pengaliran
Dari terminal negatif ke terminal positif Dari terminal positif ke terminal negatif
electron From the negative terminal to the positive terminal From the positive terminal to the negative terminal
Direction of electron flow
Kekutuban elektrod Anod – terminal negatif / Anode – negative terminal Anod – terminal positif / Anode – positive terminal
Polarity of electrode Katod – terminal negatif / Cathode – negative
Katod – terminal positif / Cathode – positive terminal terminal
Pengoksidaan dan Anod – pengoksidaan / Anode – oxidation Anod – pengoksidaan / Anode – oxidation
penurunan Katod – penurunan / Cathode – reduction Katod – penurunan / Cathode – reduction
Oxidation and reduction
Penyaduran logam secara elektrolisis

Electroplating of metals by electrolysis
7. Keputusan / Results:
nipis / thinner terlarut untuk membentuk ion Cu2+ / dissolves to form Cu2+ ions.
Pepejal perang / Brown solid Ion Cu2+ / kunci besi / Cu2+ ions / copper metal
remains blue / tetap biru kekal sama / remains the same
1.
(a) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– (a) Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
(b) pengoksidaan / oxidation (b) penurunan / reduction
(i) menderma (i) menerima
releasing receiving
(ii) meningkatkan / 0 kepada +2 (ii) mengurangkan / +2 kepada 0
increasing / 0 to +2 decreasing / +2 to 0
(c) tulen / Pure (c) Ion kuprum(II) / Copper(II) ion
2. sama dengan / dikekalkan
the same as / maintained
3. redoks / redox
Penulenan logam secara elektrolisis

Purification of metals by electrolysis
8. Keputusan/ Results:
• nipis / thinner • terlarut untuk membentuk ion Cu2+
• Bendasing / Impurities
dissolves to form Cu2+ ions
tebal / thicker Ion Cu2+ / kuprum

Cu2+ ions / copper
tetap biru / remains blue kekal sama / remains the same

1.
(a) Cu → Cu + 2e
2+ –
(a) Cu + 2e → Cu
2+ –
(b) pengoksidaan / oxidation (b) penurunan / reduction

(i) menderma / releasing (i) menerima / receiving
(ii) meningkatkan / 0 kepada +2 (ii) mengurangkan/ +2 kepada 0.
increasing / 0 to +2 decreasing / +2 to 0
(c) tidak tulen / Impure (c) Ion kuprum(II) / Copper(II) ion
2. sama dengan / dikekalkan

the same as / maintained
3. redoks / redox
Extraction of a Metal from Its Ore

1.5 Pengekstrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya
1.
Kereaktifan logam Logam yang sangat reaktif Logam yang kurang reaktif
Reactivity of metals Very reactive metal Less reactive metals
Keadah pengekstrakan Elektrolisis Penurunan kimia menggunakan karbon

Extraction method Electrolysis Chemical reduction using carbon
Contoh logam Natrium, magnesium, aluminium Ferum, timah, zinc

Examples of metals Sodium, magnesium, aluminium. Iron, tin, zinc
2. (a) (i) 2O2– → O2 + 4e–

(iii)
Pelepasan gas rumah hijau menyebabkan

(ii) Al3+ + 3e– →Al
pemanasan global.
(b) (i) tindak balas pengoksidaan dengan menderma Greenhouse gas emission causes global warming.
elektron untuk membentuk gas oksigen.
oxidation reaction by releasing electrons to form oxygen 3. (a) Karbon lebih reaktif daripada ferum.
gas. Carbon is more reactive than iron.
(i) tindak balas penurunan dengan menerima (b) 2Fe2O3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO2
elektron untuk membentuk aluminium. (c) pengoksidaan / oksigen
reduction reaction by receiving electrons to form oxidation / oxygen
aluminium. penurunan / oksigen
(c) • Ion aluminium reduction / oxygen
Aluminium ions
(d) Karbon bertindak sebagai agen penurunan
• Ion oksida sementara ferum(III) oksida bertindak sebagai agen
Oxide ions
pengoksidaan.

(d) (i) Penggunaan jumlah elektrik yang sangat Carbon acts as a reducing agent while iron(III) oxide acts as
tinggi semasa pengekstrakan menyebabkan an oxidising agent.
pencemaran. (e) (i) CaCO3
Consuming extremely high amounts of electricity (ii) kalsium oksida / gas karbon dioksida / silikon

during extraction causes pollution.
dioksida
(ii) Pembuangan tumbuhan asli di kawasan calcium oxide / carbon dioxide gas / silicone dioxide
perlombongan mengakibatkan hakisan tanah. (iii) CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
Removal of native vegetation in mining areas results in
soil erosion.

6
3. pusat titisan air / pinggir titisan air
Tugasan centre of the water droplet / edge of the water droplet
4. 2Fe + O2 + 2H2O → 2Fe2+ + 4OH–
5. 2Fe(OH)3 → Fe2O3 + 3H2O
(a) Boleh. Timah adalah kurang reaktif daripada karbon.
Can. Tin is less reactive than carbon. Eksperimen 1.4
(b) Kasiterit / Cassiterite
Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement:
(c) SnO2 + C → Sn + CO2 Bagaimanakah logam dengan keelektropositifan yang
(d) Karbon menjalani tindak balas pengoksidaan dengan berlainan mempengaruhi kadar pengaratan?
menerima oksigen untuk membentuk gas karbon How do metals with different electropositivities affect the rate of rusting?
dioksida. Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
Timah(IV) oksida menjalani tindak balas penurunan (a) lebih / lebih perlahan
dengan kehilangan oksigen untuk membentuk timah. more / slower
Carbon undergoes oxidation reaction by gaining oxygen to (b) kurang / lebih cepat
form carbon dioxide gas. less / faster
Tin(IV) oxide undergoes reduction by losing oxygen to form tin.
Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
(e) Karbon bertindak sebagai agen penurunan sementara Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated:
timah(IV) oksida bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan. Logam yang berlainan keelektropositifan
Carbon acts as a reducing agent while tin(IV) oxide acts as an Metals of different electropositivities
oxidising agent.
(f) • Murah / Cheap
• Mudah diperoleh / Easily available Kadar pengaratan / Rate of rusting
• Agen penurunan yang berkesan Dimalarkan / Constant:
An effective reducing agent Paku besi / Iron nails
Keputusan / Results:
Rusting Pemerhatian Inferens
1.6 Pengaratan Observation Inference
Tabung uji A/ Test tube A: Pengaratan berlaku.
1. air / gas oksigen Bintik-bintik biru tua Rusting occurs.
water / oxygen gas terbentuk di dalam agar-
2. agar pepejal.
Dark blue spots form in the solid
Anod / Anode Katod / Cathode agar.
Di pusat titisan air yang Di pinggir titisan air yang Tabung uji B/ Test tube B: Pengaratan tidak berlaku.
menutupi blok besi. menutupi blok besi. Pewarnaan merah jambu Rusting does not occur.
At the centre of the water droplet At the edge of the water droplet terbentuk di dalam agar-
that covers the iron block. that covers the iron block.
agar pepejal.
Sebab: Kepekatan gas Sebab: Kepekatan gas Pink colouration forms in the
oksigen lebih rendah. oksigen lebih tinggi. solid agar.
Reason: Lower concentration of Reason: Higher concentration of Tabung uji C/ Test tube C: Pengaratan tidak berlaku.
oxygen gas. oxygen gas. Rusting does not occur.
Pewarnaan merah jambu
Ferum menjalani tindak Gas oksigen menjalani terbentuk di dalam agar-
balas pengoksidaan dengan tindak balas penurunan agar pepejal.
menderma elektron untuk dengan menerima elektron Pink colouration forms in the
membentuk ion ferum(II). untuk membentuk ion solid agar.
Iron undergoes oxidation oksida. Tabung uji D/ Test tube D: Pengaratan berlaku lebih
reaction by releasing electrons to Oxygen gas undergoes Banyak bintik biru tua cepat daripada paku besi di
form iron(II) ion. reduction by receiving electrons terbentuk di dalam agar- dalam tabung uji A.
to form hydroxide ions. agar pepejal. Rusting occurs faster than the
Persamaan setengah Persamaan setengah A lot of dark blue spots form in iron nail in test tube A.
Half-equation: Half-equation: the solid agar.
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e– O2 + 2H2O + 4e– →4OH– Tabung uji E/ Test tube E: Pengaratan berlaku paling
Keseluruhan agar-agar cepat.
Ferum bertindak sebagai Gas oksigen bertindak pepejal menjadi biru tua. Rusting occurs the fastest.
agen penurunan. sebagai agen pengoksidaan. The whole solid agar turns dark
Iron serves as a reducing agent. Oxygen gas serves as an blue.
oxidising agent.

Perbincangan / Discussion: (b) penurunan / menerima

reduction / receiving
1. redoks / redox
(c) O2 + 2H2O + 4e– → 4OH–
2. (a) magnesium /zink
magnesium / zinc (d) pengoksidaan / oxidising
(b) timah / kuprum 5. kawalan / control
tin / copper 6. (a) pengoksidaan / memperlahankan
3. (a) pengoksidaan / menderma elektron / ion ferum(II) oxidation / slow down
oxidation / releasing electrons / iron(II) ion (b) Mg → Mg2+ + 2e–
(b) Fe → Fe2+ + 2e– Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–
(c) penurunan / reducing Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
(d) ion ferum(II) / biru tua
iron(II) ions / dark blue 1. lebih / more
4. (a) ion hidroksida / merah jambu 2. Logam yang kurang elektropositif
hydroxide ions / pink A less electropositive metal
Tugasan 7
(a) Logam korban (b) Galvanisasi
Sacrificial metals Galvanisation
• Blok magnesium diskrukan pada badan kapal. • Besi disadurkan dengan selapisan zink yang lebih
Magnesium blocks are screwed on the hulls of ships. elektropositif.
• Magnesium yang lebih elektropositif daripada besi Iron is coated with a layer of zinc which is more electropositive .
akan teroksida terlebih dahulu dan melindungi besi • Zink yang lebih elektropositif daripada besi akan teroksida
daripada berkarat. terlebih dahulu jika lapisan zink retak.
Magnesium which is more electropositive than iron will Zinc which is more electropositive than iron will oxidise first if the
oxidise first and protect iron from rusting. zinc layer cracks.
• Persamaan setengah / Half-equation: • Persamaan setengah / Half-equation:
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e– Zn → Zn2+ + 2e

(c) Pelapisan timah (d) Lapisan pelindung

Tin coating Protective layer
• Dalam proses pembuatan tin makanan, permukaan • Pengaratan besi boleh diperlahankan dengan:
dalam tin besi akan disadurkan dengan selapisan Rusting of iron can be slowed down by:
timah yang kurang elektropositif daripada besi. (i) Mengecat objek besi (contoh: kereta)
In the process of making food cans, the surface inside the Painting the iron objects (example: cars)
iron can will be coated with a layer of tin which is less
electropositive than iron. (ii) Menyapu bahagian besi dengan minyak atau gris
(contoh: gear)
• Lapisan timah ini mengelakkan pendedahan besi Coating the iron parts with oil or grease
kepada air dan oksigen, seterusnya menghalang (example: gears)
pengaratan besi.
The tin layer prevents the exposure of iron to water and (iii) Menyaluti objek besi dengan plastik atau enamel
oxygen , and hence prenvent the rusting of iron. (contoh: penyangkut baju)
Coating iron objects with plastic or enamel
(example: cloth hangers)
(iv) Menyadurkan objek besi dengan kromium
(contoh: pintu gril)
Electroplating iron objects with chromium
(example: grill gate)

(c) E0 sel = E0 katod – E0 anod

PRAKTIS SPM 1 E0 cell = E0 cathode – E0 anode
= + 0.34 – (– 0.76)
= 1.1 V
Soalan Objektif (d) • Elektrod zink menjadi semakin nipis.
The zinc electrode becomes thinner.
1. D 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. D • Elektrod kurpum menjadi semakin tebal.
6. A 7. A The copper electrode becomes thicker.
(e) • Kepekatan ion sebanyak 1.0 mol dm–3
Ion concentration of 1.0 mol dm–3
Soalan Struktur • Pada suhu bilik (25oC atau 298 K)
At room temperature (25oC or 298 K)
Bahagian A
• Tekanan pada 1 atm atau 101 kPa
1. (a) (i) Anod / Anode: Pressure of 1 atm or 101 kPa
Karbon yang terendam dalam larutan ferum(II) • Platinum sebagai elektrod lengai
Platinum as an inert electrode
sulfat.
Carbon that is immersed in iron(II) sulphate solution. (Mana-mana dua jawapan. / Any two answers.)
Katod / Cathode:
Karbon yang terendam dalam larutan Bahagian B
manganat(VII) berasid.
Carbon that is immersed in acidified potassium 3. (a) (i) Kedudukan ion dalam Siri Elektrokimia
manganate(VII) solution. Position of ion in the Electrochemical Series
(ii) Anod / Anode: Fe → Fe + e 2+ 3+ – (ii) Ion hidroksida / Hydroxide ion

Katod / Cathode: (iii) Anod/Anode: 4OH− → 2H2O + O2 + 4e−
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O Katod/Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
(iv) • Agen pengoksidaan: ion Cu2+ // ion
(b) Agen pengoksidaan / Oxidising agent:
kuprum(II)
Ion manganat(VII) berasid Oxidising agent: Cu2+ ions // copper(II) ions
Acidified manganate(VII) ions • Sebab: Ion Cu2+ mengoksidakan ion OH−
Agen penurunan/ Reducing agent: kepada air dan gas oksigen.
Ion ferum(II) / Iron(II) ions Reason: Cu2+ ions oxidise OH− ions to water and
oxygen gas.
(c) • Warna ungu larutan kalium manganat(VII) • Agen penurunan: ion OH− // ion hidroksida
berasid menjadi tidak berwarna. Reducing agent: OH− ions // hydroxide ions
Purple acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
• Sebab: Ion OH− menurunkan ion Cu2+
turns colourless.
kepada kuprum
• Warna hijau larutan ferum(II) sulfat menjadi Reason: OH− ions reduce Cu2+ ions to copper.
kuning. (b) (i) Kepekatan ion / Concentration of ions
Green iron(II) sulphate solution turns yellow.
(ii) Ion klorida / Chloride ions
• Jarum galvanometer terpesong.
Galvanometer’s needle deflects. (iii) Anod/ Anode: 2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e−
(Mana-mana dua jawapan / Any two answers) Katod/ Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu
(d) Electron mengalir dari karbon yang terendam dalam (iv) • Agen pengoksidaan: ion Cu2+ // ion
larutan ferum(II) sulfat ke karbon yang terendam kuprum(II)
Oxidising agent: Cu2+ ions // copper(II) ions
dalam larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid melalui
• Sebab: Ion Cu2+ mengoksidakan ion Cl−
litar luar.
Electron flows from the carbon immersed in iron(II) sulphate kepada gas klorin.
solution to the carbon immersed in acidified potassium Reason: Cu2+ ions oxidise Cl− ions to chlorine gas.
manganate(VII) solution through the external circuit. • Agen penurunan: ion Cl− // ion klorida
Reducing agent: Cl− ions // chloride ions
(e) 5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
• Sebab: Ion Cl− menurunkan ion Cu2+ kepada
2.
(a) Anod / Anode : Zink / Zinc kuprum.
Katod / Cathode : Kuprum / Copper Reason: Cl− ions reduce Cu2+ ions to copper.
(b) • Zink mengalami pengoksidaan dengan (c) (i) Anod/ Anode: zink / zinc
menderma elektron. Katod / Cathode: ferum / iron
Zinc undergoes oxidation by releasing electrons. (ii) E0 sel = E0 katod – E0 anod
E0 cell = E0 cathode – E0 anode
• Elektron-elektron yang terkumpul di elektrod
= (– 0.45) – (– 0.76)
zink menyebabkan elektrod itu bercas negatif.
The electrons accumulate at the zinc electrode causing = 0.31 V
the electrode to be negatively charged.

Bahagian C • Menggunakan logam korban

Use of sacrificial metal
4. (a) (i) • Pengaratan berlaku kerana tiang besi (b) • Radas yang bersesuaian / Suitable apparatus
terkena air dan gas oksigen di persekitaran. Tabung uji, rak tabung uji, silinder penyukat
Rusting occurs because the iron pole is exposed to 10 cm3
water and oxygen gas in the environment. Test tube, test-tube rack, 10 cm3 measuring cylinder
• Air dan gas oksigen mengalami penurunan [tabung uji boleh digantikan dengan bikar /
dengan menerima elektron daripada tiang kelalang kon]
besi lalu membentuk ion hidroksida. [test tube can be replaced with beaker / conical flask]
Water and oxygen gas undergo reduction by • Prosedur / Procedure
receiving electrons from the iron pole forming
1. 2 cm3 larutan ferum(III) nitrat disukat dan
hydroxide ions.
dituangkan ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
• Tiang besi mengalami pengoksidaan dengan 2 cm3 iron(III) nitrate solution is measured and
membebaskan elektron untuk membentuk poured into a test tube.
ion ferum(II) pada kepekatan yang tinggi. 2.
2 cm3 larutan kalium klorida disukat dan
Iron pole undergoes oxidation by releasing electrons
dituangkan ke dalam tabung uji yang sama.
to form a high concentration of iron(II) ions.
2 cm3 potassium chloride solution is measured and
• Ion ferum (II) bertindak balas dengan ion poured into the same test tube.
hidroksida untuk membentuk ferum(II) 3. Larutan campuran tersebut digoncangkan.
hidroksida yang melekat dengan kuat di The mixture solution is shaken.
permukaan tiang besi. 4. Perubahan warna diperhatikan dan
Iron(II) ions react with hydroxide ions forming dicatatkan.
iron(II) hydroxide that is firmly attached to the The colour change is observed and recorded.
surface of the iron pole.
• Persamaan setengah / Half-equations
• Ferum(II) hidroksida yang terdedah – Fe3+ + e− → Fe2+
akan bertukar menjadi ferum(III) oksida – 2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e−
setelah pengoksidaan lanjut menyebabkan • Pemerhatian / Observations
pengaratan. Larutan ferum(III) nitrat yang berwarna perang
Iron(II) hydroxide that is exposed will turn into
iron(III) oxide after further oxidation causing rusting. menjadi hijau dan kuning muda.
Brown iron(III) nitrate solution turns greenish and pale
• Mengecat permukaan tiang besi dengan yellow.
selapisan cat membantu untuk mengelakkan • Penerangan kepada pemerhatian anda
pendedahan besi kepada gas oksigen dan air. Explanation to your observation
Applying a layer of paint to the surface of the iron
– Pembentukan warna hijau disebabkan oleh
pole helps prevent the exposure of iron to oxygen gas
and water. kehadiran ion ferum(II), Fe2+.
Formation of green colour is caused by the presence
• Oleh itu, pengaratan pada tiang besi dapat of iron(II), Fe2+ ions.
dicegah. – Pembentukan warna kuning muda
Thus, it prevents rusting on the iron pole.
disebabkan oleh kehadiran klorin.
(ii) • Pengaloian / Alloying Formation of pale yellow colour is caused by the
• Penyaduran tin / Tin plating presence of chlorine.

BAB
Sebatian Karbon
2 Carbon Compounds
Jenis-Jenis Sebatian Karbon

2.1 Types of Carbon Compounds
Sebatian karbon
Carbon compounds
1. karbon / carbon
2. organik / tak organik
organic / inorganic
Jenis Sebatian karbon / Carbon compounds

Types
Sebatian organik / Organic compounds Sebatian tak organik / Inorganic compounds
Sumber Daripada benda hidup iaitu tumbuhan dan haiwan. Daripada benda bukan hidup atau batu mineral.
Source From living things, that are plants and animals. From non-living things or mineral stones.
Contoh Gula, kanji, protein, lemak, selulosa, vitamin, Karbon dioksida (CO2), karbon monoksida (CO),
Examples enzim, urea dan petroleum. kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) dan kalium sianida
Sugar, starch, protein, fats, cellulose, vitamins, enzymes, (KCN).
urea and petroleum. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) and potassium cyanide (KCN).
3. hidrokarbon / hydrocarbons
Jenis Sebatian organik / Organic compounds
Types
Hidrokarbon / Hydrocarbons Bukan hidrokarbon / Non-hydrocarbons
Definisi Sebatian organik yang hanya Sebatian organik yang mengandungi unsur-
Definition mengandungi unsur karbon, C dan unsur lain seperti oksigen, halogen atau
hidrogen, H sahaja. nitrogen selain unsur karbon dan hidrogen.
Organic compounds that contain carbon, C Organic compounds that contain other elements such as oxygen,
and hydrogen, H elements only. halogen or nitrogen besides carbon and hydrogen elements.
Contoh Alkana, alkena, alkuna Asid karboksilik, alkohol, ester

Examples Alkane, alkene , alkyne Carboxylic acid, alcohol, ester
Pembakaran
Menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air.
lengkap Produces carbon dioxide and water.
Complete combustion
Tugasan 1
Jenis Hidrokarbon / Hydrocarbon
Types
Hidrokarbon tepu Hidrokarbon tak tepu
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Definisi Hidrokarbon yang mengandungi ikatan Hidrokarbon yang mengandungi sekurang-
Definition kovalen tunggal sahaja antara atom karbon. kurangnya satu ikatan kovalen ganda dua atau
Hydrocarbons that contain only single covalent ganda tiga antara atom karbon.
bonds between carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons that contain at least one double or triple
covalent bond between carbon atoms.
Ikatan kovalen
antara atom karbon C C
Covalent bond between C C C C
carbon atoms
Contoh
Examples
Alkana / Alkane Alkena, alkuna / Alkene, alkyne

Sumber hidrokarbon
Sources of hydrocarbons
4. (a) penguraian tumbuhan dan haiwan
decomposition of plants and animals
(b) metana / methane
(c) hidrokarbon / hydrocarbon
(d) gas petroleum, petrol, nafta, kerosin, diesel, minyak pelincir, minyak bahan api, parafin dan bitumen
petroleum gas, petrol, nafta, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil, paraffin and bitumen
(e) penyulingan berperingkat
fractional distillation
(f) biogas, biodiesel dan etanol
biogas, biodiesel and ethanol
Kegunaan hidrokarbon daripada pecahan petroleum dalam kehidupan seharian
Usage of hydrocarbons from petroleum fractions in daily life
5. Hidrokarbon Kegunaan dalam kehidupan seharian

Hydrocarbons Usage in daily life
Gas petroleum Sebagai bahan api memasak.

Petroleum gas As cooking fuel.
Petrol Sebagai bahan api untuk kenderaan seperti kereta dan motosikal.
Petrol As fuel for vehicles like cars and motorcycles.
Nafta Untuk membuat plastik dan sebagai pelarut.

Naphta To make plastic and as a solvent.
Kerosin Sebagai bahan api pesawat jet dan bahan api untuk pelita.
Kerosene As fuel for jet aeroplanes and fuel for spirit lamps.
Diesel Sebagai bahan api kenderaan berat seperti lori, bas, kereta api, traktor dan jentera.
Diesel As fuel for heavy vehicles like lorries, buses, trains, tractors and machines.
Minyak pelincir Sebagai bahan pelincir enjin kenderaan dan mesin.

Lubricating oil As lubricant for vehicle engine and machinery.
Minyak bahan api Sebagai bahan api kapal dan penjana tenaga elektrik.
Fuel oil As fuel for ships and electric generators.
Parafin Digunakan untuk menghasilkan lilin.

Paraffin Used to produce candles.
Bitumen Sebagai bahan binaan jalan raya berturap/ tar.

Bitumen As construction material for tarred/ paved roads.
6. lebih kecil, ringkas dan lebih berguna / smaller, simple and more useful
Molekul besar Molekul kecil

Proses peretakan
Cracking process
Dekana Propena dan heptana
Decane Propene and heptane
7. plastik/ getah sintetik

plastics / synthetic rubber
Siri Homolog
2.2 Homologous Series
1. kimia / fizik
chemical / physical
2. (a) sama / same
(b) sama / same

(c) sama / same

(d) Perubahan / change
(e) berbeza / differs
(f) sama / same
3.
Siri homolog Formula am Kumpulan berfungsi
Homologous series General formula Functional group
Alkana CnH2n + 2, Ikatan tunggal antara atom karbon C C

Alkane n = 1, 2, 3… Carbon-carbon single bond
Alkena CnH2n, Ikatan ganda dua/dubel antara atom karbon

Alkene n = 2, 3, 4… Carbon-carbon double bond C C
Alkuna CnH2n – 2, Ikatan ganda tiga/tripel antara atom karbon

C C
Alkyne n = 2, 3, 4… Carbon-carbon triple bond
Alkohol CnH2n + 1OH, Hidroksil

Alcohol –OH
n = 1, 2, 3… Hydroxyl
Asid karboksilik CnH2n+1COOH, Karboksil –COOH

Carboxylic acid n = 0, 1, 2, 3… Carboxyl
CnH2n +1COOCmH2m + 1,
Ester Karboksilat
n = 0, 1, 2, 3… –COO–
Ester Carboxylate
m = 1, 2, 3…
Formula molekul dan formula struktur dan penamaan mengikut sistem IUPAC
Molecular formula and structural formula and naming according to IUPAC system
4.
Siri homolog
Homologous series
Alkana Alkena Alkuna
Bilangan atom C per Alkane Alkene Alkyne
molekul (n)
Number of C atoms per
Formula am / General Formula am / General Formula am / General formula:
molecule (n) formula: CnH2n + 2 formula: CnH2n CnH2n - 2
Nama Formula Nama Formula Nama Formula
Name molekul Name molekul Name molekul
Molecular Molecular Molecular
formula formula formula
1 Metana / Methane CH4 - - - -
2 Etana / Ethane C2H6 Etena / Ethene C2H4 Etuna / Ethyne C2H2
3 Propana / Propane C3H8 Propena / Propene C3H6 Propuna / Propyne C3H4
4 Butana / Butane C4H10 Butena / Butene C4H8 Butuna / Butyne C4H6
5 Pentana / Pentane C5H12 Pentena / Pentene C5H10 Pentuna / Pentyne C5H8
6 Heksana / Hexane C6H14 Heksena / Hexene C6H12 Heksuna / Hexyne C6H10
7 Heptana / Heptane C7H16 Heptena / Heptene C7H14 Heptuna / Heptyne C7H12
8 Oktana / Octane C8H18 Oktena / Octene C8H16 - -
9 Nonana / Nonane C9H20 Nonena / Nonene C9H18 - -
10 Dekana / Decane C10H22 Dekena / Decene C10H20 - -

5.
Siri Homolog / Homologous Series
Bilangan atom C Alkohol / Alcohol Asid karboksilik / Carboxylic acid
per molekul
(n) Formula am / General formula: Formula am / General formula:
Number of C atoms per CnH2n + 1OH CnH2n+1COOH
molecule (n)
Formula
Nama Nama Formula molekul
Name molekul Name Molecular formula
Molecular formula
1 Metanol / Methanol CH3OH Asid metanoik / Methanoic acid HCOOH
2 Etanol / Ethanol C2H5OH Asid etanoik / Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
3 Propanol / Propanol C3H7OH Asid propanoik / Propanoic acid C2H5COOH
4 Butanol / Butanol C4H9OH Asid butanoik / Butanoic acid C3H7COOH
5 Pentanol / Pentanol C5H11OH Asid pentanoik / Pentanoic acid C4H9COOH
6 Heksanol / Hexanol C6H13OH Asid heksanoik / Hexanoic acid C5H11COOH
6. (a) karbon / carbon

(b) kumpulan siri homolog / the group of homologous series
7.
Bilangan atom C
Number of C atoms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Awalan Met Et Prop But Pent Heks Hept Okt Non Dek
Prefix Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec
8.
Bilangan atom C
Number of C atoms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Awalan Metan Etan Propan Butan Pentan Heksan Heptan Oktan Nonan Dekan
Prefix Methan Ethan Propan Butan Pentan Hexan Heptan Octan Nonan Decan
9.
Siri homolog Alkana Alkena Alkuna Alkohol Asid karboksilik Ester
Homologous series Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester
Akhiran …ana …ena …una …ol Asid …oik …il …oat

Suffix …ane …ene …yne …ol …oic acid …yl …oate
10.
Bilangan atom C Siri homolog Awalan Akhiran Nama
Number of C atoms Homologous series Prefix Suffix Name
Alkana Et ana Etana

2 Alkane Eth ane Ethane
Alkohol Propan ol Propanol

3 Alcohol Propan ol Propanol
Asid karboksilik Butan Asid …oik Asid butanoik

4 Carboxylic acid Butan …oic acid Butanoic acid


11.
Formula Formula
molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkana molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkana
Molecular Structural formula and name of alkane Molecular Structural formula and name of alkane
formula formula
Formula Struktur / Structural Formula: Formula Struktur / Structural Formula:
H H H H H H
CH4 H C H C5H12 H C C C C C H
CH4 C5H12
H H H H H H
Metana Pentana
Methane Pentane
H H H H H H H H
H C C H H C C C C C C H
C2H6 H H
C6H14 H H H H H H
Etana Heksana
Ethane Hexane
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C H H C C C C C C C H
C3H8 C7H16 H H H H H H H
H H H
Propana Heptana
Propane Heptane
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C C C C C H
C4H10 H H H H
C8H18 H H H H H H H H
Butana Oktana
Butane Octane
Formula molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkana

Molecular formula Structural formula and name of alkane
H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C H
C9H20
H H H H H H H H H
Nonana
Nonane
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C C H
C10H22
H H H H H H H H H H
Dekana
Decane

12.
Formula Formula
molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkena molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkena
Molecular Structural formula and name of alkene Molecular Structural formula and name of alkene
formula formula
H H H H H H
H H
H C C C C C C H
H C C H
C2H4 C6H12 H H H H
Etena
Ethene Heks-1-ena
Hex-1-ene
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C H H C C C C C C C H
C3H6 H
C7H14 H H H H H
Propena Hept-1-ena
Propene Hept-1-ene
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C C C C C H
C4H8 H H C8H16 H H H H H H
But-1-ena Okt-1-ena
But-1-ene Oct-1-ene
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C H H C C C C C C C C C H
C5H10 H H H
C9H18 H H H H H H H
Pent-1-ena Non-1-ena
Pent-1-ene Non-1-ene
Formula molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkena

Molecular formula Structural formula and name of alkene
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C C H
C10H20
H H H H H H H H
Dek-1-ena
Dec-1-ene
13.
Formula Formula
molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkuna molekul Formula struktur dan nama alkuna
Molecular Structural formula and name of alkyne Molecular Structural formula and name of alkyne
formula formula
H H H
H C C H
H C C C C C H
C2H2 C5H8 H H H
Etuna
Ethyne Pent-1-una
Pent-1-yne

H H H H H
H C C C H H C C C C C C H
C3H4 H
C6H10 H H H H
Prop-1-una Heks-1-una
Prop-1-yne Hex-1-yne
H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C C C C H
C4H6 H H C7H12 H H H H H
But-1-una Hept-1-una
But-1-yne Hept-1-yne
14.
Formula Formula struktur dan nama alkohol Formula Formula struktur dan nama alkohol
molekul Structural formula and name of alcohol molekul Structural formula and name of alcohol
Molecular Molecular
formula formula
H H H H H
H C OH H C C C C OH
CH3OH H
C4H9OH H H H H
Metanol Butan-1-ol
Methanol Butan-1-ol
H H H H H H H
H C C OH H C C C C C OH
C2H5OH H H
C5H11OH
H H H H H
Etanol Pentan-1-ol
Ethanol Pentan-1-ol
H H H H H H H H H
H C C C OH H C C C C C C OH
C3H7OH H H H C6H13OH H H H H H H
Propan-1-ol Heksan-1-ol
Propan-1-ol Hexan-1-ol
15.
Formula Formula struktur dan nama asid Formula Formula struktur dan nama asid
molekul karboksilik molekul karboksilik
Molecular Structural formula and name of carboxylic acid Molecular Structural formula and name of carboxylic acid
formula formula
O H H H O
H C OH H C C C C OH
HCOOH C3H7COOH H H H
Asid metanoik
Methanoic acid Asid butanoik
Butanoic acid

H O H H H H O
H C C OH H C C C C C OH
CH3COOH H C4H9COOH
H H H H
Asid etanoik Asid pentanoik
Ethanoic acid Pentanoic acid
H H O H H H H H O
H C C C OH H C C C C C C OH
C2H5COOH H H
C5H11COOH H H H H H
Asid propanoik Asid heksanoik
Propanoic acid Hexanoic acid
Sifat-sifat fizik alkana

Physical properties of alkanes
16. (a) rendah / Low
(b) Tidak larut / Insoluble
(c) Tidak boleh / Cannot
(d) Larut / Soluble
(e) Kurang tumpat / Less dense
17.
Nama Formula Jisim molar Takat lebur Takat didih Keadaan fizik
Name molekul Molar mass Melting point Boiling point Physical state
Molecular formula (g mol–1) (oC) (oC)
Metana / Methane CH4 16 Gas / Gas

Etana / Ethane C2H6 30 Gas / Gas
Propana / Propane C3H8 44 Gas / Gas
Butana / Butane C4H10 58 Gas / Gas
Pentana / Pentane C5H12 72 Cecair / Liquid
Bertambah Bertambah
Heksana / Hexane C6H14 86 Increase Increase Cecair / Liquid
Heptana / Heptane C7H16 100 Cecair / Liquid
Oktana /Octane C8H18 114 Cecair /Liquid
Nonana /Nonane C9H20 128 Cecair / Liquid
Dekana /Decane C10H22 142 Cecair / Liquid
18. cecair / liquids

19. (a) (i) bertambah / increases
(ii) bertambah kuat / become stronger
(iii) Lebih banyak / molekul
More / molecules
(b) bertambah / increases
(c) susah / less
Sifat-sifat fizik alkena
Physical properties of alkenes
20. (a) rendah / Low
(b) Tidak larut / Insoluble
(c) Tidak boleh / Cannot
(d) Larut / Soluble
(e) Kurang tumpat / Less dense

21.
Molecular formula (g mol–1) (oC) (oC)
Etena / Ethene C2H4 28 Gas / Gas

Propena / Propene C3H6 42 Gas / Gas
Butena / Butene C4H8 56 Gas / Gas
Pentena / Pentene C5H10 70 Bertambah Bertambah Cecair / Liquid
Increase Increase
Heksena / Hexene C6H12 84 Cecair / Liquid
Heptena / Heptene C7H14 98 Cecair / Liquid
Oktena / Octene C8H16 112 Cecair / Liquid
Nonena / Nonene C9H18 126 Cecair / Liquid
Dekena / Decene C10H20 140 Cecair / Liquid
22. Etena / propena / butena / cecair

Ethene / propene / butene / liquids
23. (a) bertambah / increase
(i) molekul / bertambah
Molecular / increases
(ii) daya van der Waals / van der Waals forces
(iii) haba / mengatasi / molekul
heat / overcome/ molecules
(b) Kelikatan / ketumpatan
Viscocity / density
(c) terbakar / flammable
Sifat-sifat fizik alkuna
Physical properties of alkynes
24. (a) tak tepu / Unsaturated
(b) pelarut organik / air
organic solvents / water
(c) mengkonduksi / conduct
(d) rendah / low
25. lebih tinggi / tarikan antara molekul / lebih kuat
higher / stronger / attraction between molecules
26.
Molecular (g mol–1) (oC) (oC)
formula
(CnH2n-2)
Etuna / Ethyne C2H2 26 – 80.8 – 84.0 Gas / Gas
Propuna / Propyne C3H4 40 – 102.7 – 23.0 Gas / Gas
But-1-una / But-1-yne C4H6 54 – 125.7 – 8.1 Gas / Gas
Pent-1-una / Pent-1-yne C5H8 68 – 106.0 40.2 Cecair / Liquid
Heks-1-una / Hex-1-yne C6H10 82 – 132.0 71.0 Cecair / Liquid
Hept-1-una / Hept-1-yne C7H12 96 – 81.0 99.0 Cecair / Liquid
27. Etuna / propuna / but-1-una / cecair
Ethyne / propyne / but-1-yne / liquid
28. molekul / bertambah

molecule / increases

Sifat-sifat fizik alkohol

Physical properties of alcohols
29.
Keadaan fizik pada Cecair
suhu bilik Liquid
Physical state at room
temperature
Keterlarutan dalam air • Alkohol dengan rantai hidrokarbon yang lebih kecil seperti metanol, etanol dan propanol
Solubility in water sangat larut dalam air.
Alkohol with a smaller hydrocarbon chain such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol are very soluble in water.
• Heksanol sedikit larut dalam air.
Hexanol is slightly soluble in water.
Warna (cecair) Tak berwarna
Colour (of the liquid) Colourless
Takat lebur Takat lebur rendah. Takat lebur bertambah apabila bilangan atom karbon dalam molekul alkohol
Melting point bertambah.
Low melting point. Melting point increases as the number of carbon atoms in an alcohol molecule increases.
Takat didih Takat didih rendah. Contoh: takat didih etanol ialah 78oC, lebih rendah daripada takat didih air
Boiling point (100oC).
Low boiling point. Example: boling point of ethanol is 78oC, lower than boiling point of water (100oC).
Kemeruapan / Volatility Mudah meruap / Easily volatile
Nyalaan Terbakar dalam nyalaan biru.
Flame Burnt with a blue flame.
Sifat-sifat fizik asid karboksilik

Physical properties of carboxylic acid
30.
Keadaan fizik
(pada suhu bilik) Cecair
Physical state Liquid
(at room temperature)
Larut dalam air. Keterlarutan dalam air berkurang apabila bilangan atom karbon per molekul
Keterlarutan dalam air
Solubility in water bertambah.
Dissolve in water. The solubility in water decreases as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases.
Warna (cecair) Tak berwarna

Colour (of liquid) Colourless
Bau / Odour Tajam / Sharp
Takat lebur / Melting point Rendah / Low
• Takat didih rendah. Takat didih meningkat dengan peningkatan bilangan atom karbon per
molekul.
Low boiling point. Boiling point increases with increasing number of carbon atoms per molecule.
Takat didih
Boiling point • Takat didih asid karboksilik lebih tinggi daripada alkena yang sama bilangan atom
karbonnya disebabkan kehadiran ikatan hidrogen antara molekul asid.
Boiling points of carboxylic acids are higher than alkenes with the same number of carbon atoms due to
the presence of hydrogen bond between the acid molecules.
Kekonduksian elektrik Boleh mengkonduksi elektrik kerana mempunyai ion yang bebas bergerak.
Electrical conductivity
Can conduct electricity because there are free-moving ions.
Nilai pH / pH value Kurang daripada 7 (rasa masam, mengakis) / Less than 7 (sour taste, corrosive)

Tugasan 2
• Heksena mempunyai lebih banyak bilangan atom karbon per molekul daripada etena.
Hexene has a greater number of carbon atoms per molecule than ethene.
• Saiz molekul heksena lebih besar daripada etena. / Size of the hexene molecule is bigger than the ethene molecule.
• Daya tarikan antara molekul heksena lebih kuat. / Forces of attraction between hexene molecules are stronger.
• Lebih banyak tenaga haba diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara molekul heksena.
More heat energy is needed to overcome the forces of attraction between hexene molecules.
Sifat Kimia dan Saling Pertukaran antara Siri Homolog

2.3 Chemical Properties and Interconversion between Homologous Series
Sifat kimia alkana

Chemical properties of Alkanes
1. organik / organic
2. oksigen / halogen
oxygen / halogen
3. (a) karbon dioksida / air
carbon dioxide / water
(b) C3H8 + 5 O 3 CO + 4 HO
2 2 2
(c)
Alkana Persamaan kimia seimbang Alkana Persamaan kimia seimbang
Alkane Balanced chemical equation Alkane Balanced chemical equation
Metana Butana 13
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O C4H10 + O → 4CO2 + 5H2O
Methane Butane
2 2
Etana 7
Ethane
C2H6 + O → 2CO2 + 3H2O
2 2 Pentana C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6H2O
Pentane
Propana C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Propane
(d) tidak lengkap / Incomplete

(e) tenaga haba / heat energy
(f) sukar / berjelaga / karbon / karbon
difficult / soot / carbon / carbon
4. (a) (i) hidrogen / cahaya matahari
hydrogen / sunlight
(ii) ikatan kovalen / atom hidrogen dan klorin
covalent bonds / hydrogen and chlorine atoms
(c) dibromometana / tetrabromometana
dibromomethane / tetrabromomethane
Tugasan 3
(a) Alkana/ Alkane
(b) Tindak balas penukargantian/ Substitution reaction
(c) C2H6 + Br2 → C2H5Br + HBr
(d) Warna perang wap bromin menjadi tidak berwarna.

Brown colour of bromine vapour becomes colourless.

Sifat kimia alkena

Chemical properties of alkenes
5. reaktif / ganda dua
reactive / double
6. (a) karbon dioksida / air
carbon dioxide / water
(b)
Alkena Persamaan kimia seimbang Alkena Persamaan kimia seimbang
Alkene Balanced chemical equation Alkene Balanced chemical equation
Etena / Ethene C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O Butena / Butene C4H8 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 4H2O
9
Propena / Propene C3H6 + O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O Pentena / Pentene C5H10 + O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O
2
(c) tidak lengkap / Incomplete
(i) 2C
(ii) 2CO
(d) (i) jelaga / peratus karbon mengikut jisim
soot / mass percentage of carbon
(ii)
Hidrokarbon setara / Corresponding hydrocarbon Propana / Propane C3H8 Propena / Propene C3H6
Peratus karbon mengikut jisim Peratus karbon mengikut jisim
Mass percentage of carbon Mass percentage of carbon
Peratus karbon mengikut jisim 12 × 3 12 × 3
Mass percentage of carbon = 12 × 3 + 8 × 1 × 100% = 12 × 3 + 6 × 1 × 100%
= 81.81% = 85.71%
(iii) lebih tinggi / lebih banyak
higher / more
7.
(a) Penambahan dengan hidrogen (Penghidrogenan)
Addition of hydrogen (Hydrogenation)
Bahan tindak balas Alkena dan hidrogen
Reactants
Alkene and hydrogen
Hasil tindak balas Alkana
Product Alkane
Keadaan tindak balas Mangkin: Nikel / Platinum
Condition of reaction Catalyst: Nickle / Platinum
Suhu /Temperature: 180oC
Contoh tindak balas Apabila campuran gas etena dan hidrogen dialirkan melalui nikel pada suhu 180oC, etana terhasil.
Example of reaction When a mixture of ethene and hydrogen gas is channelled through nickel at the temperature of 180oC, ethane is
produced.
Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation
C2H4 + H2 → C2H6
(b) Penambahan dengan halogen (Penghalogenan)

Addition of halogen (Halogenation)
Bahan tindak balas Alkena dan halogen

Reactants Alkene and halogen
Hasil tindak balas Dihaloalkana (dikloroalkana, dibromoalkana)

Product Dihaloalkane (dichloroalkane, dibromoalkane)
Contoh tindak balas (i) Gas klorin bertindak balas dengan gas etena untuk menghasilkan 1,2-dikloroetana.
Example of reaction Chlorine gas reacts with ethene gas to produce 1,2-dichloroethane.
(ii) Gas bromin bertindak balas dengan gas etena untuk menghasilkan 1,2-dibromoetana.
Bromine gas reacts with ethene gas to produce 1,2-dibromoethane.
Persamaan kimia Cl2

Chemical equation (i) C2H4 + → C2H4Cl2 (ii) C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2

(c) Penambahan dengan hidrogen halida

Addition of hydrogen halide
Bahan tindak balas Alkena dan hidrogen halida (HCl / HBr / HI)
Reactants Alkene and hydrogen halide (HCl / HBr / HI)
Hasil tindak balas Haloalkana (kloroalkana, bromoalkana, iodoalkana)

Product Haloalkane (chloroalkane, bromoalkane, iodoalkane)
Contoh tindak balas (i) Gas hidrogen klorida bertindak balas dengan gas etena pada suhu bilik untuk menghasilkan
Example of reaction kloroetana.
Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with ethene gas at room temperature to produce chloroethane.
(ii) Gas hidrogen bromida bertindak balas dengan gas etena pada suhu bilik untuk menghasilkan
bromoetana.
Hydrogen bromide gas reacts with ethene gas at room temperature to produce bromoethane.
(iii) Gas hidrogen iodida bertindak balas dengan gas etena pada suhu bilik untuk menghasilkan
iodooetana.
Hydrogen iodide gas reacts with ethene gas at room temperature to produce iodoethane.
Persamaan kimia (i) C2H4 + HCl → C2H5Cl

Chemical equation
C2H4
(ii) + HBr → C2H5Br
(iii) C2H4 + HI → C2H5I
(d) Penambahan dengan stim / air (Penghidratan)

Addition of steam / water (Hydration)
Bahan tindak balas Alkena dan air / stim

Reactants Alkene and water / steam
Hasil tindak balas Alkohol

Product Alcohol
Keadaan tindak balas Mangkin / Catalyst: asid fosforik pekat / concentrated phosphoric acid
Condition of reaction Suhu / Temperature: 300oC
Tekanan / Pressure: 60 atm
Contoh tindak balas Apabila campuran gas etena dan stim / wap air dialirkan melalui asid fosforik pekat pada suhu
Example of reaction 300oC dan tekanan 60 atm, etanol terhasil.
When a mixture of ethene gas and steam/ water vapour is channeled through concentrated phosphoric acid at the
temperature of 300oC and pressure of 60 atm, ethanol is produced.
Persamaan kimia C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

Chemical equation
(e) Penambahan dengan kumpulan hidroksil (Pengoksidaan)

Addition of hydroxyl groups (Oxidation)
Bahan tindak balas Alkena dan agen pengoksidaan (larutan KMnO4 berasid atau larutan K2Cr2O7 berasid)
Reactants Alkene and oxidising agent (acidified KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7 solution)
Hasil tindak balas Diol

Product Diol
Contoh tindak balas Etena bertindak balas dengan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid untuk menghasilkan etana-1, 2-diol
Example of reaction Ethene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) to produce ethane-1, 2-diol.
Persamaan kimia C2H4 + H2O + [O] → C2H4(OH)2

Chemical equation
(f) Penambahan pempolimeran

Addition polymerisation
Bahan tindak balas Alkena (Monomer)

Reactants Alkene (Monomer)

Hasil tindak balas Polialkena (Polimer)

Product Polyalkene (Polymer)
Keadaan tindak balas Suhu / Temperature: 200oC

Condition of reaction Tekanan / Pressure: 1000 atm
Contoh tindak balas Beribu-ribu molekul etena (monomer) terikat bersama untuk membentuk molekul berantai
Example of reaction panjang yang besar yang dikenali sebagai polietena (polimer) melalui tindak balas penambahan /
pempolimeran
Thousands of ethene molecules (monomers) combine to form large long chain molecules known as polyethene
(polymer) through the addition / polymerisation reaction.
Persamaan kimia nn C
C222HH444 (C222H
-(C H444))-
nn
Chemical equation
H HH HH HH

H
nn C
C CC CC CC
H
H HH HH HH n
nn
Etena
Etana Polietena
Politena
Ethene
Ethane Polyethene
Polythene

8.
Sifat kimia Heksana Heksena

Chemical properties Hexane Hexene
Pembakaran Terbakar dengan nyalaan kuning dan Terbakar dengan nyalaan kuning dan lebih
Combustion kurang berjelaga. berjelaga.
Burns with a yellow flame and less soot. Burns with a yellow flame and more soot.
Tindak balas dengan air bromin Tiada perubahan Warna perang air bromin dinyahwarnakan.
Reaction with bromine water No change Brown colour of bromine water is decolourised.
Tindak balas dengan larutan kalium Tiada perubahan Warna ungu larutan kalium manganat(VII)
manganat(VII) berasid No change berasid dinyahwarnakan.
Reaction with acidified potassium Purple colour of acidified potassium manganat(VII)
manganat(VII) solution solution is decolourised.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion
1. Alkena menghasilkan lebih banyak jelaga berbanding dengan alkana apabila dibakar.
Alkenes produce more soot than alkanes when they are burnt in the air.
2. Alkena menyahwarnakan warna perang air bromin tetapi alkana tidak.

Alkenes decolourise brown colour of bromine water but alkanes do not.
3. Alkena menyahwarnakan warna ungu larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid tetapi alkana tidak.
Alkenes decolourise purple colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII) but alkanes do not.
4. Alkena ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu, manakala alkana ialah hidrokarbon tepu.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, but alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

9.
Alkana Alkena
Alkane Alkene
(a) Karbon dan hidrogen Karbon dan hidrogen

Carbon and hydrogen Carbon and hydrogen
(b) Ikatan tunggal Ikatan ganda dua / dubel

Single bond Double bond
(c) Lebih rendah Lebih tinggi

Lower Higher
(d) Kurang jelaga Lebih jelaga

Less soot More soot
Tugasan 4
A: Penghidrogenan / Penambahan dengan hidrogen D: Penghidratan / Penambahan dengan air
Hydrogenation / Addition of hydrogen Hydration / Addition of water
B: Penghalogenan / Penambahan dengan halogen E: Pengoksidaan / Penambahan dengan kumpulan

Halogenation / Addition of halogen hidroksil / Penambahan dengan larutan kalium
manganat(VII) berasid / Penambahan dengan larutan
kalium dikromat(VI) berasid
Oxidation / Addition of hydroxyl groups / Addition with
acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution / Addition with
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution
C: Penambahan dengan hidrogen halida F: Pempolimeran

Addition of hydrogen halide Polymerisation
Penyediaan etanol Perbincangan / Discussion:

Preparation of ethanol 1. zimase / etanol / karbon dioksida
zymase / ethanol / carbon dioxide
10. (a) (i) penghidratan etena / hydration of ethena 2. C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
(ii) gas etena / stim // air / asid fosforik pekat /
3. etanol dan air / penyulingan berperingkat / didih
300oC / 60 atm ethanol and water / fractional distillation / boiling
ethene gas / steam // water / concentrated phosphoric
acid / 300oC / 60 atm Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
(iii) C2H4 + H2O penapaian / fermentation
(b) (i) proses penapaian
fermentation process
11. (a) Karbon dioksida dan air
Carbon dioxide and water
(ii) karbohidrat / etanol
carbohydrates / ethanol
(b) Asid karboksilik
Carboxylic acid
(iii) 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
(c) Alkena
Alkene
Aktiviti 2.1
Pemerhatian / Observation: Pembakaran etanol
1. gelembung-gelembung gas / gas bubbles Combustion of ethanol
2. keruh / cloudy 12. (a) biru muda / lengkap / karbon
3. cecair tidak berwarna / colourless liquid pale-blue / complete / carbon
Inferens / Inference: (b) C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
karbon dioksida / etanol (c) baik / haba
Carbon dioxide / ethanol good / heat

13.
Pemerhatian / Observations
1. Warna jingga larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid menjadi hijau. 1. Gas tanpa warna dikumpulkan di dalam tabung
The orange colour of acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution turns green. uji.
2. Hasil sulingan ialah cecair tidak berwarna yang berbau seperti A colourless gas is collected in the test tube.
cuka. 2. Gas itu menukarkan warna perang air bromin
The distillate is a colourless liquid smells like vinegar. kepada tidak berwarna.
3. Hasil turasan menukarkan warna kertas litmus biru lembap kepada The gas changed the brown colour of bromine water to
merah. colourless.
The distillate turns moist blue litmus paper to red.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion
Pengoksidaan etanol dengan agen pengoksidaan seperti larutan kalium Pendehidratan etanol menghasilkan etena.
dikromat(VI) berasid menghasilkan asid etanoik. Dehydration of ethanol produces ethene.
Oxidation of ethanol with an oxidising agent such as acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) solution produces ethanoic acid.
Tugasan 5
(a) Proses / Process I: Penghidratan / Hydration
Sebatian / Compound Q: Etanol / Ethanol
(b) C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
(c) Mangkin nikel / platinum digunakan, suhu pada 180oC.

Catalyst nickel / platinum is used, temperature at 180oC.
(d) Wul kaca + etanol

Glass wool + ethanol
Serpihan porselin
Porcelain chips Etana
Ethene
Panaskan
Heat
Air
Water
Penyediaan asid etanoik 18. (a) Dapat mengekalkan etanol yang mudah meruap
Preparation of ethanoic acid semasa pemanasan.
Can maintain the volatile ethanol during heating.
14. (a) etanol / ethanol (b) Dapat mengkondensasi gas etanol yang belum lagi
(b) kalium dikromat(VI) berasid / kalium manganat(VII) dioksidakan.
berasid Can condense ethanol gas that has not yet been oxidised.
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) / acidified potassium
manganate(VII) Sifat kimia asid karboksilik
15. refluks / reflux Chemical properties of carboxylic acids
16. jingga / hijau 19. (b) karbon dioksida / carbon dioxide
orange / green (c) Garam karboksilat + gas hidrogen
17. C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O Carboxylate salt + hydrogen gas

Aktiviti 2.2
Pepejal putih terhasil. Pembuakan berlaku. Gas tidak Pembuakan berlaku. Gas yang terbebas
White solid is produced. berwarna yang terbebas mengeruhkan menghasilkan bunyi “pop”.
air kapur. Effervescence occurs. Gas released produces a
“pop” sound.
Effervescence occurs. Colourless gas released
turns the limewater cloudy.
Inferens/ Inference
Natrium etanoat terhasil. Gas karbon dioksida yang mengeruhkan Gas hidrogen terbebas.
Sodium ethanoate is produced. air kapur terhasil. Hydrogen gas is produced.
Carbon dioxide gas that turns the limewater
cloudy is produced.
Kesimpulan / Conclusions
1. Asid etanoik bertindak balas dengan bes untuk menghasilkan garam etanoat dan air.
Ethanoic acid reacts with base to produce ethanoate salt and water.
2. Asid etanoik bertindak balas dengan karbonat logam untuk membentuk garam etanoat, air dan gas karbon dioksida.
Ethanoic acid reacts with metal carbonate to form an ethanoate salt, water dan carbon dioxide gas.
3. Asid etanoik bertindak balas dengan logam reaktif untuk menghasilkan garam etanoat dan gas hidrogen.
Ethanoic acid reacts with reactive metal to form an ethanoate salt and hydrogen gas.
Ester
Esters
20. (a) (i) CnH2n+1COOH

(ii) CmH2m+1OH
(b) (i) C3H7COOH
(ii) CH3OH
(c) (i) Metil / Methyl
(ii) Butanoat / Butanoate
(iii) Metil butanoat / Methyl butanoate
21.
Bahan tindak balas Asid metanoik dan etanol Asid propanoik dan butanol
Reactants Methanoic acid and ethanol Propanoic acid and butanol
Persamaan kimia C2H5COOH + C4H9OH →

Chemical equation HCOOH + C2H5OH → HCOOC2H5 + H2O
C2H5COOC4H9 + H2O
Formula struktur ester O H H H H O H H H H

terhasil
Structural formula of ester H C O C C H H C C C O C C C C H
produced
H H H H H H H H
Nama ester terhasil Etil metanoat Butil propanoat

Name of ester produced Ethyl methanoate Butyl propanoate
22. (a) buah-buahan / fruity Aktiviti 2.3

(b) cecair tak berwarna/ colourless liquid
(c) ketumpatan / density Pemerhatian / Observation
(d) Tidak larut / Insoluble Cecair tidak berwarna terhasil / Colourless liquid is produced
(e) sangat meruap / Very volatile
Berbau buah-buahan / Fruity smell
(f) pelarut organik / organic solvents

Perbincangan / Discussion: 2.
1. mangkin / pengering
catalyst / drying agent Perbandingan sifat isomer
Comparison of isomer properties
2. etil etanoat / ester
ethyl ethanoate / ester
Sifat fizik Sifat kimia
3. CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O Physical property Chemical property
23. (b) Propil etanoat, CH3COOC3H7

Propyl ethanoate, CH3COOC3H7

(c) Etil butanoat, C3H7COOC2H5 Takat lebur, takat didih dan Sama kerana mempunyai
Ethyl butanoate, C3H7COOC2H5
ketumpatan yang berbeza. kumpulan berfungsi yang
(d) Propil metanoat, HCOOC3H7 Melting and boiling points, and sama.
Propyl methanoate, HCOOC3H7 density are different. Same because of same
functional group.
Isomer dan Penamaan Mengikut IUPAC

2.4 Isomer and Naming According to IUPAC 3. pembakaran / penukargantian
combustion / substitution
1. sama / berbeza
same / different
4.
Formula Formula struktur dan nama IUPAC Bilangan
molekul Structural formula and IUPAC name isomer
Molecular formula Number of isomers
H C H
Tiada isomer
CH4
H No isomer
Metana
Methane
H H
H C C H
Tiada isomer
C2H6
H H No isomer
Etana
Ethane
H H H
H C C C H
Tiada isomer
C3H8
H H H No isomer
Propana
Propane
H H H
H H H H
H C C C H
H C C C C H
H H
H H H H 2 isomer
C4H10
H C H 2 isomers
Butana
Butane H
2-metilpropana
2-methylpropane

H H H H H
H C C C C C H H
H H H H H H C H
Pentana H H
Pentane
H C C C H
H H H H 3 isomer
C5H12 H H
3 isomers
H C C C C H
H C H
H H H
H
H C H
2,2-dimetilpropana
2,2-dimethylpropane
H
2-metilbutana
2-methylbutane
5.
Formula molekul Formula struktur dan nama IUPAC Bilangan isomer
Molecular formula Structural formula and IUPAC name Number of isomers
H H
H C C H Tiada isomer
C2H4 No isomer
Etena
Ethene
H H H
H C C C H
Tiada isomer
C3H6
H No isomer
Propena
Propene
H H H H H
H C C C C H H C H
H H H H
But-1-ena
H C C C H
But-1-ene
3 isomer
C4H8 H
H H H H 3 isomers
2-metilpropena
H C C C C H 2-methylpropene
H H
But-2-ena
But-2-ene

H H H H H
Kimia Tingkatan 5 Jawapan H H C C C C C H
H C H H H H
H H H H H H HH H HH HH Pent-2-ena
Pent-2-ene
H C C C C CH H H CH CC CC CC CC HH
H HH HC H H HH HH H
Pent-1-enaH H H Pent-2-ena
2-metilbut-1-ena H C H
Pent-1-ene Pent-2-ene
H H H H 2-methylbut-1-ene
H
H C C C C H H H H
H H C C C C C HH
H H H C C C C H
H C H 2-metilbut-1-ena H H HH CC HH
H H
2-methylbut-1-ene H H HPent-2-ena
H H
H H H H HH
Pent-2-ene HH H 3-metilbut-1-ena
H
H HC C C C H H C C C C CHHC C C C H
H C C C C H
3-methylbut-1-ene
H C H H C H H HH H 5 isomer
C5H10 H H H H HH H 5 isomers
H 2-metilbut-1-ena
H H H H H Pent-2-ena
H C H 2-metilbut-2-ena
2-methylbut-1-ene Pent-2-ene 3-metilbut-1-ena
2-methylbut-2-ene
3-methylbut-1-ene
H C C C CH HC C C C H H H H
H
H H H H H H CHC C C H
H C H
2-metilbut-1-ena H C HH
2-metilbut-2-ena H
2-methylbut-1-ene 2-methylbut-2-ene
H H H H H3-metilbut-1-ena
H
HHC C C C H H C
3-methylbut-1-ene
C C C H
H CHH H H H H
H H H
2-metilbut-2-ena 3-metilbut-1-ena
2-methylbut-2-ene 3-methylbut-1-ene
H C C C C H
H H H
6.
2-metilbut-2-ena
Formula molekul 2-methylbut-2-eneFormula struktur dan nama IUPAC Bilangan isomer
H C C H
Etuna Tiada isomer

C2H2 Ethyne No isomer
H C C C H
H Tiada isomer
C3H4 No isomer
Propuna
Propyne
H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C H
2 isomer
C4H6
H H H H 2 isomers
But-1-una But-2-una
But-1-yne But-2-yne

H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H
Pent-1-una
Pent-1-yne
H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H
3 isomer
C5H8 Pent-2-una 3 isomers
Pent-2-yne
H C H
H C C C C H
H H
3-metilbut-1-una
3-methylbut-1-yne
7.
Formula molekul Formula struktur dan nama IUPAC Bilangan isomer
H C OH
Tiada isomer
CH3OH
H No isomer
Metanol
Methanol
H H
H C C OH
Tiada isomer
C2H5OH
H H No isomer
Etanol
Ethanol
H H H H H H
H C C C OH H C C C H
2 isomer
C3H7OH
H H H H OH H 2 isomers
Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol

H H H H
H C C C C OH
H H H H
Butan-1-ol
Butan-1-ol
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H OH H
4 isomer
C4H9OH Butan-2-ol 4 isomers
Butan-2-ol
H H
H C H H C H
H H H H
H C C C OH H C C C H
H H H H OH H
2-metilpropan-1-ol 2-metilpropan-2-ol
2-methylpropan-1-ol 2-methylpropan-2-ol
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C OH H C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H OH H
Pentan-1-ol Pentan-2-ol
Pentan-1-ol Pentan-2-ol
H
H H H H H
H C H
H C C C C C H
H H H
H H OH H H
Pentan-3-ol H C C C C OH
Pentan-3-ol 8 isomer
C5H11OH H H H H 8 isomers
2-metilbutan-1-ol
2-methylbutan-1-ol
H H
H C H H C H
H H H H H H
H C C C C OH H C C C C H
H H H H H H OH H
3-metilbutan-1-ol 2-metilbutan-2-ol
3-methylbutan-1-ol 2-methylbutan-2-ol
H H
H C H H C H
H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C OH
H OH H H H H
3-metilbutan-2-ol H C H
H H H H H H
H C C C C OH H C C C C H
H H H H H H OH H
3-metilbutan-1-ol 2-metilbutan-2-ol Kimia Tingkatan 5 Jawapan
3-methylbutan-1-ol 2-methylbutan-2-ol
H H
H C H H C H
H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C OH
H OH H H H H
3-metilbutan-2-ol H C H
3-methylbutan-2-ol
H
2,2-dimetilpropan-1-ol
2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol
Kegunaan Setiap Siri Homolog dalam Kehidupan Harian

Uses of Each Homologous Series in Daily Life
8.
Hidrokarbon Kegunaan Contoh
Hydrocarbon Uses Examples
Alkana Pemanasan, memasak dan Gas petroleum cecair yang mengandungi propana dan butana digunakan
Alkanes penjanaan elektrik sebagai bahan api. Gas butana juga digunakan dalam pemetik api.
Heating, cooking, and electricity Liquefied petroleum gas containing propane and butane is used as fuel. Butane gas is
generation
also used in lighters.
Alkena Pembuatan plastik Pembuatan polietena menggunakan etena.

Alkenes Manufacturing of plastic Manufacturing of polythene uses ethene.
Alkuna Memasakkan buah-buahan Etuna digunakan untuk membuat sebatian organik seperti etanol, asid
Alkynes secara buatan dan pembuatan etanoik dan asid akrilik. Etuna juga digunakan untuk menyediakan
polimer banyak pelarut organik.
Artificially ripening of fruits and Ethyne is used for making organic compounds like ethanol, ethanoic acid and acrylic
making of polymers acid. Ethyne is also used to prepare many organic solvents.
9. (a) bahan api / fuel

(b) pelarut organik / organic solvent
(c) antiseptik / batuk
antiseptic / cough
10. (a) bahan kosmetik / minyak wangi
cosmetics / perfumes
(b) perisa tiruan / artificial flavour
(c) poliester / polyester
(d) pelarut organik / organic solvent
(e)
Asid • Untuk menggumpalkan lateks. Asid sitrik Sebagai bahan tambah makanan untuk
metanoik To coagulate latex. Citric acid memberikan rasa masam kepada makanan.
Methanoic As a food additive to give food a sour taste.
• Untuk membuat pewarna, kulit tiruan dan
acid
racun serangga.
To make dyes, synthetic leather and insecticide.
Asid • Sebagai perisa makanan Asid Untuk membuat ester

etanoik As a food flavouring butanoik To make ester
Ethanoic acid • Sebagai pengawet makanan (cuka) Butanoic
acid
As a food preservative (vinegar)

11. (a) sabun / soap (b) Mana-mana dua isomer./ Any two isomers.
(b) meruap / aroma H H H H H H H H H H
volatile / aroma
H C C C C C H H C C C C C H
(c) pelarut / solvents
(d) H H H H H H
H H H
Perisa Ester
Flavouring Ester H C H H C H H C H
H H H H H H H H H
Oren Oktil etanoat H C C C C H H C C C C H H C C C C H
Orange Octyl ethanoate
H H H H H H
Pisang Pentil etanoat (c) (i) Warna perang air bromin menjadi tidak
Banana Pentyl ethanoate berwarna.
Brown colour of bromine water turns colourless.
12. mabuk / drunk (ii) C5H10 + Br2 → C5H10Br2

13. keacunan / poisoning (d) (i) Penghidratan / Hydration
14. kesihatan / health (ii) C5H11OH
(iii) Serpihan porselin
Porcelain chips
PRAKTIS SPM 2 Wul kaca

dibasahi etanol
Glass wool
soaked in ethanol
Panaskan
Soalan Objektif Heat
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D Air
Water
6. A 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. B
Soalan Struktur
Bahagian A
1. (a) Pentena / Pentene
Bahagian B
1. (a) (i)
A B C
Bilangan atom
karbon per molekul 3 3 3
Number of carbon atoms per molecule
Bilangan atom
hidrogen per molekul 6 4 8
Number of hydrogen atoms per molecule
Jenis ikatan kovalen Ikatan ganda dua antara Ikatan ganda tiga antara Ikatan tunggal
antara atom karbon atom karbon atom karbon antara atom karbon
Type of covalent bond between the carbon Double bond between the Triple bond Single bond
atoms carbon atoms between the carbon atoms between the carbon atoms
Jenis hidrokarbon Hidrokarbon tak tepu Hidrokarbon tak tepu Hidrokarbon tepu
Type of hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon Saturated hydrocarbon
Siri homolog Alkena Alkuna Alkana
Homologous series Alkene Alkyne Alkane

(ii) 1. A ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu. // A (iii)

mengandungi ikatan ganda dua antara atom
karbon. Asid butanoik Sebatian organik R
A is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. // A has a double Butanoic acid Organic compound R
bond between the carbon atoms.
2. C ialah hidrokarbon tepu. // C mengandungi
ikatan tunggal antara atom karbon. Kumpulan Karboksilat /
C is a saturated hydrocarbon. // C has a single bond Karboksil / –COOH
berfungsi Carboxyl / –COOH –COO–
between the carbon atoms.
Functional group Carboxylate /–COO–
3. A bertindak balas dengan bromin untuk
menghasilkan 1, 2-dibromopropana.
A reacts with bromine to produce
1,2-dibromopropane.
4. A mengalami tindak balas penambahan. Keterlarutan
A undergoes an addition reaction.
Tidak larut dalam
dalam air Larut dalam air
5. C tidak bertindak balas dengan bromin. // Solubility in Soluble in water air
Insoluble in water
C tidak mengalami tindak balas penambahan. water
C does not react with bromine. // C does not
undergo an addition reaction.
(b) (i) • General formula / Formula am P: CnH2n (iv) Alkohol Q: etanol
General formula / Formula am Q: CnH2n+1OH Alcohol Q: ethanol
• Kumpulan berfungsi Q / Functional group of Q: C3H7COOH + C2H5OH → C3H7COOC2H5 + H2O
Hidroksil //−OH/ Hydroxyl
(b) • Senarai bahan / List of materials:
• Q ialah propanol. / Q is a propanol
Etanol, asid butanoik, asid sulfurik pekat, air
• Formula struktur bagi semua isomer Q /
Structural formulae of all the isomers of Q: sejuk.
Ethanol, butanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid,
H H H H H H cold water.
H C C C OH H C C C H • Prosedur/ Procedures:
1. 2 cm3 asid butanoik disukat dan dituangkan
H H H H OH H ke dalam tabung didih.
2 cm3 of butanoic acid is measured and poured
Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol into a boiling tube.
2. 4 cm3 etanol ditambahkan ke dalam tabung
(ii) n C3H6 → (C3H6)n didih tersebut.
(iii) Guna asid fosforik sebagai mangkin, dijalankan 4 cm3 of ethanol is added into the boiling tube.
pada suhu 300oC dan tekanan 60 atm. 3. Beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat ditambahkan
Use the phosphoric acid as a catalyst, at the temperature dengan cermat kepada campuran.
of 300oC and pressure of 60 atm. A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is added
carefully into the mixture.
4.
Campuran tersebut dipusarkan /
Bahagian C digoncangkan sehingga sekata.
The mixture is well shaken.
3. (a) (i) (C3H6O)n = 116
5. Campuran dipanaskan dengan perlahan-
n [3(12) + 6(1) + 16] = 116
lahan untuk 2 hingga 3 minit.
n(58) = 116 The mixture is heated gently for 2 to 3 minutes.
n=2 6. Campuran dituangkan ke dalam bikar berisi
Formula molekul R air sejuk.
Molecular formula of R
The mixture is poured into a beaker of cold water.
= (C3H6O)2 = C6H12O2 • Pemerhatian / Observation:
(ii) Siri homolog bagi R: Ester Hasil berbau buah.
Homologous series of R: Ester The product has a fruity smell.
Formula struktur R / etil butanoat: • Nama ester yang terhasil: etil butanoat
Structural formula of R / ethyl butanoate: Name of the ester formed: ethyl butanoate
H H H O H H * Catatan / Note:
Ester boleh juga disediakan dengan kaedah refluks.
H C C C C O C C H Ester can also be prepared using the reflux method.
H H H H H


5.
BAB
Termokimia Tindak balas endotermik Tindak balas eksotermik
3 Thermochemcistry Endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction
Melarutkan serbuk detergen

Menggoreng telur dalam air
Perubahan Haba dalam Tindak Balas Frying an egg
3.1
Dissolving detergent powder in
Heat Change in Reactions water
Peneutralan antara cuka

1. perubahan tenaga / energy changes Melarut serbuk ammonium
dengan larutan natrium
2. perubahan haba / heat changes klorida dalam air
Dissolving ammonium chloride hidroksida
3. (a) eksotermik / Exothermic Neutralisation between vinegar
powder in water
(b) endotermik / Endothermic and sodium hydroxide solution
4. tenaga haba yang dibebaskan atau diserap dalam tindak
balas kimia Fotosintesis Pembakaran sehelai kertas
heat energy released or absorbed in a chemical reaction Photosynthesis Burning a piece of paper
Tugasan 1
1. (a)
Jenis tindak balas Tindak balas eksotermik Tindak balas endotermik
Type of reaction Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
Perubahan tenaga haba Tenaga haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran. Tenaga haba diserap dari persekitaran.
Change in heat energy Heat energy is released to the surroundings. Heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
Perubahan bacaan Bacaan termometer akhir lebih tinggi daripada Bacaan termometer akhir lebih rendah
termometer bacaan termometer awal. daripada bacaan termometer awal.
Change in thermometer Final thermometer reading is higher than initial Final thermometer reading is lower than initial
readings thermometer reading. thermometer reading.
Perubahan suhu Suhu persekitaran meningkat. Suhu persekitaran menurun.

persekitaran Surrounding temperature increases. Surrounding temperature decreases.
Change in surrounding
temperature
Contoh tindak balas 1. Serbuk natrium hidroksida + air suling 1. Serbuk ammonium nitrat + air suling
Examples of reaction Sodium hydroxide powder + distilled water Ammonium nitrate powder + distilled water
2. Serbuk kalsium klorida + air suling 2. Serbuk natrium tiosulfat + air suling
Calcium chloride powder + distilled water Sodium thiosulphate powder + distilled water
(b)
Tindak balas eksotermik Tindak balas endotermik
Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions
Tenaga / Energy Tenaga / Energy
NaOH(p) + H2O(ce) NH4NO3(ak)

NaOH(s) + H2O(l) NH4NO3(aq)
∆H = –x kJ mol–1 ∆H = +y kJ mol–1
NaOH(ak) NH4NO3(p) + H2O(ce)
NaOH(aq) NH4NO3(s) + H2O(l)

CaCI2(p) + H2O(ce) Na2S2O3(ak)

CaCI2(s) + H2O(l) Na2S2O3(aq)
∆H = –x kJ mol–1 ∆H = +y kJ mol–1
CaCI2(ak) Na2S2O3(p) + H2O(ce)
CaCI2(aq) Na2S2O3(s) + H2O(l)
2. 3.
(a) Pb2+(ak) + SO42–(ak) → PbSO4(p)

(a) Haba diserap.
Pb2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → PbSO4(s)
Heat is absorbed.
(b) Haba dibebaskan.

Heat is released. (b) Menurun
Decreases
(c) Meningkat.
Increases.
(c) Endotermik / Endothermic
(d) Eksotermik / Exothermic Haba diserap. / Heat is absorbed.
Haba dibebaskan. / Heat is released.
(e) Perubahan haba / Heat change (d) Perubahan haba / Heat change
= 0.5 × 50 = 4 × 51
= 25 kJ = 204 kJ
(f) Tenaga / Energy Tenaga / Energy

(e)
Pb2+(ak) + SO42–(ak) C2H4(g)
Pb2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) C2H4(g)
∆H = –50 kJ mol–1
∆H = +51 kJ mol–1
PbSO4(p) 2H2(g) + 2C(p)
PbSO4(s)
2H2(g) + 2C(s)
Haba Tindak Balas

3.2 Heat of Reaction
Haba pemendakan
Heat of precipitation
1. tidak larut dalam air

insoluble
2. tindak balas pemendakan /tindak balas penguraian ganda dua
precipitation reaction / double decomposition reaction
3. 1 mol mendakan terbentuk daripada ion-ionnya dalam larutan akueus

1 mole of a precipitate is formed from its ions in aqueous solution

4.
Persamaan kimia Cu(NO3)2(ak) + 2NaOH(ak) → Cu(OH)2(p) + FeCl3(ak) + 3KOH(ak) → Fe(OH)3(p) +
seimbang 2NaNO3(ak) 3KCl(ak)
Balanced chemical equation Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + FeCl3(aq) + 3KOH(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s) + 3KCl(aq)
2NaNO3(aq)
Persamaan ion Cu2+(ak) + 2OH–(ak) → Cu(OH)2(p) Fe3+(ak) + 3OH–(ak) → Fe(OH)3(p)

Ionic equation Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)
Nama mendakan Kuprum(II) hidroksida Ferum(III) hidroksida

Precipitate name Copper(II) hydroxide Iron(III) hydroxide
Warna mendakan Biru Perang kemerahan

Colour of precipitate Blue Reddish-brown
5. (a) (i) (28.0 + 29.0) (g) mengurangkan haba yang diserap dari persekitaran.
2 reduce heat absorbed from the surroundings
= 28.5 oC (h) Untuk mengurangkan haba yang hilang ke
(ii) 28.5 – 22.5 persekitarannya.
= 6.0 oC To reduce heat loss to the surroundings.
(iii) = (50 + 50) (4.2) (6.0) (i) 1. larutan mencapai suhu tetap
the solution has reached a constant temperature
= 2520 J
2. segera
(1.0)(50) immedietely
(iv) n =
1000 3. suhu campuran yang sekata diperoleh
= 0.05 mol a uniform temperature of the mixture is obtained
(1.0)(50)
(v) n =

1000
= 0.05 mol Tugasan 2
(b) (i) Mg(NO3)2(ak) + Na2CO3(ak) → MgCO3(p) +
2NaNO3(ak) (a) AgNO3(ak) + NaCl(ak) → AgCl(p) + NaNO3(ak)
Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → MgCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) AgNO3(aq) + NaCI(aq)→ AgCI(s) + NaNO3(aq)
(ii)
Mg2+(ak) + CO32–(ak) → MgCO3(p) (b) Ag+(ak) + Cl–(ak) → AgCl(p)
Mg2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → MgCO3(s) Ag+(aq) + CI–(aq) → AgCI(s)
(c) (i) n = 0.05 mol (28.0 + 29.0)
(c) =
Q 2
(ii) ∆H = = 28.5 oC
n
2520
= Perubahan suhu / Temperature change, θ
0.05
= + 50400 J mol–1 = 32.5 – 28.5
= + 50.4 kJ mol–1 = 4.0 oC
(d) endotermik / positif(+) / + 50.4 kJ mol–1 Perubahan haba / Heat change, Q

endothermic / positive(+) / + 50.4 kJ mol –1 = (50 + 50) (4.2) (4.0)
= 1680 J
(e) (i) MgCO3(p) + 2NaNO3(ak) ∆H = +50.4 kJ
Bilangan mol AgNO3 / Number of moles of AgNO3
mol–1
(1.0) (50)
MgCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) ∆H = +50.4 kJ mol–1 n =
1000

(ii) MgCO3(p) ∆H = +50.4 kJ mol–1 = 0.05 mol

MgCO3(s) ∆H = +50.4 kJ mol–1
Bilangan mol NaCl / Number of moles of NaCI
(f) Tenaga / Energy (1.0) (50)
n =
1000
MgCO3(p) = 0.05 mol
MgCO3(s)
Bilangan mol AgCl terbentuk / Number of moles of AgCI
formed
= Bilangan mol Ag+ / Number of moles of Ag+
∆H = +50.4 kJ mol–1 = Bilangan mol Cl– / Number of moles of Cl–
Mg (ak) + CO3 (ak)
2+ 2–
= 0.05 mol
Mg2+(aq) + CO32–(aq)

Haba pemendakan AgCl / Heat of precipitation of AgCl

1680
=
0.05
= –33600 J mol–1
= –33.6 kJ mol–1
(d) AgNO3(ak) + NaCl(ak) → AgCl(p) + NaNO3(ak) ΔH = –33.6 kJ mol–1
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) ΔH = –33.6 kJ mol–1
Ag+(ak) + Cl-( ak) → AgCl(p) ΔH = –33.6 kJ mol–1
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) ΔH =–33.6 kJ mol–1
(e) Tenaga / Energy
Ag+(ak) + CI–(ak)
Ag+(aq) + CI–(aq)
∆H = –33.6 kJ mol–1
AgCI(p)
AgCI(s)
Haba penyesaran
Heat of displacement
1. lebih / more
2. lebih tinggi / higher
3. 1 mol logam disesarkan oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif daripada larutan garamnya
1 mole of metal is displaced by a more electropositive metal from its salt solution
4.
Persamaan kimia seimbang 2AgNO3(ak) + Zn(p) → Zn(NO3)2(ak) + 2Ag(p) CuCl2(ak) + Fe(p) → FeCl2(ak) + Cu(p)
Balanced chemical equation 2AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s) CuCl2(aq) + Fe(s) → FeCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
Persamaan ion 2Ag+(ak) + Zn(p) → Zn2+(ak) + 2Ag(p) Cu2+(ak) + Fe(p) → Fe2+(ak) + Cu(p)
Ionic equation 2Ag+(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) Cu2+(aq) + Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Nama logam yang disesarkan Argentum Kuprum

Name of displaced metal Silver Copper
Eksperimen 3.1
Apabila logam yang lebih elektropositif digunakan untuk menyesarkan kuprum, magnitud haba penyesaran lebih
tinggi.
When a more electropositive metal is used to displace copper, the magnitude of heat of displacement is higher.
Logam lebih elektropositif yang berlainan / Different more electropositive metals
Haba penyesaran kuprum / Heat of displacement of copper
Dimalarkan / Constant:
Kepekatan dan isi padu larutan kuprum(II) nitrat, cawan polistirena, dan jisim serbuk logam.
Concentration and volume of copper(II) nitrate solution, polystyrene cup, and mass of metal powder.

Penghitungan / Calculation:
Set I II
Serbuk logam yang ditambah Magnesium Zink

Metal powder added Magnesium Zinc
Perubahan suhu, θ (°C) 35.5 – 28.0 33.5 – 28.5

Temperature change, θ (°C) = 7.5 = 5.0
Perubahan haba, Q = mcθ (J) (50) (4.2) (7.5) (50) (4.2) (5.0)
Heat change, Q = mcθ(J) = 1575 = 1050
(0.1)(50) (0.1)(50)
Bilangan mol Cu(NO3)2 1000 1000
Number of moles of Cu(NO3)2
= 0.005 mol = 0.005 mol
Bilangan mol Cu yang disesarkan
= Bilangan mol ion Cu2+, n 0.005 mol 0.005 mol
Number of moles of Cu that is displaced
= Number of moles of Cu2+ ion, n
1575 1050
Q
Haba penyesaran, ∆H = n 0.005 0.005
Q = –315000 J mol–1 = –210000 J mol–1
Heat of displacement, ∆H =
n = –315 kJ mol–1 = –210 kJ mol–1
[Catatan: Terdapat peningkatan suhu semasa tindak balas penyesaran; haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran. Oleh itu, tindak balas
penyesaran kuprum ialah tindak balas eksotermik dan ∆H bernilai negatif (–).
Remarks: Since there is an increase in temperature during the displacement reaction, heat is released to the surroundings. Thus, the displacement
reaction of copper is an exothermic reaction and ∆H is negative (–).]
Set Serbuk logam yang ditambah Persamaan kimia seimbang untuk tindak balas penyesaran
Metal powder added Balanced chemical equation for displacement reaction
I Magnesium Mg(p) + Cu(NO3)2(ak) → Mg(NO3)2(ak) + Cu(p)

Magnesium Mg(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
II Zink Zn(p) + Cu(NO3)2(ak) → Zn(NO3)2(ak) + Cu(p)

Zinc Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
Set Serbuk logam yang ditambah Persamaan ion untuk tindak balas penyesaran
Metal powder added Ionic equation for displacement reaction
I Magnesium Mg(p) + Cu2+(ak) → Mg2+(ak) + Cu(p)

Magnesium Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
II Zink Zn(p) + Cu2+(ak) → Zn2+(ak) + Cu(p)

Zinc Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Set Serbuk logam yang ditambah Persamaan termokimia untuk tindak balas penyesaran
Metal powder added Thermochemical equation for displacement reaction
I Magnesium Mg(p) + Cu2+(ak) → Mg2+(ak) + Cu(p) ∆H = –315 kJ mol–1

Magnesium Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s) ∆H = –315 kJ mol–1
II Zink Zn(p) + Cu2+(ak) → Zn2+(ak) + Cu(p) ∆H = –210 kJ mol–1

Zinc Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) ∆H = –210 kJ mol–1
1. eksotermik / exothermic
2. lebih / more
3. semua kuprum disesarkan sepenuhnya daripada larutannya / all copper is displaced completely from its solution

4.
Mg(p) + Cu2+(ak) Zn(p) + Cu2+(ak)

Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
∆H = –315 kJ mol–1 ∆H = –210 kJ mol–1
Mg2+(ak) + Cu(p) Zn2+(ak) + Cu(p)

Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas penyesaran Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk tindak balas penyesaran
kuprum oleh magnesium. kuprum oleh zink.
Energy level diagram for the displacement reaction of copper by Energy level diagram for the displacement reaction of copper by zinc.
magnesium.
5. penebat haba yang baik / a good insulator of heat

6. mengurangkan haba yang hilang ke persekitarannya / reduce heat loss to the surroundings
7. (b) Serbuk logam dicampurkan / Metal powder is added
(c) Kacau campuran dengan termometer / Stir the mixture with a thermometer
1. eksotermik / dibebaskan
exothermic / released.
2. lebih tinggi / higher
Tugasan 3
(a) CuSO4(ak) + Fe(p) → FeSO4(ak) + Cu(p) (e) CuSO4(ak) + Fe(p) → FeSO4(ak) + Cu(p)
CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) ΔH = –252 kJ mol–1
(b) Cu2+(ak) + Fe(p) → Fe2+(ak) + Cu(p) CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Cu2+(aq) + Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s) ΔH = –252 kJ mol–1
(c) – Pepejal perang terbentuk. / Brown solid is formed. Cu2+(ak) + Fe(p) → Fe2+(ak) + Cu(p)
– Paku besi menjadi nipis. / Iron nail becomes thinner. ΔH = –252 kJ mol–1
– Larutan biru bertukar warna menjadi hijau. Cu2+(aq) + Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Blue solution turns green.
ΔH = –252 kJ mol–1
(d) Perubahan suhu / Temperature change, θ
= 40.5 – 28.5 (f) Tenaga / Energy
= 12.0 oC
Perubahan haba / Heat change, Q Fe(p) + Cu2+(ak)
= (50) (4.2) (12.0) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq)
= 2520 J
Bilangan mol CuSO4 / Number of moles of CuSO4,
∆H = –252 kJ mol–1
(0.2)(50)
n = 1000
Fe2+(ak) + Cu(p)
n = 0.01 mol Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Bilangan mol Cu disesarkan
Number of moles of Cu displaced (g) Suhu meningkat apabila 1 mol kuprum disesarkan
= Bilangan mol Cu2+ / Number of moles of Cu2+ daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat oleh paku besi.
= 0.01 mol The temperature rises when 1 mole of copper is displaced from
copper(II) sulphate solution by the iron nail.
Haba penyesaran Cu / Heat of displacement of Cu
2520
= 0.01
= –252000 J mol–1
= –252 kJ mol–1

Haba peneutralan Persamaan ion / Ionic equation:

Heat of neutralisation H+(ak) + OH–(ak) → H2O(ce) / H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
1. alkali atau bes untuk membentuk garam dan air (c) Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation:
an alkali or a base to form a salt and water
H2SO4(ak) + 2NaOH(ak) → Na2SO4(ak) + 2H2O(ce)
2. lengkap / hidrogen / tinggi H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
completely / high / hydrogen
Persamaan ion / Ionic equation:
3. separa / hidrogen / rendah H+(ak) + OH–(ak) → H2O(ce) / H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
partially / low / hydrogen
4. lengkap dalam air untuk membentuk kepekatan ion Eksperimen 3.2
hidroksida yang tinggi
completely in water to form high concentrations of hydoxide ions
Haba peneutralan antara asid kuat dengan alkali kuat adalah
5. separa dalam air untuk membentuk kepekatan ion paling tinggi diikuti dengan haba peneutralan antara asid
hidroksida yang rendah lemah dengan alkali kuat atau asid kuat dengan alkali lemah
partially in water to form low concentrations of hidroxide ions manakala haba peneutralan antara asid lemah dengan alkali
6. apabila 1 mol air terbentuk daripada tindak balas antara lemah adalah paling rendah.
asid dengan alkali The heat of neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong alkali is
when 1 mole of water is formed from the neutralisation reaction the highest followed by the heat of neutralisation between a weak acid
between an acid and an alkali and a strong alkali or a strong acid and a weak alkali while the heat
of neutralisation between a weak acid and a weak alkali is the lowest.
7. (a) Persamaan kimia
Chemical equation: Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
HCl(ak) + NaOH(ak) → NaCl(ak) + H2O(ce) Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Asid dan alkali yang berlainan kekuatan
Persamaan ion / Ionic equation: Acids and alkalis of different strengths
H+(ak) + OH–(ak) → H2O(ce) / H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l) Bergerak balas / Responding
(b) Persamaan kimia Haba peneutralan /Heat of neutralisation
Chemical equation: Dimalarkan / Constant
CH3COOH(ak) + KOH(ak) → CH3COOK(ak) + Kepekatan dan isi padu asid dan alkali
H2O(ce) Concentration and volume of the acid and alkali used
CH3COOH(aq) + KOH(aq) → CH3COOK(aq) + H2O(l)
Set I II III IV
Campuran bahan tindak balas HCl CH3COOH HCl CH3COOH

Reactant mixture + + + +
NaOH NaOH NH3 NH3
Suhu awal asid (oC)

Initial temperature of acid (oC)
28.0 28.5 28.5 28.0
Suhu awal alkali (oC)

Initial temperature of alkali (oC)
29.0 28.5 28.5 29.0
Suhu awal purata asid dan alkali (28.0 + 29.0) (28.5 + 28.5) (28.5 + 28.5) (28.0 + 29.0)
(oC) 2 2 2 2
Average initial temperatures of acid and
= 28.5 = 28.5 = 28.5 = 28.5
alkali (oC)
Suhu tertinggi campuran (oC)

Highest temperature of mixture (oC)
35.2 35.0 34.5 34.0
Kenaikan suhu (°C) 35.2 – 28.5 35.0 – 28.5 34.5 – 28.5 34.0 – 28.5
Increase in temperature (°C) = 6.7 = 6.5 = 6.0 = 5.5

Set I II III IV
Campuran bahan tindak balas HCl CH3COOH HCl CH3COOH
Reactant mixture + + + +
NaOH NaOH NH3 NH3
Perubahan haba, Q = mcθ (J) (50+50)(4.2)(6.7) (50+50)(4.2)(6.5) (50+50)(4.2)(6.0) (50+50)(4.2)(5.5)
Heat change, Q = mc θ (J) = 2814 = 2730 = 2520 = 2310
Bilangan mol asid atau alkali (1.0)(50) (1.0)(50) (1.0)(50) (1.0)(50)
Number of moles of acid or alkali 1000 1000 1000 1000
= 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol = 0.05 mol
Bilangan mol H2O yang terbentuk
= Bilangan mol asid atau alkali, n 0.05 mol 0.05 mol 0.05 mol 0.05 mol
Number of moles of H2O formed
= Number of moles of acid or alkali, n
Q 2814 2730 2520 2310
Haba peneutralan, ∆H =
n 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Q
Heat of neutralisation, ∆H =
n
= –56280 J mol–1 = –54600 J mol–1 = –50400 J mol–1 = –46200 J mol–1
= –56.28 kJ mol–1 = –54.6 kJ mol–1 = –50.4 kJ mol–1 = –46.2 kJ mol–1
[Catatan: Terdapat peningkatan suhu semasa tindak balas peneutralan; haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran. Oleh itu,
tindak balas peneutralan ialah tindak balas eksotermik dan ∆H bernilai negatif(–).
Remarks: Since there is an increase in temperature during the neutralisation reaction, heat is released to the surroundings. Thus,
the neutralisation reaction is an exothermic reaction and ∆H is negative(–).]
Set Campuran bahan tindak balas Persamaan kimia seimbang untuk tindak balas peneutralan
Reactant mixture Balanced chemical equation for neutralisation reaction
I HCl + NaOH HCl(ak) + NaOH(ak) → NaCl(ak) + H2O(ce)

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
II CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COOH(ak) + NaOH(ak) → CH3COONa(ak) + H2O(ce)

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
III HCl + NH3 HCl(ak) + NH4+(ak) + OH–(ak) → NH4Cl(ak) + H2O(ce)

HCl(aq) + NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
IV CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COOH(ak) + NH4+(ak) + OH–(ak) → CH3COONH4(ak) + H2O(ce)

CH3COOH(aq) + NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) → CH3COONH4(aq) + H2O(l)
Set Campuran bahan tindak balas Persamaan ion untuk tindak balas peneutralan
Reactant mixture Ionic equation for neutralisation reaction
I HCl + NaOH H+(ak) + OH–(ak) → H2O(ce) / H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)

II CH3COOH + NaOH H+(ak) + OH–(ak) → H2O(ce) / H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
III HCl + NH3 H+(ak) + OH–(ak) → H2O(ce) / H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
IV CH3COOH + NH3 H+(ak) + OH–(ak) → H2O(ce) / H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
Set Campuran bahan tindak balas Persamaan termokimia untuk tindak balas peneutralan
Reactant mixture Thermochemical equation for neutralisation reaction
HCl(ak) + NaOH(ak) → NaCl(ak) + H2O(ce) ∆H = –56.28 kJ mol–1

I HCl + NaOH HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = –56.28 kJ mol–1
CH3COOH(ak) + NaOH(ak) → CH3COONa(ak) + H2O(ce) ∆H = –54.6 kJ mol–1

II CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = –54.6 kJ mol–1
HCl(ak) + NH4+(ak) + OH–(ak) → NH4Cl(ak) + H2O(ce) ∆H = –50.4 kJ mol–1

III HCl + NH3 HCl(aq) + NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = –50.4 kJ mol–1
CH3COOH(ak) + NH4+(ak) + OH–(ak) → CH3COONH4(ak) + H2O(ce)

IV CH3COOH + NH3 ∆H = –46.2 kJ mol–1
CH3COOH(aq) + NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) → CH3COONH4(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = –46.2 kJ mol–1

Discussion / Perbincangan:
1. eksotermik / exothermic
2. asid lemah / alkali lemah / mengion separa dalam air / molekul
weak acid / weak alkali / ionise partially in water / molecules
3. diserap semula / mengion / menurun
reabsorbed / ionise completely / drop
4. mengion lengkap dalam air / ion hidrogen
ionises completely in water / hydrogen ions
5.
HCI(ak) + NaOH(ak) CH3COOH(ak) + NaOH(ak)

HCI(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)
∆H = –56.28 kJ mol–1 ∆H = –54.6 kJ mol–1
NaCI(ak) + H2O(ce) CH3COONa(ak) + H2O(ce)

NaCI(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
Set 1 Set II
HCI(ak) + NH4 (ak) + OH (ak)

+ –
CH3COOH(ak) + NH4+(ak) + OH–(ak)
HCI(aq) + NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq) CH3COOH(aq) + NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
∆H = –50.4 kJ mol–1 ∆H = 46.2 kJ mol–1

NH4CI(ak) + H2O(ce) CH3COONH4(ak) + H2O(ak)
NH4CI(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COONH4(aq) + H2O(aq)
Set III Set IV
6. • hilang ke persekitaran / is lost to the surroundings

• diserap oleh radas / is absorbed by the apparatus.
7. (b) memastikan larutan telah mencapai suhu tetap
make sure the solution has reached a constant temperature
(c) untuk penyebaran haba yang sekata agar suhu campuran yang sekata diperoleh
for even heat distribution to obtain a uniform temperature of the mixture
Haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara asid kuat dengan alkali kuat adalah paling tinggi, diikuti dengan haba peneutralan bagi
tindak balas antara asid kuat dengan alkali lemah atau asid lemah dengan alkali kuat. Haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas antara
asid lemah dengan alkali lemah adalah paling rendah.
The heat of neutralisation for the reaction between a strong acid and a strong alkali is the highest, followed by the heat of neutralisation for the
reaction between a strong acid and a weak alkali or a weak acid and a strong alkali. The heat of neutralisation for the reaction between a weak acid
and a weak alkali is the lowest.

Tugasan 4
(a) Eksperimen Set I / Set I experiment (b) Eksperimen Set II / Set II experiment
(i) HCl(ak) + KOH(ak) → KCl(ak) + H2O(ce) (i) H2SO4(ak) + 2KOH(ak) → K2SO4(ak) + 2H2O(ce)
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(ii) Bilangan mol HCl / Number of moles of HCl (ii) Bilangan mol H2SO4 / Number of moles of H2SO4
(1.0)(100) (0.5)(100)
n= n=
1000 0.05
= 0.1 mol = 0.05 mol
Bilangan mol KOH / Number of moles of KOH Bilangan mol KOH / Number of moles of KOH
(1.0)(100) (1.0)(100)
n= n=
1000 1000
= 0.1 mol = 0.1 mol
(iii) Purata bacaan awal termometer

Average initial thermometer reading
28.5 + 29.5
=
2
= 29.0 oC
Q Perubahan suhu /Temperature change, θ
(iii) Gunakan formula ΔH = = 42.5 – 29.0
Apply the formula n
= 13.5 oC
Perubahan haba / Heat change, Q
= 57 × 1000 × 0.1
= 5700 J (iv) Perubahan haba/ Heat change,
Q = mcθ
= (100 + 100)(4.2)(13.5)
= 11340 J
(iv) Perubahan haba/ Heat change,
Q = mcθ
5700 = (100 + 100) (4.2) θ (v) Bilangan mol H2O terbentuk
θ = 6.8 oC Number of moles of H2O formed
Purata bacaan termometer awal = bilangan mol KOH / number of moles of KOH
Average initial thermometer reading = 0.1 mol
28.0 + 29.0 Q
= = 28.5 oC Gunakan formula / Apply the formula ΔH = n
2 Haba peneutralan / Heat of neutralisation
Bacaan termometer tertinggi 11340
Highest thermometer reading =–
0.1
= 28.5 + 6.8 = 35.3 oC
= –113400 J mol–1
= –113.4 kJ mol–1
(v) Tenaga / Energy (vi) Tenaga / Energy
KOH(ak) + HCI(ak) 2KOH(ak) + H2SO4(ak)

KOH(aq) + HCI(aq) 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
∆H = –57 kJ mol–1 ∆H = –113.4 kJ mol–1

KCI(ak) + H2O(ce) K2SO4(ak) + 2H2O(ce)
KCI(aq) + H2O(l) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

(c) (i) dua kali ganda / double

(ii) asid monoprotik / monoprotic acid
1 mol / 1 mole
(iii) asid diprotik / diprotic acid
2 mol / dua kali ganda
2 moles / double
(d) Suhu meningkat apabila 2 mol air terbentuk / The temperature rises when 2 moles of water are formed
Haba pembakaran (d) C4H8(ce) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(ce)

Heat of combustion C4H8(l) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
1. oksigen / Oxygen
2. gas karbon dioksida / air Eksperimen 3.3
carbon dioxide gas / water Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
3. gas karbon monoksida / karbon / air Semakin tinggi bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol,
carbon monoxide gas / carbon / water semakin tinggi haba pembakaran.
4. Alkohol / alkana / alkena The higher the number of carbon atoms per alcohol molecule, the
Alcohols / alkanes / alkenes higher the heat of combustion.
5. 1 mol bahan api dibakar lengkap dalam gas oksigen yang Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
berlebihan Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated:
1 mole of combustion fuel is burnt completely in excess oxygen Alkohol dengan bilangan atom karbon yang berlainan per
gas molekul
6. (a) C(p) + O2(g) → CO2(g) Alcohols with different number of carbon atoms per molecule
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
(b) C2H5OH(ce) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(ce) Haba pembakaran / Heat of combustion
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
(c) C6H12(ce) + 8O2(g) → 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(ce) Isi padu air, tin kuprum / Volume of water, copper can
C6H12(l) + 8O2(g) → 5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Penjadualan data / Tabulation of data:

Set I II III IV
Alkohol Metanol Etanol Propanol Butanol

Alcohol Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol
Suhu awal air (oC) / Initial temperature of water (oC) 28.0 29.0 28.0 28.5
Suhu akhir air (oC) / Final temperature of water (oC) 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0
Perubahan suhu (oC) / Temperature change (oC) 42.0 41.0 42.0 41.5
Jisim awal lampu spirit + alkohol, m1 (g)

Initial mass of spirit lamp + alcohol, m1 (g)
165.16 160.50 161.30 155.83
Jisim akhir lampu spirit + alkohol, m2 (g)

Final mass of spirit lamp + alcohol, m2 (g)
163.88 159.49 160.40 155.09
Jisim alkohol yang digunakan = m1 – m2 (g)

Mass of alcohol used = m1 – m2 (g)
1.28 1.01 0.90 0.74

Set I II III IV
Alkohol Metanol Etanol Propanol Butanol
Alcohol Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol
Perubahan haba (200)(4.2)(42.0) (200)(4.2)(41.0) (200)(4.2)(42.0) (200)(4.2)(41.5)

Heat change = 35280 = 34440 = 35280 = 34860
Q = mc θ(J)
Bilangan mol alkohol, n 1.28 1.01 0.90 0.74

Number of moles of alcohol, n 32 46 60 74
= 0.040 mol = 0.022 mol = 0.015 mol = 0.010 mol
Haba pembakaran 35280 34440 35280 34860

Heat of combustion 0.040 0.022 0.015 0.010
Q = –882000 J mol–1 = –1565454.5 J mol–1 = –2352000 J mol–1 = –3486000 J mol–1
∆H =
n = –882.00 kJ mol–1 = –1565.45 kJ mol–1 = –2352.00 kJ mol–1 = –3486.00 kJ mol–1
[Catatan: Terdapat peningkatan suhu air semasa tindak balas pembakaran; haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran. Oleh itu, tindak
balas pembakaran ialah tindak balas eksotermik dan ∆H bernilai negatif(–).
Remarks: Since there is an increase in temperature during the combustion reaction, heat is released to the surroundings. Thus, the combustion
reaction is an exothermic reaction and ∆H is negative(-).]
Set Alkohol Persamaan termokimia untuk tindak balas pembakaran

Alcohol Thermochemical equation for combustion reactions
I Metanol CH3OH(ce) + 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(ce) ∆H = –882.00 kJ mol–1

Methanol
3 2
CH3OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H = –882.00 kJ mol–1
2
II Etanol C2H5OH(ce) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(ce) ∆H = –1565.45 kJ mol–1

Ethanol C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ∆H = –1565.45 kJ mol–1
III Propanol C3H7OH(ce) + 9 O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(ce) ∆H = –2352.00 kJ mol–1

Propanol
9 2
C3H7OH(l) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) ∆H = –2352.00 kJ mol–1
2
IV Butanol C4H9OH(ce) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(ce) ∆H = –3486.00 kJ mol–1

Butanol C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l) ∆H = –3486.00 kJ mol–1
Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk keempat-empat tindak balas pembakaran:

Energy level diagrams for the four combustion reactions:
CH3OH(ce) +
3
O2(g) C2H5OH(ce) + 3O2(g)
2
CH3OH(l) + 3
2 O2(g) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)
∆H = –882 kJ mol–1 ∆H = –1565.45 kJ mol–1
CO2(g) + 2H2O(ce) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(ce)

2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk pembakaran metanol Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk pembakaran etanol
Energy level diagram for combustion of methanol Energy level diagram for combustion of ethanol

C3H7OH(ce) + 9 O2(g) C4H9OH(ce) + 6O2(g)

9 2
C3H7OH(l) + C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g)
O2(g)
2
∆H = –3486.00 kJ mol–1
∆H = –2352 kJ mol–1
4CO2(g) + 5H2O(ce)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(ce) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)
3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk pembakaran propanol Gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk pembakaran butanol
Energy level diagram for combustion of propanol Energy level diagram for combustion of butanol
1. eksotermik /exothermic
2. bilangan atom karbon per molekul yang lebih tinggi / a higher number of carbon atoms per molecule
3. lebih banyak haba terbebas / more heat is released
5. (a) telah hilang ke sekeliling / is lost to the surroundings
(b) diserap oleh tin kuprum / is absorbed by the copper can
(c) tidak lengkap / Incomplete
6. konduktor haba yang baik / a good heat conductor
7. (a) Pengadang api / Windshield
(b) pemindahan haba pembakaran alkohol yang lebih berkesan kepada air
more efficient transfer of heat of alcohol combustion to water
(c) tidak menyerap sebahagian haba yang terbebas daripada pembakaran alkohol
it will not absorb part of the heat released from alcohol combustion
(d) alkohol adalah sangat meruap / the alcohol is very volatile
(e) suhu air adalah sekata / get a uniform temperature of water
Semakin tinggi bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol, semakin tinggi nilai haba pembakaran alkohol.
The higher the number of carbon atoms per alcohol molecule, the higher the value of heat of combustion of alcohol.
Tugasan 5
(a) C6H12O6(p) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ce) (d) Haba pembakaran C6H12O6
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) Heat of combustion of C6H12O6
21
=
0.00745
= –2818.79 kJ mol–1
(b) Q = mcθ (e) C6H12O6(p) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ce)

= (500)(4.2)(10) ΔH = –2818.79 kJ mol–1
= 21000 J C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
= 21 kJ ΔH = –2818.79 kJ mol–1
1.341 (f) Tenaga / Energy
(c) n =
[6(12) + 12(1) + 6(16)]
= 0.00745 mol C6H12O6(p) + 6O2(g)
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
∆H = –2818.79 kJ mol–1
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(ce)
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

Aplikasi Tindak Balas Endotermik dan Eksotermik dalam Kehidupan Harian

3.3 Application of Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions in Daily Life
1.
Tindak balas eksotermik Tindak balas endotermik
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction
• Pengaratan / Rusting • Pek sejuk / Cold pack

• Tindak balas termit / Thermite reaction • Fotosintesis / Photosynthesis
• Pek panas / Hot pack • Mencairkan ketulan ais / Melting ice cubes
• Membakar kertas / Burning paper • Menggoreng telur / Frying eggs
2. Bahan api / fuel

3. nilai bahan api / fuel value
4. jumlah tenaga haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 g bahan api dibakar dengan lengkap dalam gas oksigen yang berlebihan
the amount of heat energy released when 1 g of fuel is completely burned in excess oxygen gas
5. kJ g–1
6. (a), (c), (d), (e)
6
• Gelembung gas tidak berwarna terbentuk.
Tugasan •
Colourless gas bubbles are formed.
Pepejal kelabu berkilat terlarut dalam larutan.
Shiny grey solid dissolves in solution.
(a) Nilai bahan api gas hidrogen (Mana-mana dua jawapan. / Any two answers.)
Fuel value of hydrogen gas (iii) • Haba yang dibebaskan adalah lebih daripada
286 haba yang diserap.
= 2(1) = 143 kJ g–1 Heat released is more than heat absorbed.
• Jumlah kandungan tenaga Mg dan H2SO4
Nilai bahan api metanol lebih tinggi daripada jumlah kandungan
Fuel value of methanol
tenaga MgSO4 dan H2.
728 Total energy content of Mg and H2SO4 is higher than
= [12 + 3(1) + 16 + 1] = 22.75 kJ g–1 total energy content of MgSO4 and H2.

(b) Gas hidrogen ialah bahan api yang lebih baik • 467 kJ haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol Mg
kerana mempunyai nilai bahan api yang lebih bertindak balas dengan 1 mol H2SO4 untuk
tinggi. Pembakaran lengkap 1 g gas hidrogen membentuk 1 mol MgSO4 dan 1 mol H2.
menghasilkan lebih banyak haba berbanding 467 kJ heat is released when 1 mole of Mg
dengan pembakaran lengkap 1 g metanol. reacts with 1 mole of H2SO4 to form 1 mole of
Hydrogen gas is a better fuel because it has a higher fuel MgSO4 and 1 mole of H2.
value. The complete combustion of 1 g of hydrogen gas (Mana-mana dua jawapan. / Any two answers.)
produces more heat compared to the complete combustion
(b) (i) Tindak balas endotermik
of 1 g of methanol.
Endothermic reaction
(ii) • Bacaan termometer akhir lebih rendah
daripada bacaan termometer awal.
PRAKTIS SPM 3 Final thermometer reading is lower than initial
thermometer reading.
• Gelembung gas tidak berwarna terbentuk.
Soalan Objektif Colourless gas bubbles are formed.
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B (iii) • Haba yang diserap adalah lebih daripada

haba yang dibebaskan.
6. B 7. B 8. B Heat absorbed is more than heat released.
• Jumlah kandungan tenaga HgO lebih rendah
Soalan Struktur daripada jumlah kandungan tenaga Hg dan
Bahagian A O2.
Total energy content of HgO is lower than total
1. (a) (i) Tindak balas eksotermik energy content of Hg and O2.
Exothermic reaction • 182 kJ haba diserap apabila 2 mol HgO terurai
(ii) • Bacaan termometer akhir lebih tinggi untuk membentuk 2 mol Hg dan 1 mol O2.
daripada bacaan termometer awal. 182 kJ heat is absorbed when 2 moles of HgO
Final thermometer reading is higher than initial decomposes to form 2 moles of Hg and 1 mole of O2.
thermometer reading. (Mana-mana dua jawapan. / Any two answers.)

Bahagian B • Perubahan suhu / Temperature change

= 33.3 – 28.3
1. (a) (i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl = 5.0 oC
Eb = Jumlah tenaga yang diserap untuk • Perubahan haba / Heat change
pemecahan ikatan dalam bahan tindak = (25 + 25)(4.2)(5.0)
balas (1 mol H2 dan 1 mol Cl2) = 1050 J // 1.05 kJ
Total energy absorbed for bond breaking in the
reactants • Haba pemendakan / Heat of precipitation
(1 mole of H2 and 1 mole of Cl2) –1.05
=
= 436 + 242 0.025
= 678 kJ = − 42 kJ mol-1
Ef = Jumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan untuk (iv) Suhu meningkat apabila 1 mol barium sulfat
pembentukan ikatan dalam hasil tindak terbentuk daripada tindak balas antara larutan
balas (2 mol HCl) barium nitrat dengan larutan natrium sulfat.
Total energy released for bond formation in the The temperature rises when 1 mole of barium sulphate
products (2 moles of HCl) is formed from the reaction between barium nitrate
solution and sodium sulphate solution.
= 2(431)
= 862 kJ Bahagian C
Perubahan tenaga keseluruhan
Overall energy change
2. (a) • Tindak balas endotermik: Suhu menurun
= Ef − Eb
apabila ammonium nitrat larut dalam air.
= 862 − 678 Endothermic reaction: The temperature drops when
= 184 kJ mol−1 ammonium nitrate dissolves in water.
(ii) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl ΔH = −184 kJ mol-1 • Tindak balas eksotermik: Suhu meningkat
(iii) Tenaga / Energy apabila natrium hidroksida larut dalam air.
Exothermic reaction: The temperature rises when
H2(g) + CI2(g) sodium hydroxide dissolves in water.
(b) • Dalam tindak balas eksotermik, jumlah tenaga
yang diserap oleh serbuk natrium hidroksida
apabila terlarut dalam air untuk pemecahan
∆H = –184 kJ mol–1
ikatan kimia adalah kurang daripada jumlah
tenaga yang dibebaskan ketika pembentukan
2HCI(g) ikatan kimia dalam hasil tindak balas.
In the exothermic reaction, the total energy absorbed
(iv) • Eksotermik / Exothermic by the sodium hydroxide powder to break the chemical
• Jumlah tenaga yang diserap untuk bonds when it dissolves in water is less than the total
pemecahan ikatan kimia dalam bahan tindak energy released when the chemical bonds are formed
balas kurang daripada jumlah tenaga yang in the products.
dibebaskan untuk pembentukan ikatan • Oleh itu, tenaga haba akan dibebaskan semasa
kimia dalam hasil tindak balas. tindak balas.
The total energy absorbed to break the chemical Thus, the heat energy will be released during the
bonds in the reactants is less than the total energy reaction.
released when the chemical bonds are formed in the • Dalam tindak balas endotermik, jumlah tenaga
products. yang diserap oleh serbuk ammonium nitrat
(b) (i) Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke apabila terlarut dalam air untuk pemecahan
persekitaran. ikatan kimia adalah lebih banyak daripada jumlah
To reduce heat loss to the surroundings.
tenaga yang dibebaskan ketika pembentukan
(ii) • Mendakan putih terbentuk. ikatan kimia dalam hasil tindak balas.
A white precipitate is formed.
In the endothermic reaction, the total energy absorbed
• Cawan polistirena menjadi panas. by the ammonium nitrate powder to break the chemical
The polystyrene cup turns hot. bonds when it dissolves in water is more than the total
(Mana-mana satu jawapan. / Any one answer.) energy released when the chemical bonds are formed
(iii) • Ba2+ + SO42− → BaSO4 in the products.
• Bilangan mol BaSO4 yang terbentuk • Oleh itu, tenaga haba akan diserap semasa
Number of moles of BaSO4 formed tindak balas.
1.0 × 25 Thus, the heat energy will be absorbed during the
=
1000 reaction.
= 0.025 mol (c) C6H12 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Purata suhu awal • Jisim molar heksena / Molar mass of hexene
Average initial temperature = 6(12) + 12(1)
28.4 + 28.2 = 84 g mol−1
=
2
= 28.3 oC

• Jisim heksena yang digunakan / Mass of hexene = 105000 J

used = 105 kJ
= (148.822 – 146.078) • Haba pembakaran heksena, ΔH
= 2.744 g Heat of combustion of hexene, ΔH
• Bilangan mol heksena yang digunakan 105
= –
Number of moles of hexene used 0.0327
2.744 = −3211.01 kJ mol−1
=
84 • Sepanjang eksperimen, sebahagian haba hilang
= 0.0327 mol ke persekitaran.
• Perubahan suhu / Temperature change, θ During the experiment, some of the heat is lost to the
= 80.0 – 30.0 surroundings.
= 50.0 oC • Pembakaran heksena yang tidak lengkap
• Perubahan haba / Heat change, Q mungkin berlaku semasa eksperimen.
= 500 × 4.2 × 50.0 Incomplete combustion of hexene may occur during the
experiment.

BAB
Kimia Polimer
4 Polymer Chemistry
Polimer
4.1 Polymer
1. besar / monomer
large / monomers
2. molekul-molekul kecil serupa / polimer
small identical molecules / polymer
3. ikatan kovalen / covalent bonds
4. tindak balas / monomer-monomer
chemical reaction / monomers
5. Penyahpolimeran / pemisahan
Depolymersation / separation
6. petroleum / tumbuhan / haiwan
petroleum / plants / animals
7. glukosa / glucose
8. Nilon / terilena
Nylon / terylene
9.
Polimer semula jadi / Natural polymers Polimer sintetik / Synthetic polymers
(a) Protein / Protein Termoplastik / Thermoplastic
(b) Karbohidrat / Carbohydrate Termoset / Thermoset
(c) Getah asli / Natural rubber Gentian sintetik / Synthetic fibres
(d) Sutera / Silk Elastomer / Elastomer
10.
Ciri-ciri Jenis polimer
Properties Types of polymers
(a) Boleh dipanaskan semula beberapa kali sehingga mendapat acuan yang sempurna. Plastik
Can be reheated several times until a perfect mould is created. Plastic
(b) Polimer berantai panjang yang tahan regangan. Gentian sintetik

Long-chain polymers that withstand stretching. Synthetic fibre
(c) Kembali semula kepada bentuk asal setelah diregang atau ditekan. Elastomer
Regain its original shape after being stretched or pressed. Elastomer
11.
Plastik / Plastic Monomer / Monomer
(a) Polietena (PE) / Polyethene (PE) Etena / Ethene
(b) Polipropena (PP) / Polypropene (PP) Propena / Propene
Polivinil klorida (PVC) / Polikloroetena
(c) Kloroetena / Chloroethene
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) / Polychloroethene
(d) Polistirena (PS) / Polystyrene (PS) Feniletena / Phenylethene

Teflon / Politetrafluoroetilena (PTFE) Tetrafluoroetena
(e) Teflon / Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Tetrafluoroethene
Polimetil metakrilat (PMMA) / Perspeks (PP) Metil 2-metilpropenoat

(f) Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) / Perspex (PP) Methyl 2-methylpropenoate

12.
(a) (b) (c)
Termoplastik Elastomer Termoset

Thermoplastic Elastomer Thermoset
13.
Termoplastik Ciri-ciri Termoset
Thermoplastic Properties Thermoset
Pempolimeran penambahan Cara polimer dihasilkan Pempolimeran kondensasi

Addition polymerisation Way of producing the polymer Condensation polymerisation
Tidak Kehadiran rangkai silang Ya

No Presence of cross-link Yes
Hanya boleh diacu sekali dan tidak

Boleh diacu berulang kali dan dikitar semula.
Kebolehan diacu boleh dikitar semula.
Can be moulded several times and recycled
Mouldability / Ability to be moulded Can be moulded only one time and cannot
repeatedly.
be recycled.
Tidak berwarna dan lut sinar. Warna Legap

Does not have colour and transparent. Colour Opaque
Melebur apabila dipanaskan tetapi menjadi

Kesan haba Tidak melebur apabila dipanaskan.
keras apabila sejuk. Effect of heat Do not melt when heated.
Melts when heated, and hardens when cooled.
Polietena, polipropena, polivinil klorida,

polistirena, perspeks Contoh-contoh Bakelit, epoksi, melamina
Polyethene, polypropene, polyvinyl chloride, Examples Bakelit, epoxy, melamine
polystyrene, perspex
Tindak balas pempolimeran

Polymerisation reactions
14. penambahan / kondensasi
addition / condensation
15.
Pempolimeran penambahan Pempolimeran kondensasi
Addition polymerisation Condensation polymerisation
Melibatkan sejenis monomer. Melibatkan dua jenis monomer.

Involves one monomer. Involves two kinds of monomers.
Monomer mesti mempunyai ikatan ganda dua atau ikatan Monomer mesti mempunyai dua kumpulan berfungsi.
ganda tiga Monomers must have two functional groups.
Monomers must have either double bond or triple bond.
Tidak menyebabkan kehilangan molekul kecil. H2O

Menyebabkan kehilangan molekul kecil seperti dan HCl .
Does not result in the loss of small molecules. Results in the loss of small molecules such as H2O and HCI .
Formula empirik polimer adalah sama dengan monomer. Formula empirik polimer adalah berbeza dengan monomer.
Empirical formula of the polymer is identical with its monomers. Empirical formula of the polymer is different from its monomers.

16. penambahan / kondensasi

addition / condensation
17.
Polimer / Polymer Monomer / Monomer
(a)
H H H H
C C C C
H H
n
H H
(b)
H CI H CI
C C C C
H H
H H
n
(c) CO2CH3 H CO2CH3
CH2 C C C
H H H
n
(d) H H
CH2 CH
C C
H
18. 20.
Polimer kondensasi / H H O H H O H H O
Polimer / Polymers Condensation polymers
Lateks / Latex N C C N C C N C C
Nilon / Nylon ✓ R R R n
Perspeks / Perspex
Aktiviti 4.1
Terilena / Terylene ✓ Prosedur / Procedures:
1. penimbang elektronik / electronic balance
Kanji / Starch ✓ 2. air suling /silinder penyukat

distilled water / measuring cylinder
3. dekanadioil diklorida / decanedioyl dichloride
Tugasan 1 4. dekanadioil diklorida / decanedioyl dichloride

5. perlahan-lahan / gently
6. tekstur / warna
(a) pempolimeran kondensasi / molekul air texture / colour
condensation polymerisation / water molecules 8. kebolehan / untuk diregangkan

stretchability
(b) kumpulan berfungsi / asid karboksilik / alkohol
functional groups / carboxylic acid / alcohol Keputusan / Results:
(d) poliester / polyester 1. lapisan putih /whitish layer
2. nilon / nylon
3. diregangkan / stretched
19. Pempolimeran kondensasi / Condensation polymerisation

Perbincangan / Discussion :
1. gentian sintetik / regangan
synthetic fibre / stretching
H H O O
2. Nilon-6,10 / Nylon-6,10
n H N (CH2)6 N H + n CI C (CH2)8 C CI
3. C6H16N2 / (CH2)6(NH2)2 1, 6-heksanadiamina Dekanadioil diklorida
1,6-diaminohexane Decanedioyl dichloride
4. C10H16Cl2O2 / (CH2)10(COCl)2
5.
H H O O
N (CH2)6 N C (CH2)8 C + n HCI
Nilon-6, 10
Nylon-6, 10 n
1,6-heksanadiamina / dekanadioil diklorida
1,6-diaminohexane / decanedioyl dichloride
Kegunaan polimer dalam kehidupan harian

Uses of polymers in daily life
21.
Polimer / Polymers Kegunaan / Uses
Polietena (PE ) / Polyethene (PE) beg plastik, mainan plastik, bekas plastik / plastic bags, plastic toy, plastic container
Polipropena (PP)/ Polypropene (PP) botol plastik, perabot plastik, picagari / plastic bottle, plastic furniture, syringes
Polivinil klorida (PVC) paip air, kot hujan, kulit tiruan, penebat wayar
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water pipe, rain coat, artificial leather, wire casing
Polistirena (PS) / Polystyrene (PS) bekas makanan, pembungkus pelindung / food container, protective packaging
Teflon / Teflon peralatan memasak kalis lekat / non-stick cookware
Perspeks (PP) / Perspex (PP) tingkap kapal terbang, lampu utama kereta / airplane window, headlamp
Bakelit / Bakelite soket elektrik, pemegang periuk / power socket, cooking pot handle
Epoksi / Epoxy gam epoksi, cat epoksi / epoxy glue, epoxy paint
Melamina / Melamine lamina, perkakas makanan / laminate, dinnerware
Nilon / Nylon tali, tali joran, stoking, berus gigi, tali gitar, payung terjun
rope, fishing line, stocking, toothbrush, guitar string, parachute
22. Molekul besar yang tidak dapat diuraikan oleh bakteria.

Large molecules which cannot be decomposed/broken down by bacteria.
23. • Kekurangan tapak pelupusan.

Shortage of landfill sites.
• Membahayakan haiwan marin / akuatik.
Endanger marine / aquatic animals.
• Menghasilkan gas toksik / rumah hijau apabila dibakar.
Release toxic / greenhouse gases when burnt.

Penggumpalan lateks
Tugasan 2 Coagulation of latex
7. larutan koloid /molekul getah
colloidal solution / rubber molecules
1. • tahan kakisan / lengai
resistant to corrosion / chemically inert
8. cecair / bergumpal /menolak
liquid / negatively / repel
• ringan / lightweight
• boleh diacu kepada pelbagai bentuk 9.
elastomer / diregangkan
can be moulded into different shapes elastomer / stretched
• penebat haba yang baik / good heat insulator 10. termoplastik / termoset / polimer / berasingan / rangkai
2. silang

thermoplastic / thermosets / separate / polymers / cross-link
Ciri-ciri yang 11. (a) bentuk asal / diregangkan
menyebabkan original shape / stretched
Ciri-ciri
Properties pencemaran (b) rapuh / ikatan ganda dua
Properties which cause brittle / double bonds
pollution (c) • Tidak / Not
Kuat dan ringan • suhu rendah / low temperatures
Strong and lightweight • lembut / melekit
soft / sticky
Lengai terhadap tindak (d) • Tidak larut / Insoluble
balas kimia ✓ • larutan organik / organic solvents
Inert to chemical reactions
12. (a) bercas negatif / negatively-charged
Mudah diacu (b) penggumpalan / menolak
Easily moulded coagulation / repel
(c) asid / ion hidrogen / membran protein
Membebabskan gas acid / hydrogen ions / protein membrane
beracun apabila terbakar ✓ (d) berlanggar / pecah
Release poisonous gas when collide / break
burnt
(e) Penggumpalan / Coagulation
3. (a) sintetik / polietena / besar / kecil 13. (a) Bakteria / asid
synthetic / polyethene / large / small bacteria / acid
(b) etena / C2H4 / panjang / tidak terbiodegradasikan (b) positif / meneutralkan
positive / neutralise
ethene / C2H4 / long / non-biodegradable
(c) dibuang / makanan
disposed / food Tugasan 3
(d) mengurangkan / haiwan akuatik
reduce / aquatic animals
1.
(a) Larutan ammonia / Ammonia solution
(b) Ion hidroksida daripada alkali lemah meneutralkan
ion hidrogen daripada asid yang dihasilkan oleh
Getah Asli bakteria.
4.2 Natural Rubber
The hydroxide ions from the weak alkali will neutralise
the hydrogen ions from the acid produced by the bacteria.
1. polimer / isoprena 2. Asid asetik atau asid etanoik, CH3COOH / Acetic acid or

polymer / isoprene ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
2. 2-metilbuta-1, 3-diena / 2-methylbuta-1, 3-diene Asid formik atau asid metanoik, HCOOH / Formic acid or

metanoic acid, HCOOH
3. dua ikatan ganda dua / two double bonds
4. C5H8
5. susu getah // lateks / latex Eksperimen 4.1
6. Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement:
Apakah kesan asid dan alkali terhadap penggumpalan lateks?
H CH3H H What is the effect of acid and alkali on the coagulation of latex?
meran penambahan
on polymerisation Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
(C–C=C–C)
n Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated:
Kehadiran asid atau akali/ Presence of acid or alkali
H H Bergerak balas / Responding:
Poli(isoprena) – getah asli
Poly(isoprene) – natural rubber
Penggumpalan lateks / Coagulation of latex

Isi padu lateks / Volume of Latex
Prosedur / Procedures:
2. lateks / latex
3. dikacau / stirred
4. ammonia / ammonia
5. lateks / latex
Bikar Penambahan asid atau alkali Keadaan lateks selepas 30 minit Penggumpalan lateks
Beaker Addition of acid or alkali Condition of latex after 30 minutes Coagulation of latex
Tiada Cecair Bergumpal dengan perlahan

A None Liquid Coagulate slowly
Asid etanoik Pepejal putih Bergumpal dengan cepat

B Ethanoic acid White solid Coagulate rapidly
C Ammonia Cecair Tidak bergumpal

Ammonia Liquid Does not coagulate
Perbincangan / Discussion: Pemvulkanan getah

1. separa / partially Vulcanisation of rubber
2. Ion hidrogen /Hydrogen ions
14. (a) rangkai silang sulfur / sulphur cross-links
3. berlanggar / membran protein (b) Panaskan / zink oksida / mangkin
collide / protein membrane Heat / zinc oxide / catalyst
4. separa / ion hidroksida (c) Rendam / disulfur diklorida / metilbenzena

partially / hydroxide ions disulphur dichloride / methylbenzene
5. bakteria / dicegah 15. sinaran pengion / Ionising radiation
bacteria / prevented 16. sulfur / logam oksida
sulphur / metal oxide / allergies
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: 17. peroksida / radikal bebas / karbon
Asid /alkali Peroxide / free radicals / carbon
acid / alkali 18. Logam oksida / mangkin
Metal oxides / catalyst
19.
Getah tervulkan Ciri-ciri Getah tak tervulkan
Vulcanised rubber Properties Unvulcanised rubber
Kurang ikatan ganda dua kerana pembentukan

Ikatan ganda dua Lebih
rangkai silang sulfur. double bond More
Less double bonds due to the formation of sulphur cross-links.
Takat lebur yang lebih tinggi kerana kehadiran

Takat lebur Lebih rendah
rangkai silang sulfur. Melting point Lower
Higher melting point due the presence of sulphur cross-links.
Ketahanan terhadap haba yang lebih rendah;

Ketahanan terhadap haba yang lebih tinggi kerana Ketahanan terhadap getah menjadi lembut dan melekit apabila
kehadiran rangkai silang sulfur. haba dipanaskan.
More heat resistant due to the presence of sulphur cross-links. Resistance to heat Less heat resistant; rubber becomes soft and sticky
when heated.
Kurang kenyal kerana rantaian getah boleh

Lebih kenyal kerana rangkaian silang sulfur menarik
bergelongsor antara satu sama lain dengan
rantaian balik kepada bentuk asal. Kekenyalan
More elastic as sulphur cross-links pull the chains back to Elasticity senang.
their original arrangement. Less elastic as rubber chains can slide over each
other easily.

Lebih keras kerana kehadiran rangkai silang sulfur. Kekerasan Lembut

Harder due to the presence of sulphur cross-links. Hardness Softer
Mudah teroksida kerana kehadiran ikatan

Tidak mudah teroksida kerana ikatan ganda dua yang Ketahanan terhadap
ganda dua.
berkurang. pengoksidaan
Easily oxidised because of the presence of many
Not easily oxidised due to reduced number of double bonds. Resistance to oxidation
double bonds.
Aktiviti 4.2
1. lateks / latex
2. Rod kaca / rata
glass rod / flat
3. penggumpalan / coagulation
4. saiz / size
5. disulfur diklorida / metilbenzena
disulphur dichloride / methylbenzene
6. kertas turas / filter papers
Pemerhatian / Observation:
Jenis getah / Type of rubber Pemerhatian / Observation
Jalur getah asli Lebih lembut
Strip of natural rubber Softer
Jalur getah asli yang direndam dalam larutan disulfur diklorida dalam metilbenzena Lebih keras
Strip of natural rubber dipped into disulphur dichloride solution in methylbenzene Harder
Perbincangan / Discussion: Perbincangan / Discussion:

1. larutan disulfur diklorida / keras 1. kurang / keras
disulphur dichloride solution / harder less / harder
2. atom-atom sulfur /polimer getah 2. sama / lebih kenyal / kedudukan asal
sulphur atoms / rubber polymers
same / more elastic / original positions
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
Getah tervulkan / Vulcanised rubber Getah tervulkan adalah lebih kenyal daripada getak tak
tervulkan.
Eksperimen 4.2 The vulcanised rubber is more elastic than the unvulcanised rubber.
Getah tervulkan lebih kenyal daripada getak tak tervulkan. Getah Sintetik
Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than unvulcanised rubber. 4.3 Synthetic Rubber
Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated: 1. • ketahanan terhadap haba yang lebih tinggi
Jenis getah / Types of rubber more resistant to heat
Bergerak balas / Responding: • ketahanan terhadap bahan kimia // kakisan yang
Kekenyalan getah / Elasticity of rubber lebih tinggi / more resistant to chemicals // corrosion
• ketahanan terhadap lelasan yang lebih tinggi
Dimalarkan / Constant: more resistant to abrasion
Jisim pemberat, saiz jalur getah 2.
(a) Gasket, pakaian selam, sarung tangan keselamatan
Mass of weight, size of rubber strip Gasket, wetsuit, safety gloves
Prosedur / Procedures: (b) Tayar, tapak kasut, gasket
Tires, shoe soles, gasket
1. pembaris / ruler
(c) Perekat silikon, tiub perubatan, produk elektronik,
2. klip kertas / paper clip
peralatan dapur
4. ditanggalkan / removed Silicon sealant, medical tubing, electronics products,
5. diulangi / repeated kitchenware

4
(e) Polistirena tidak terbiodegradasikan.
Tugasan Polystyrene is non-biodegradable.
(f) Bawa bekas makanan sendiri. / Bring our own food
containers.
1. • Lebih tahan lama. Makan di restoran. / Dine-in at restaurants.
Highly durable.
• Tahan terhadap minyak, pelarut dan bahan kimia. (g) • Memelihara sumber petroleum. / Conserve
Resistant to oils, solvents and chemicals. petroleum.
• Tidak akan menyebabkan tindak balas alahan. • Mengurangkan kebergantungan kepada tapak
Does not cause allergic reaction. pelupusan. / Reduce the need for landfill sites.
• Bebas daripada serbuk dan mengurangkan peluh • Mengurangkan pencemaran air. / Reduce water
yang akan menyebabkan ketidakselesaan. pollution.
Powder-free and reduce sweating which causes discomfort. • Mengurangkan kesan negatif kepada haiwan
2. • Penghasilan getah sintetik yang digunakan dalam akuatik. / Reduce the negative impacts on the aquatic
animals.
tayar menggunakan petroleum yang merupakan
sumber tenaga yang tidak boleh dibaharui. Bahagian B
The production of synthetic rubber used in tyres requires
petroleum which is a non-renewable source of energy.
• Tayar terpakai menakung air yang menyediakan 2.
(a) (i) Pempolimeran ialah tindak balas kimia
tempat pembiakan yang kondusif kepada nyamuk. apabila unit monomer isoprena yang berulang
Used tyres collect water which provides good breeding bergabung menjadi polimer getah yang besar
grounds for mosquitoes. dan berantai panjang.
• Permukaan tayar yang haus menghasilkan plastik Polymerisation is the chemical reaction of which
repeating units of isoprene monomers join together to
mikro yang mencemari lautan dan mengancam
form a large and long-chain rubber polymer.
hidupan akuatik.
Worn-out surfaces of tyres produce microplastics that are
(ii) Pemvulkanan ialah proses pengerasan getah
washed into the ocean and harm the aquatic lives. apabila getah asli bertindak balas dengan sulfur.
Vulcanisation is a hardening process of rubber by
reacting natural rubber with sulphur
(b)
PRAKTIS SPM 4 Pempolimeran Pempolimeran
penambahan kondensasi
Soalan Objektif Addition polymerisation Condensation polymerisation
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C Monomer yang mempunyai Monomer tanpa ikatan

ikatan ganda dua karbon- ganda dua karbon-karbon
6. B 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. B
karbon Monomers without carbon-
Monomers with carbon-carbon carbon double bonds
Soalan Struktur
double bonds
Bahagian A
Melibatkan monomer yang Melibatkan monomer yang
1. (a) Pempolimeran merupakan tindak balas kimia yang mempunyai kumpulan mempunyai kumpulan
melibatkan unit monomer kecil yang berulang berfungsi yang sama // berfungsi yang berbeza
bergabung menjadi polimer yang besar. Monomer mempunyai // Monomer mempunyai
Polymerisation is a chemical reaction of which repeating formula am yang sama formula am yang berbeza
units of small monomers join together to form a large polymer. Involves monomers with the Involves monomers with two
(b) same functional group // different functional groups //
Monomers have the same Monomers may not have the
general formula same general formula
Molekul kecil tidak Molekul kecil seperti H2O

H 2C CH disingkirkan// hilang atau HCl disingkirkan //
No loss of small molecules hilang
(c) Gentian sintetik / elastomer / termoset
Synthetic fibre / elastomer / thermoset Loss of small molecules such as
(Mana-mana dua. / Any two.) H2O or HCl
(d) • Tidak ada rangkai silang antara rantai molekul. Hanya polimer yang besar Polimer yang besar dan juga
No cross-links between chains of molecules.
terhasil molekul yang kecil terhasil
• Molekul dapat bergelongsor antara satu sama Only a large polymer is formed A large polymer and a small
lain apabila dipanaskan. molecule are formed
The molecules slide over each other easily when heated.

(c) Rendamkan getah asli dalam larutan disulfur • Pemberat 50 g digantung pada satu hujung
diklorida dalam metilbenzena. // Panaskan getah asli jalur getah, manakala hujung jalur getah
dengan sulfur, pada suhu 140oC dengan kehadiran yang lain dipasangkan pada kaki retort.
zink oksida sebagai mangkin. A weight of 50 g is hung at one end of the natural
Immerse the natural rubber into a solution of disulphur rubber strip, while the other end of the natural
dichloride in methylbenzene. // Heat the natural rubber with rubber strip is attached to the retort stand.
sulphur at 140oC in the presence of zinc oxide as catalyst. • Panjang akhir getah asli setelah pemberat
(d) (i) • Getah asli terdiri daripada polimer berantai ditanggalkan diukur dan direkod.
The final length of the natural rubber strip is
panjang yang berlingkar secara rawak.
measured and recorded when the weight is
Natural rubber consists of a randomly coiled long
removed.
polymer chain.
• Apabila getah asli diregangkan, lingkaran • Langkah di atas diulangi dengan
molekul getah dipanjangkan dan disusun menggantikan jalur getah asli dengan jalur
secara teratur. neoprena.
The steps above are repeated by using the neoprene
When the rubber is stretched, the coiled rubber
strip instead of the natural rubber strip.
molecule is lengthened and arranged orderly.
(ii) • Getah tervulkan adalah lebih kenyal. • Pemanjangan jalur getah asli dan jalur
The vulcanised rubber is more elastic. neoprena dibandingkan.
The increase in length of the natural rubber strip is
• Rangkai silang sulfur menarik rantaian
compared with the neoprene strip.
polimer getah balik kepada susunan asalnya.
The sulphur cross-links pull the rubber polymer Pemerhatian dan perbincangan
chains back to their original arrangements. Observation and discussion:
• Pemanjangan jalur getah asli lebih berbanding
Bahagian C dengan jalur getah neoprena.
The increase in length of the natural rubber strip is
3. (a) (i) more than the neoprene strip.
H CI H H
• Neoprena lebih kenyal daripada getah asli
C C C C kerana kehadiran rangkai silang sulfur dalam
n neoprena yang menarik rantaian polimer
H H kepada kedudukan asal setelah peregangan
(ii) • “buta” merujuk 4 atom karbon yang terdapat dilepaskan.
Neoprene is more elastic than natural rubber due to
dalam monomer. the presence of the sulphur cross-links in neoprene
“buta” refers to 4 carbon atoms that are present in
that pull the chains of polymer back to their original
the monomer.
positions after the stretch is removed.
• “diena” bermaksud monomer mempunyai
dua ikatan ganda dua. Dua ciri neoprena / Two properties of neoprene:
“diene” means the monomer contains two double • Neoprena adalah sangat kenyal dan tidak
covalent bonds menghalang pergerakan tubuh badan.
• “1, 3-diena” bermaksud ikatan ganda dua Neoprene is highly elastic and does not hinder body
terletak di karbon yang pertama dan ketiga. movements.
“1, 3-diene” means the double bonds are located at • Neoprena adalah kalis air dan merupakan
the 1st and 3rd carbon. penebat haba yang baik untuk menyelam di
• “2-kloro” merujuk kedudukan klorin di dalam air laut yang sejuk.
karbon yang kedua. Neoprene is waterproof and a good heat insulator for
“2-chloro” refers to the position of chlorine at the 2nd diving in cold seawater.
carbon. (b) (i)
(iii) Senarai radas dan bahan/ List of apparatus and
materials: O OO O
Kaki retort, pembaris, klip kertas, pemberat 50 HO C (CHHO
) CC OH
2 4
(CH2)4 C OH H2N (CH2)6 HNH 2
N 2 (CH2)6 NH2
g, jalur getah asli, jalur neoprena
Retort stand, ruler, paper clip, 50 g weight, natural Asid heksana-1, 6-dioik Heksana-1, 6-diamina
rubber strip, neoprene strip Hexane-1,6-dioic acid Hexane-1,6-diamine
Prosedur/ Procedures: (ii) Kebaikan / Advantages:
• Panjang asal jalur getah asli diukur dan • Kos pembuatan yang rendah
direkod dengan pembaris. Low manufacturing cost
The initial length of the natural rubber strip is
• Kuat dan kenyal / Strong and elastic
measured and recorded using a ruler.
• Kalis air / Waterproof
• Kedua-dua hujung jalur getah asli diapit
• Tahan haba// bahan kimia / Heat//chemical
dengan klip kertas. resistance
Both ends of the natural rubber strip are gripped
with a paper clip. (Mana-mana dua. / Any two.)

Keburukan / Disadvantages:
• Mencemarkan alam sekitar oleh sebab
cirinya yang tidak terbiodegradasikan.
Pollute the environment due to its non-biodegradable
property.
• Dihasilkan daripada petroleum yang
merupakan sumber yang tidak boleh
dibaharui.
Produced from the petroleum which is a non-
renewable resource.

BAB
Kimia Konsumer dan Industri
5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry
Minyak dan Lemak

5.1 Fats and Oils
1. ester / kondensasi / gliserol / asid lemak

esters / condensation / glycerol / fatty acids
2.
Asid karboksilik Alkohol

Carboxylic acid Alcohol
Kumpulan berfungsi/ Functional group: COO

3. molekul air / water molecules
4. tiga / satu / trigliserida
three / one / triglycerides
(a) hidrokarbon / hydocarbon
(b) pelbagai / different
(c) hidroksil // –OH / hydroxyl // –OH
(d) propan-1,2,3-triol / propan-1,2,3-triol
(e) hidroksil // –OH / hydroxyl //–OH
5.
Lemak / Fats Minyak / Oils
Mainly animals: Mainly plants:

Haiwan sahaja: Tumbuhan sahaja:
Sumber • Mentaga / Butter • Ikan / Fish
Sources • Kulit ayam / Chicken skin • Jagung / Corn
• Lemak lembu / Beef tallow • Bunga matahari / Sunflower
• Susu kambing / Goat milk • Koko / Cocoa
• Zaitun / Olive
• Kelapa sawit / Oil palm
Persamaan / Similarities
• Kedua-duanya mempunyai atom karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen.

Both contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
• Kedua-duanya molekul kovalen yang besar.

Both are large covalent molecules.
Perbezaan / Differences
• Kekal pepejal pada suhu bilik. • Kekal cecair pada suhu bilik.
Remain solids at room temperature. Remain liquids at room temperature.
• Takat lebur yang tinggi • Takat lebur yang rendah.
Sifat fizik High melting point. Low melting point.
Physical
properties • Asid lemaknya yang tepu • Asid lemaknya yang tidak tepu
(Tiada ikatan gand dua) (Mempunyai ikatan ganda dua)
Contain saturated fatty acids Contain unsaturated fatty acids
(Have no double bonds) (Have double bonds)

6. minyak ikan / fish oil

7. Minyak mempunyai peratusan asid lemak tak tepu yang lebih tinggi secara relatif.
They contain a relative higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids.
Tugasan 1
(a) Alkohol Asid karboksilik Ester
Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester
as as
Gliserol Asid lemak Lemak atau minyak
Glycerol Fatty acid Fat or oil
(b)
gliserol / glycerol. asid lemak / fatty acid.

H O
H C OH R C OH
H C OH
H C OH Anggapkan R = Rantai hidrokarbon panjang

Assume R = Long hydrocarbon chain
H
(c) O
CH2 O C R1
CH2OH R1COOH

O
CHOH R2COOH 3H2O
CH O C R2
CH2OH R3COOH
O
CH2 O C R3
Proses penukaran lemak tak tepu kepada lemak tepu

Conversion of unsaturated fats to saturated fats
8. (a)
Nama asid lemak Bilangan atom karbon Formula asid lemak Jenis asid lemak
Name of fatty acid Number of carbon atoms Formula of fatty acid Type of fatty acid
(i) Asid palmitik Tepu

16 CH3(CH2)14COOH
Palmitic acid Saturated
(ii) Asid oleik Tidak tepu

18 CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Oleic acid Unsaturated
(iii) Asid stearik Tepu

18 CH3(CH2)16COOH
Stearic acid Saturated
(iv) Asid linoleik Tidak tepu

18 CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Linoleic acid Unsaturated

(b) ganda dua / tunggal

double / single
9. penghidrogenan / penambahan

hydrogenation / addition
H H
H H
H2 C C
C C
H H
Ikatan ganda dua dalam asid lemak tak tepu
Double bond in unsaturated fatty acids
10. (a) pengerasan / Hardening

(b) marjerin / margarine
(c) ikatan tunggal / single bond
(d) tak tepu / tepu
Unsaturated / saturated
(e) penambahan / Addition
(f) platinum / nikel
platinum / nickle
(g) 200oC / 4 atm
11.
(a) Kepentingan lemak dan minyak dalam (b) Kesan negatif terhadap kesihatan manusia akibat
pemakanan manusia pengambilan terlalu banyak lemak dan minyak
Importance of fats and oils in the human diet Negative effects of consuming too much fats and oils on human health
(i) Membekalkan tenaga untuk aktiviti harian. • Obesiti

Provide energy for daily activities. Obesity
• Tekanan darah tinggi
(ii) Melarutkan vitamin A, D, E, K. High blood pressure
Dissolve vitamin A, D, E, K. • Serangan jantung
Heart attack
(iii) Melindungi organ dalaman. • Strok
To protect internal organs. Stroke
(iv) Sebagai komponen membran plasma.

As a component of plasma membrane.
12. bahan api bio / sumber tenaga yang boleh dibaharui

biofuel / renewable source of energy
Bahan Pencuci
5.2 Cleansing Agents
Sabun dan detergen

Soaps and detergents
1. gris / kotoran
grease / dirt
2. (a) (i) asid lemak / fatty acids
(ii) lemak haiwan / minyak tumbuhan
animal fats / plant oils
(b) (i) asid alkil sulfonik / akyl suphonic acid
(ii) pecahan petroleum / petroleum fractions

Penghasilan sabun melalui proses saponifikasi

Preparation of soaps by saponification process
3. saponifikasi / alkali
saponification / alkali
4. hidrolisis beralkali ester / alkaline hydrolysis of esters
5. RCOO–Na+ / RCOO–K+
6.
Asid lemak Alkali Sabun
Fatty acid Alkali Soap
Contoh Asid palmitik Natrium hidroksida Natrium palmitat

Example Palmitic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium palmitate
C15H31COOH NaOH C15H31COO–Na+
(a) Asid palmitik Kalium hidroksida Kalium palmitat

Palmitic acid Potassium hydroxide Potassium palmitate
C15H31COOH KOH C15H31COO–K+
(b) Asid oleik Natrium hidroksida Natrium oleat

Oleic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium oleate
C17H33COOH NaOH C17H33COO–Na+
(c) Asid stearik Kalium hidroksida Kalium stearat

Stearic acid Potassium hydroxide Potassium stearate
C17H35COOH KOH C17H35COO–K+
7.
Ester Alkali Sabun Alkohol
(a) + Alkali
→ Soap
+ Alcohol
Ester
(b) Lemak / Minyak

Fat / Oil
+ NaOH / KOH → RCOO–Na+ / RCOO–K+ + Gliserol
Glycerol
Na Asid lemak Na
(c) Gliserol OH Fatty acid Gliserol
Glycerol Glycerol
Na Asid lemak Na OH OH OH
OH Fatty acid
Fatty acid
Asid lemak
Fatty acid
Asid lemak
Fatty acid
Asid lemak
Na Asid lemak Na
OH Fatty acid
CH2OCOR CH2OH
(d) CHOCOR CHOH

3 NaOH 3 RCOONa
CH2OCOR CH2OH
8. Satu / tiga / tiga / satu

One / three / three / one

Penghasilan detergen melalui tindak balas pengsulfonan dan peneutralan

Preparation of detergents by sulphonation and neutralisation
9. (a) alkohol / asid sulfurik

alcohol / sulphuric acid
(b) Peneutralan / Neutralisation
10. (a) (i)
O O
R O H H O S O H R O S O H H 2O
O O
Alkohol berantai Asid sulfurik

panjang Asid alkil sulfonik Air
(ii) + pekat → +
Long-chain alcohol Concentrated Alkyl sulphonic acid Water
sulphuric acid

(b) (i)
O O
R O S O H Na OH R O S O–Na+ H 2O
O O
Asid alkil Natrium

sulfonik Air
(ii) + hidroksida → Natrium alkil sulfat +
Alkyl sulphonic Water
Sodium hydroxide Sodium alkyl sulphate
acid
11. (a) (i) CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3H

(ii) asid lauril sulfonik / lauryl sulphonic acid
(b) (i) CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3–Na+
(ii) natrium lauril sulfat / sodium lauryl sulphate
Aktiviti 5.1
1. silinder penyukat / measuring cylinder
2. larutan natrium hidroksida pekat / concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
3. busa / buih
foaming / frothing
4. hilang / disappears
5. natrium klorida / sodium chloride
6. menyejuk / cool
7. mendakan putih / white precipitates
8. baki turasan / alkali // natrium hidroksida / garam // natrium klorida
alkali // sodium hydroxide / salt // sodium chloride
9. digosok /digoncang
rubbed / shaken
10. minyak masak / cooking oils

Ujian / Test Permerhatian / Observation
Digosok di antara jari / Rubbing in between fingers Rasa licin / Slippery feel
Digoncang dengan air / Shaken with water Buih-buih dihasilkan / Foam is produced
1. sabun / soap
2. keterlarutan / memendakkan

solubility / precipitate
saponifikasi / saponification
Tindakan pencucian sabun dan detergen

Cleansing actions of soaps and detergents
12. (a) mengurangkan / lower
(b) mengemulsikan / emulsify
(c) tompok-tompok minyak / oil droplets
13.
Sabun Detergen
Soap Detergent
• Molekul sabun terurai kepada ion natrium (Na+) dan • Molekul detergen terurai kepada ion natrium (Na+) dan
ion karboksilat (RCOO–) . ion sulfonat (ROSO3–) .
The soap molecule dissociates into sodium ions (Na+) and sodium ions (Na+)
The detergent molecule dissociates into and
carboxylate ions (RCOO–) . sulphonate ions (ROSO3–) .
• Kepala ion karboksilat mengandungi kumpulan bercas • Kepala ion sulfonat mengandungi kumpulan bercas negatif
negatif (COO–) yang bersifat hidrofilik. (OSO3–) yang bersifat hidrofilik.
The head of carboxylate ions contains the negatively-charged The head of sulphonate ions contains the negatively-charged group
group (COO–) which is hydrophilic. (OSO3–) which is hydrophilic.
• Ekor terdiri daripada rantai hidrokarbon panjang yang • Ekor terdiri daripada rantai hidrokarbon panjang yang
bersifat hidrofobik. bersifat hidrofobik.
The tail contains a long hydrocarbon chain which is The tail contains a long hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic.
hydrophobic.
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O Ekor hidrofobik O O
Hydrophobic tail
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C S
O– CH3 O O – Na+
Kepala hidrofilik
Ekor hidrofobik Kepala hidrofilik Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head
14.
(a) (b) (c)
Ion sabun / detergen
+ Soap / Detergent ion + – – – –
+ – – – – – +
+ + – – Air
– Ion Na+ – –
+ – – – – Water
Na ion
+
– + +
+ + – – –
– – – – – – – –
– – – Air – –
– – –
– Water + – – – –
– – – –
Kepala ion – – – – Misel
Ionic head – – – – Micelle
+ – – + – –
Kepala hidrokarbon Kain Gris
hydrocarbon tail Cloth Grease

(i) Tegangan permukaan air (i) Penggosokan dan pengocakan (i) Penggocakan yang seterusnya
dikurangkan apabila sabun atau membolehkan gris ditanggalkan mengemulsikan gris kepada
detergen larut dalam air. dari permukaan kain. tompok-tompok minyak yang
Surface tension of water is lowered when Scrubbing and mechanical agitation kecil.
soap or detergent dissolves in water. help to lift the grease off the cloth Upon further agitation, grease emulsifies
surface. into small droplets of oil.
(ii) Molekul air membasahi permukaan
yang kotor secara menyeluruh. (ii) Zarah gris yang dikelilingi oleh (ii) Tompok-tompok minyak menolak
The water molecules spread out to wet anion sabun atau anion detergen antara satu sama lain kerana
the dirty surface thoroughly. dikenali sebagai misel. berpermukaan yang bercas negatif.
(iii) Kepala hidrofilik sabun dan detergen The grease particles surrounded by soap The small droplets of oil repel one
or detergent ions are known micelles. another as their surfaces are negatively
larut dalam air, sementara ekor
(iii) Misel terapung di dalam air kerana charged.
hidrofobik larut dalam gris.
The hydrophilic head of soap or detergent minyak kurang tumpat daripada (iii) Dengan dibilas menggunakan air,
dissolves in water, while the hydrophobic air. tompok-tompok minyak dapat
tail dissolves in grease. Micelles float in water as grease is less dikeluarkan.
dense than water. With further rinsing with water, the oil
droplets are carried away.
Eksperimen 5.1 Dimalarkan / Constant:

Tujuan / Aim: Isi padu air suling dan saiz tuala
Volume of distilled water and size of towel
Untuk mengkaji keberkesanan pencucian sabun dan detergen
dalam air liat dan air lembut. Radas / Apparatus:
To investigate the cleansing effectiveness of soaps and detergents in Gunting, pembaris, bikar, mesin penimbang, silinder
hard and soft water. penyukat, dan spatula.
Pernyataan masalah / Problem statement: Scissors, ruler, beaker, weighing machine, measuring cylinder, and
Bahan pencuci yang manakah berkesan dalam air lembut dan spatula.
juga air liat?
Which cleansing agent is effective in soft as well as hard water?
1. minyak masak / cooking oil
Hipotesis / Hypothesis: 2. sama / equal size
Sabun berkesan di dalam air lembut sahaja, manakala 3. air suling / distilled water
detergen berkesan di dalam kedua-dua air lembut dan air liat. 4. mesin penimbang / weighing machine
Soap is effective in soft water only, while detergent is effective both in 5. silinder penyukat / measuring cylinder
soft and hard water. 6. detergen / detergent
Pemboleh ubah / Variables: 7. direndam / soaked
Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated: 8. busa // buih / foam
Jenis bahan pencuci / Types of cleansing agent 9. digosok / scrubbed
Bergerak balas / Responding: 10. Kesan minyak / kekat
Jumlah buih yang dihasilkan, kehadiran kesan/kotoran oily stains / scum
minyak, kehadiran kekat
Amounts of foam produced, presence of oily stains, presence of white
scum
Bikar Jenis bahan Kehadiran Jenis air Jumlah busa Kehadiran Kehadiran
Beakers pencuci MgSO4 Types of water Amounts of foam kesan minyak kekat
Types of cleansing Presence of Presence of oily Presence of white
agent MgSO4 stains scum
A Sabun / Soap Tidak / No Air lembut / Soft water Banyak / A lot Tidak / No Tidak / No
B Sabun / Soap Ya / Yes Air liat / Hard water Sedikit / A little Ya / Yes Ya / Yes
C Detergen / Detergent Tidak / No Air lembut / Soft water Banyak / A lot Tidak / No Tidak / No
D Detergen / Detergent Ya / Yes Air liat / Hard water Banyak / A lot Tidak / No Tidak / No

1. detergen /detergent
2. ion Mg2+ / Mg2+ ions
3. kekat / larut
scum / soluble
4. tidak larut / insoluble
5. penghasilan busa // buih / foaming action
Tugasan 2
Sumber air Sabun Detergen
Source of water Soap Detergent
Air lembut Berkesan Berkesan

Soft water Effective Effective
Air liat Tidak berkesan kerana membentuk Berkesan dan tidak membentuk kekat.
Hard water kekat yang tidak larut dalam air yang Effective as it does not form the insoluble scum.
membazirkan sabun dalam tindakan
pencucian.
Not effective as it forms the insoluble scum which
causes soap wastage in the cleansing action.
Air berasid Tidak berkesan kerana membentuk asid Berkesan dan tidak membentuk kekat.
Acidic water lemak berantai panjang yang tidak larut Effective as it does not form the insoluble scum.
dalam air yang membazirkan sabun dalam
tindakan pencucian.
Not effective as it forms the insoluble long-chain
fatty acids which cause soap wastage in the
cleansing action.
15.
Bahan tambah detergen Fungsi
Additives in detergents Functions
Natrium tripolifosfat Melembutkan air liat.

(a) Sodium tripolyphosphate To soften hard water.
Enzim biologi Mempercepat kadar pencucian dan penguraian kesan / kotoran makanan.
(b) Biological enzyme Increase the rate of cleansing and breakdown of food stains.
Natrium perborat dan natrium hipoklorit Agen peluntur yang menanggalkan kotoran bewarna.
(c) Sodium perborate and sodium hypochlorite Bleaching agent to remove colour stains.
Natrium karboksimetil selulosa Menghalang kotoron daripada melekat pada fabrik semula.
(d) Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) Prevent the re-deposition of dirt on fabrics.
Natrium sulfat dan natrium silikat kontang Mengekalkan kekeringan serbuk detergen.
(e) Sodium sulphate and anhydrous sodium silicate Ensure that the detergent powder is always in dry condition.
Bahan berpendarfluor Menjadikan fabrik kelihatan lebih cerah / bersinar.

(f) Brighteners To make the fabrics appear brighter.
Menghalang penghasilan terlalu banyak buih terutamanya semasa

Agen penstabil
(g) menggunakan mesin basuh.
Stabilising agent
Prevent the formation of excessive foam especially in washing machine.

Bahan Tambah Makanan

5.3 Food Additives
Bahan tambah makanan dan fungsinya

Food additives and their functions
1. semula jadi / sintetik / kerosakan / rupa / tekstur / rasa

natural / synthetic / spoilage / appearance / texture / taste
2.
Bahan tambah makanan tradisional Bahan tambah makanan moden
Traditional food additives Modern food additives
Gula, garam, cuka, kanji Pengawet, pengantioksida, pengemulsi, penstabil, pemekat, perisa, pewarna
Sugar, salt, vinegar, starch
Preservative, antioxidant, emulsifier, stabiliser, thickening agent, flavouring, colouring
3.
Bahan tambah
Kepentingan Contoh bahan kimia Contoh makanan
makanan Importance Examples of chemicals Examples of food
Food additives
(a) Pengawet Memanjangkan jangka hayat makanan Asid benzoik Minuman ringan, sos
Preservatives dengan mengelakkan pertumbuhan Benzoic acid tomato
mikroorganisma. Soft drink, ketchup
To increase shelf-life of food by preventing
growth of microorganisms.
Sulfur dioksida Jem dan jus buah-buahan
Sulphur dioxide Jam and fruit juice
Natrium nitrit, natrium Ayam dan daging yang

nitrat diproses
Sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate Processed meat
Mengelakkan bau tengik dengan Asid askorbik, natrium sitrat Marjerin, biskut, minyak
(b) Pengantioksida mengelakkan pengoksidaan lemak dan Ascorbic acid, sodium citrate masak
Antioxidants minyak. Margarine, biscuit, cooking oil
To prevent rancidity of food by preventing
oxidation of fats and oils.
(c) Pengemulsi Menyebatikan/ Menggaulkan minyak Lesitin, gam akasia Sos salad, aiskrim, mayones
Emulsifiers dan air. Lecithin, acacia gum Salad dressing, ice cream,
To mix oil and water together. mayonnaise
(d) Penstabil Mencegah pemisahan minyak dan air.

Stabilisers To prevent separation of oil and water.
(e) Pemekat Menyerap air dan membentuk struktur Gelatin, pektin, agar-agar Jem, agar-agar
Thickening agents gel. Gelatin, pectin, agar Jam, jelly
To absorb water and produce a jelly-like
structure.
(f) Perisa Menghasilkan makanan yang berasa Ester, aspartam Minuman, gula-gula
Flavourings lebih sedap. Ester, aspartame Drinks, candy
To make the food taste better.
Mononatrium glutamat (MSG) Mi segera
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Instant noodle
(g) Pewarna Meningkatkan penampilan makanan Kumpulan azo, sebatian Minuman ringan, makanan
Colourings dengan menambahkan warna. trifenil dalam tin
To improve the appearance of food by adding Azo compound, triphenyl Soft drinks, canned food
colours. compound

Penggunaan bahan tambah makanan

Uses of food additives
4. (a) bekalan makanan / kebuluran / mikroorganisma / pengoksidaan
food supply / famines / microorganisms / oxidation
(b) kos / perisa tiruan
costs / synthetic flavourings
(c) pertanian / penjualan / jus minuman
agricultural / sales / fruit juices
(d) kencing manis /aspartam / gula
diabetic / aspartame / sugar
(e) Selera makan / penampilan / keenakan
Appetite / appearance / taste
5.
Bahan tambah makanan Kesan negatif ke atas kesihatan manusia
Food additives Negative effects on human health
(a) Natrium nitrit Meningkatkan risiko mendapat kanser perut.

Sodium nitrite Increase the risk of developing stomach cancer.
(b) Natrium benzoat Mengakitbatkan tindak balas alahan dan merosakkan sistem saraf.
Sodium benzoate Causes allergic reactions and damages nervous system.
(c) Sulfur dioksida Menyebabkan asma.

Sulphur dioxide Causes asthma.
(d) Aspartam Menyebabkan sakit kepala.

Aspartame Causes headaches.
(e) Mononatrium glutamat (MSG) Menyebabkan muka panas, berpeluh secara berlebihan, rasa kebas pada mulut, sakit
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) kepala, loya dan kelesuan.
Causes flushing, sweating, numbness in mouth, headaches, nausea, and fatigue.
(f) Pewarna makanan tiruan Menyebabkan masalah kehiperaktifan kanak-kanak.

(Tartrazina, Sunset Yellow) Menyebabkan tindak balas alahan.
Artificial food colourings Leads to hyperactivity in children.
(Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow) Causes allergic reactions.
Ubat-ubatan dan Bahan Kosmetik

5.4 Medicines and Cosmetics
Jenis ubat, fungsi dan kesan sampingannya

Types of medicines, their functions and side effects
1. (a) mencegah / merawat
prevent / cure
(b) penderitaaan / suffering
2. (a) (i) tumbuhan / haiwan
plants / animals
(ii) jangka panjang / long-term
(iii) budaya / cultures
(b) (i) makmal / laboratory
(ii) doktor / doctors
(iii) besar / large
3.
Rajah / Diagram Ubat / Medicine Fungsi / Functions
(a)
• Mencegah selesema dan asma.
Bawang putih Prevent flu and asthma.
Garlic • Merendahkan tekanan darah.
Reduce high blood pressure.

(b) • Mengurangkan kembung perut.

Halia Reduce bloating of stomach.
Ginger • Mencegah selesema.
Prevent flu.
(c)
Lidah buaya • Merawat selaran matahari.
Aloe vera Treat sunburn.
(d) • Sebagai penghalau nyamuk.

Serai As a mosquito repellent.
Lemon grass
• Mencegah jangkitan bakteria.
Prevent bacterial infection.
(e) • Meningkatkan memori.

Pegaga Improve memory.
Gotu kola
• Mengurangkan kebimbangan melampau dan stres.
Reduce anxiety and stress.
(f)
Ginseng • Menguatkan badan dan mengurangkan keletihan.
Ginseng Increase endurance and reduce fatigue.
(g) • Mengurangkan demam malaria.

Reduce malaria fever.
Asam jawa • Melegakan sakit abdomen.
Tamarind Relieve abdominal pain.
• Menyembuhkan luka.
Wound healing.
(h)
Kuinin • Merawat malaria.
Quinine Treat malaria.
4.
Jenis ubat moden Kesan terhadap tubuh manusia Contoh
Types of modern
Effects on human bodies Examples
medicines
(a) Analgesik Untuk melegakan kesakitan. Aspirin, parasetamol, kodeina

Analgesics To relieve pain. Aspirin, paracetamol, codeine
(b) Antibiotik Untuk merawat jangkitan bakteria. Penisilin, streptomisin

Antibiotics To treat bacterial infection. Penicillin, streptomycin
(c) Ubat psikoteraputik Untuk merawat penyakit mental. Amfetamin, barbiturat, trankuilizer, imipramin
Psychotherapeutic drugs To treat mental illnesses. Amphetamine, barbiturate, tranquilizer, imipramine
(d) Antialergi Untuk merawat tindak balas alahan. Antihistamin, loratadine, cetirizine
Anti-allergy To treat allergic reaction. Antihistamine, loratadine, cetirizine
(e) Kortikosteroid Untuk mengurangkan keradangan dan Betamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone

Corticosteroids tindakan imun badan. Betamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone
To reduce inflammation and immune system
activity.

5. (a) asid asetil salisilik / acetylsalicylic acid

(b) ubat penahan sakit / ringan / sederhana
painkiller / mild / moderate
(c) ubat pencair darah/ pembentukan darah beku
blood thinner / blood clot
(d) pedih ulu hati / keradangan perut
heartburn / stomach ulser
(e) selepas makan / after meals
(f) 16 tahun / age 16
(g) parasetamol /paracetamol
6. (a) asma / artritis / ekzema
asthmatic / artritic / eczema
(b) penolakan / rejection
(c) (i) berat badan / body weight
(ii) nipis / luka
thinner / injured
(iii) keradangan perut / gastric ulcer
(iv) tulang rapuh / weakens bone
(d) singkat / short
7. Mengantuk dan keletihan
Drowsiness and fatigue
8. (a) dipreskripsikan / prescribed
(b) semua / sihat
whole / better
(c) simpan / keep
9.
Jenis ubat Fungsi Contoh
Types of drugs Functions Examples
(a) Stimulan Menambahkan kecergasan dan keyakinan pesakit. Amfetamin

Stimulant Patient feel more energetic and confident. Amphetamine
(b) Antidepresen Menghilangkan kebimbangan melampau dan tegangan. Imipramin, amitriptilin

Antidepressant To relieve anxiety or tension. Imipramine, amitriptyline
(c) Antipsikotik Ubat penenang yang merawat gejala-gejala penyakit Trankuilizer, barbiturat
Antipsychotic skizofrenia. Tranquilizer, barbiturate
Calming medicine to treat symptoms of schizophrenia.
10. Ketagihan / Addiction 14. (a) II

(b) III
Bahan kosmetik (c) II
Cosmetics
(d) III
11. (a) Melindungi / Protect
(e) I
(b) Mengubah penampilan luaran badan
Enchance one’s appearance (f) II
(c) • Syampu / Shampoo (g) I
• Sabun / Soap (h) III
• Toothpaste / Ubat gigi
(i) I
• Penghilang rias / Make-up remover
• Krim pencukur / Shaving cream (j) I
12. Bahan kosmetik adalah khas untuk kegunaan pelbagai 15. (a) bahagian muka / wajah
facial appearance
bahagian luaran badan manusia sahaja.
Cosmetics are intended for various external parts of the human (b) merawat / luaran
body only. treat / outer // external
(c) mengubah
13. makanan tambahan / makanan alter
health supplements / food

16. (a) (i) Pengemulsi / Emulsifiers

(ii) Pengawet / Preservatives
(iii) Pewarna / Dyes
(iv) Pemekat / Thickeners
(b) pelarut / solvent
(c) konsisten / consistent
(d) mikroorganisma / jangka hayat
microorganisms / shelf-life
(e) melembutkan / soften
(f) warna / rupa
colour / appearance
17.
Bahan kimia Fungsi Kesan sampingan
Chemicals Functions Side effects
Formaldehid Digunakan sebagai pengawet. Kanser

(a) Formaldehyde Used as a preservative. Cancer
Paraben Digunakan sebagai pengawet. Ketidakseimbangan hormon, kanser payudara

(b) Paraben Used as a preservative. Hormone imbalance, breast cancer
Mengekalkan minyak wangi pada kulit untuk jangka

Ftalat Kecacatan kelahiran, kanser
(c) yang panjang.
Phthalates Birth defects, cancer
To allow perfume remain on the skin for a long time.
Digunakan sebagai pelarut dalam penghilang

Toluena Sakit kepala, kepeningan
(d) pewarna kuku.
Toluene Headaches, dizziness
Used as a solvent in nail polish remover.
Hidrokuinon Pencerah kulit Kemerahan dan hipersensitif kulit

(e) Hydroquinone Skin lightener Redness and skin hypersensitivity
5.5
Aplikasi Nanoteknologi dalam Industri
Application of Nanotechnology in Industry
Tugasan 3
1. pengolahan bahan-bahan / skala nano (a) 1 × 10–7 nm

processing substances / nano scale (b) 1.6 × 10–8 nm
2. pembangunan / zarah nano (c) 7.4 × 10–6 nm

development / nanoparticles
(d) 1.7 × 10–2 nm / 0.017 nm
3. 1 hingga 100 / 1 to 100
(e) 7 × 10–3 nm / 0.007 nm
4. jumlah luas permukaan per isi padu / total surface area to
(f) 5 × 10–3 nm / 0.005 nm
volume
5. (a) luas permukaan / isi padu / reaktif
surface area /volume / reactive
(b) menembusi /penetrate
6. murah / tenaga / bahan mentah

cheaper / energy / raw materials

7.
Bidang / Field Aplikasi / Application
(a) Semikonduktor dan elektronik Menghasilkan transistor dan cip memori yang kecil.
Semiconductors and electronics To produce tiny transistors and memory chips.
(b) Tenaga dan elektrik Menghasilkan sel suria.

Energy and electric To produce solar cells.
(c) Pertanian Zarah nano digunakan sebagai baja.

Agriculture Nanoparticles are used as fertilisers.
(d) Tekstil Menghasilkan fabrik yang kalis air, kalis api dan kalis kotoran.
Textile To produce fabrics that are waterproof, fire-retardant and stain-resistant.
(e) Makanan Zarah nano digunakan dalam pembungkusan makanan.

Food Nanoparticles are used in food packaging.
(f) Perubatan / Medicine Cara penyampaian ubat yang berkesan. / Effective way of drug delivery.
(g) Kosmetik Menghasilkan nanoemulsi dalam losyen dan krim.

Cosmetics To produce nanoemulsions in lotions and creams.
8. (a) transistor kecil / tenaga / ketebalan

tiny transistors / power / thickness.
(b) cip memori / maklumat
memory chips / information
(c) dipakai / jam tangan pintar / peranti pemantauan kesihatan
wearable / smart watch / health monitoring device
9. kulit / kapilari darah / kapilari limfa
skins / blood capillaries / lymphatic capillaries
10. sinaran ultraungu (UV) / selaput putih
ultraviolet (UV) / white coating
11. karbon /heksagon
carbon / hexagonal
12.
(a) Disusun berlapis-lapis

Stacked on top of each other
Grafit / Graphite

(b) Digulung / Rolled up

Nanotiub karbon / Carbon nanotube
(c) Dilipat menjadi bentuk sfera

Folded into a spherical shape
Fulerena / Fullerene

13. (a) Nisbah luas permukaan per isi padu yang besar
Very large surface area to volume ratio
(b) Kekuatan tegangan yang tinggi
High tensile strength
(c) Sangat ringan
Very light
(d) Tidak telap
Impermeable
(e) Lengai
Inert
(f) Konduktor elektrik yang sangat baik
Very good conductor of electricity
14. kuat / bahan kimia / haba
strengthen / chemicals / heat
Aplikasi Teknologi Hijau dalam Pengurusan Sisa Industri

5.6 Application of Green Technology in Industrial Waste Management
Teknologi hijau
Green technology
1. pembangunan / produk / peralatan / memelihara / kesan negatif
development / products / equipment / conserve / negative effects
2. keperluan / sosial
social / needs
3.
(a) Tenaga Memupuk ketidakbergantungan tenaga dan mempromosikan kecekapan tenaga.

Energy Seek to attain energy independence and promote energy efficiency.
(b) Alam sekitar Memulihara dan mengurangkan kesan negatif kepada alam sekitar.
Environment Conserve and minimise the negative effects on the environment.
(c) Ekonomi Meningkatkan pembangunan ekonomi negara melalui penggunaan teknologi hijau.
Economy Enhance the national economic development through the use of green technology.
(d) Sosial Meningkatkan kualiti hidup manusia.

Social Improve of the quality of life of people.
4. (a) (i) tidak boleh dibaharui /permintaan yang tinggi

non-renewable / high demand // consumption
(ii) karbon dioksida / pemanasan global
carbon dioxide / global warming
(b) (i) tapak pelupusan / landfill
(ii) pencemaran air / water pollution
(iii) bau busuk / gas toksik
foul smells / toxic gases
(c) (i) habitat / habitats
(ii) karbon dioksida / carbon dioxide
(iii) Eutrofikasi / Eutrophication
Aplikasi teknologi hijau dalam sektor pengurusan sisa dan industri air sisa
Application of green technology in the sector of waste management and industrial wastewater
5. lebihan / tidak diingini // dikehendaki / dilupuskan

excess / unwanted

6.
Sisa pepejal / Solid waste
Sisa domestik Sisa industri Sisa pembinaan Sisa komersial Sisa khas
Domestic waste Industrial waste Construction waste Comercial waste Special waste
Sisa makanan Logam berat Konkrit Bekas plastik Sisa beracun

Food waste Heavy metal Concrete Plastic containers Toxic waste
7.
(a) sisa terkawal / kaedah yang tertentu / berbahaya / kesihatan
controlled waste / designated // special method / dangerous // hazardous / health
(b) Bahan-bahan toksik / tapak pelupusan
toxic substances / landfill
8. gas metana / rumah hijau
methane gas / greenhouse
9. (a) domestik / Domestic // Municipal
(b) industri / industrial
10. Sisa manusia (air kencing/najis), sisa makanan, sabun atau detergen.
Human waste (urine/faeces), food waste, soaps or detergents.
11. (a) bakteria penyebab penyakit / disease-causing bacteria
(b) bahan kimia toksik / toxic chemical substances
(c) kandungan oksigen /oxygen content
12. • Pertambahan penduduk / Increase in population
• Perubahan gaya hidup / Change in lifestyles
• Pembangunan prasarana / Infrastructure development
• Peningkatan ekonomi / Economic development
(Mana-mana tiga / Any three)
13. berterusan / praktikal / kos berkesan /gas rumah hijau

continuous / practical / cost-effective / greenhouse gases
14. Memudahkan proses pembuangan dan kitar semula. / Ease the disposal process and recycling.
15. kecekapan penggunaan / kesihatan awam

efficient use / public health.
Kaedah olahan larutlesapan daripada tapak pelupusan dan rawatan air sisa
Landfill leachate treatment method and wastewater treatment
16. meresap / tapak pelupusan / berbahaya / bau yang busuk
diffuses / landfill / harmful // hazardous / bad odour
17. (a) air hujan / rainwater
(b) penguraian semula jadi / natural decomposition
18. air tanah / air permukaan

groundwater / surface water
19. olahan larutlesapan / landfill leachate
(a) bahan kimia / disingkirkan
chemicals / removed
(b) dikitar semula / recycled

20.
(a) Rawatan biologi anerob • Kolam anaerob / Anaerobic pond

Anaerobic biological
treatment • Reaktor anaerob / Anaerobic reactors
• Kolam pengudaraan
(b) Rawatan biologi aerob Aerated ponds
Aerobic biological treatment • Enapcemar teraktif
Activated sludge
(c) Rawatan fisiokimia • Pelarasan pH dengan kapur dan pengoksidaan oleh kalium manganat(VII) berasid
Physiochemical treatment pH adjustment by lime and oxidation by acidified potassium manganate(VII)
(d) Penggumpalan-
• Penggumpalan zarah-zarah terampai dengan penambahan alum.
pengelompokan Aggregation of the suspended particles by adding alum.
Coagulation-flocculation
21. aerob / organik

aerobic /organic PRAKTIS SPM 5
22. enapcemar / sludge
23. separa pepejal / kompos /baja organik
Soalan Objektif

semi-solid / compost / organic fertilisers
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. B
Konsep 4R 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B
4R Concept
24. (a) penggunaan / consumption/ usage Soalan Struktur
(b) sama atau yang berbeza / the same or different usage
(c) bahan atau objek baharu / new materials and objects Bahagian A
(d) tenaga / energy
1. (a) (i) R
(ii) • Mencegah selesema dan asma.
Tugasan 4
•
Prevents flu and asthma.
Merendahkan tekanan darah.
Lowers high blood pressure.
1. (a) Kurangkan / Reduce (Mana-mana satu jawapan./ Any one answer.)
(b) Kitar semula / Recycle (iii) Seulas bawang putih yang segar dihiris
(c) Kurangkan / Reduce kemudian dimakan mentah-mentah.
A fresh garlic clove is cut into thin slices and then eaten
(d) Pemulihan / Recover raw.
(e) Guna semula / Reuse (iv)
Perubatan tradisional diperoleh daripada
2. (a) sisa pepejal / solid waste tumbuhan dan haiwan manakala perubatan
(b) tapak pelupusan / landfill moden dihasilkan di dalam makmal.
Traditional medicine is derived from plants and animals,
(c) produk inovatif / innovative products while modern medicine is produced in the laboratory.
(v) 1. Mengekstrakkan bahan aktif/alisin yang
terkandung dalam bawang putih.
Aplikasi teknologi hijau dalam kehidupan Extract the active ingredient / allicin contained in
Application of green technology in daily life the garlic.
2. Menambahkan sebatian kimia yang
25. alam sekitar / environment mempunyai struktur kimia yang serupa
26. tenaga / air / bahan mentah dengan bahan aktif ke dalam pil atau kapsul.

energy / water / raw materials Adding the chemical compounds that have the
similar chemical structure with the active ingredient
27. (a) kos operasi / operation costs into the pills or capsules.
(b) keselesaan / comfort
(b) Pengantioksida; Mengelakkan bau tengik dengan
(c) Memelihara / memulihara
mengelakkan pengoksidaan lemak dan minyak.
Preserve / conserve
Antioxidant; To prevent rancidity of food by preventing
(d) nilai / value oxidation of fats and oils.

Lesitin soya; Menggaulkan minyak dan air. Lauryl alcohol + sulphuric acid → lauryl sulphonic
Soy lecithin; To mix oil and water together/ To serve as an acid + water
emulsifier of oil and water. Asid lauril sulfonik + natrium hidroksida →
(Mana-mana satu jawapan./ Any one answer.) natrium lauril sulfat + air
Lauryl sulphonic acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium
lauryl sulphate + water
Bahagian B
(ii) • Isopropil palmitat menggaulkan air dan
2.
(a) (i) • Asid lemak tepu ialah asid karboksilik dengan minyak untuk membentuk campuran yang
rantai hidrokarbon yang panjang. konsisten, stabil dan likat.
Saturated fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long Isopropyl palmitate mixes water and oils together
hydrocarbon chains. in order to form a consistent, stable and viscous
• Rantai hidrokarbon panjang asid lemak mixture.
terdiri daripada atom-atom karbon yang • Gliseril stearat melembutkan kulit dan
terikat dengan ikatan kovalen tunggal dan rambut.
mempunyai bilangan atom hidrogen yang Glyceryl stearate softens the skin and hair.
maksimum. (d) • Sensor nano/Pengesan nano boleh dipasang
The long hydrocarbon chain is made from carbon untuk memantau penyakit dan perosak pada
atoms bonded with single covalent bonds with the tanaman. Oleh itu, hasil tanaman dapat
maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
dipertingkatkan kerana tindakan segera boleh
(ii) • Minyak kelapa sawit mempunyai kandungan diambil untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit
asid lemak tepu yang lebih tinggi berbanding dan perosak.
dengan minyak tumbuhan yang lain. Nanosensor can be installed to monitor the diseases
Palm oil has a higher content of saturated fatty acids and pest on crops. Hence, crop yield can be increased
compared to other vegetable oils. as immediate actions can be taken to prevent spread of
• Rantai hidrokarbon asid lemak tepu disusun diseases and pest.
dengan padat. • Menggunakan baja yang mengandungi zarah
The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids are nano yang mempunyai nisbah jumlah luas
tightly packed. permukaan per isi padu yang besar. Hal ini dapat
• Daya van der Waals antara rantai hidrokarbon menjimatkan kos yang dibelanjakan untuk baja
asid lemak tepu adalah lebih kuat. kerana zarah nano dapat meningkatkan kadar
The van der Waals forces between hydrocarbon penyerapan baja.
chains of saturated fatty acids are stronger. Using fertilisers which consist of nanoparticles with a
• Lebih banyak tenaga haba diperlukan untuk larger total surface area to volume ratio. Hence, it saves
mengatasi daya tarikan yang lebih kuat costs on fertilisers, as nanoparticles increases the rate of
antara molekul. absorption of fertilisers.
More heat is required to overcome the stronger forces (e) • Penggunaan bahan api bio dapat mengurangkan
of attraction between the molecules.
masalah pengurusan sisa dengan menukarkan
• Minyak kelapa sawit berada dalam keaadaan sisa kepada sumber tenaga yang bernilai. //
separa pepejal kerana mempunyai takat Penggunaan bahan api bio mengurangkan
lebur yang lebih tinggi. pergantungan kita kepada bahan api yang tidak
Palm oil exists as semi-solid, as it has a higher
melting point. dapat dibaharui seperti bahan api fosil, dengan
(Any four answers. / Mana-mana empat itu mengurangkan pencemaran alam sekitar.
The use of biofuels decreases waste management
jawapan.)
problems by converting waste into valuable energy
(b) CH2OH sources. // The use of biofuels reduces the reliance on
the unrenewable energy sources such as fossil fuel and
O hence reduce the environmental pollution.
• Penukaran sisa kepada bahan api bio
CHOH CH3(CH2)14 C O–Na+ menjimatkan kos penggunaan tenaga fosil yang
semakin naik. // Pengeksportan bahan api bio
menjanakan pendapatan yang menguntungkan
kepada negara
Conversion of waste into biofuels saves the costs spent
CH2OH
on fossil energy which is increasing. // Export of
Gliserol Natrium palmitat biofuels generates lucrative revenues for the country.
Glycerol Sodium palmitate
(c) (i) Lauril alkohol + asid sulfurik → asid lauril

sulfonik + air

Bahagian C Perbezaan / Differences

• Grafen hanya mempunyai satu lapisan atom-
3. (a) (i) V atom karbon manakala grafit terdiri beberapa
lapisan atom-atom karbon.
Graphene consists only of a single layer of carbon
Rod platinum Rod grafen
Platinum rod Graphene rod atoms while graphite consists of multiple layers of
carbon atoms.
• Grafen boleh ditempa dengan mudah tanpa
Air sisa yang tercemar patah manakala grafit adalah sangat rapuh
dengan kadmium
Wastewater contaminated dan tidak boleh ditempa.
with cadmium
Graphene is malleable and can be pressed into
shape without breaking but graphite is very brittle
1. Rod platinum bertindak sebagai anod, and hence not malleable.
sementara rod grafen bertindak sebagai (b) • Detergen / Detergent
katod. • Detergen mempunyai rantai hidrokarbon
The platinum rod acts as the anode, while the
graphene rod acts as the cathode. bercabang yang tidak terbiodegradasikan.
Detergents have branched hydrocarbon chains which
2. Air sisa yang mengandugi ion kadmium yang are non-biodegradable.
bebas bergerak bertindak sebagai elektrolit. • Fosfat dalam detergen boleh menyebabkan
Wastewater containing free-moving cadmium ions
acts as the electrolyte. eutrofikasi.
Phosphate in detergents causes eutrophication.
3. Ion kadium tertarik ke katod dan menjalani
• Detergen menghasilkan banyak buih yang
proses penurunan.
Cadmium ions are attracted to the cathode and menutupi permukaan air sehingga menghalang
undergoes the reduction process. oksigen daripada melarut dalam air.
4. Persamaan setengah di katod: Detergents produce a lot of foam which covers the water
Half-equation at the cathode: surface and thus preventing oxygen from dissolving in
water.
Cd2+ + 2e− → Cd
• Sesetengah bahan tambah dalam detergen
Sebab penggunaan grafen adalah toksik terhadap hidupan akuatik.
Reason of use of graphene: Some of the additives in detergents are toxic to aquatic
Grafena ialah konduktor elektrik yang sangat lives
baik kerana elektron dapat bergerak dengan (c) • Penggunaan bahan binaan hijau yang
cepat melaluinya. mengurangkan kesan negatif terhadap alam
Graphene is a great conductor of electricity as it has sekitar.
high electron mobility. Use of green building materials which minimise
(ii) Persamaan / Similarities negative impacts on the environment.
• Setiap karbon dalam grafit dan grafen terikat • Penggunaan tenaga dan air yang cekap melalui
secara kovalen dengan tiga atom karbon penggunaan sumber tenaga yang boleh
lain yang berdekatan untuk menghasilkan dibaharui.
bentuk heksagon. Efficient use of energy and water through application of
Each carbon in graphite and graphene is covalently renewable energy sources.
bonded to the other three neighbouring carbon • Reka bentuk yang inovatif yang menghasilkan
atoms forming a hexagonal shape. persekitaran dalam bangunan yang kondusif.
• Elektron valens yang keempat bagi kedua- Innovative designs which create excellent indoor
dua grafit dan grafen tidak terikat dan environment.
bergerak bebas. • Penghasilan sisa yang minimum melalui aplikasi
Both of the fourth valence electrons for graphite and guna semula dan kitar semula.
graphene are not bonded and freely moving. Minimal production of waste through the applications
of reusing and recycling.

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JAWAPAN

Ion iodida mengalami Ion manganat(VII)

J1 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Tindak balas redoks berdasarkan perubahan

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J2

Kuning pudar Klorin Perang Bromin Ungu Iodin

Perang Bromin Perang Bromin Ungu Iodin

Ungu Iodin Ungu Iodin Ungu Iodin

Keupayaan Elektrod Piawai

J3 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Sel kering Sel nikel-kadmium Inferens / Inference

Elektrod magnesium Elektrod kuprum

Persamaan setengah/ Half-equation • Larutan natrium klorida • Larutan glukosa

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J4

6. (a) logam plumbum / katod // terminal negatif / gas Eksperimen 1.1

Katod • Pepejal / solid Dimalarkan / Constant:

(b) mula terpesong / ion-ion mula bergerak bebas Keputusan / Result:

• Pb2+ + 2Br– → Pb + Br2 • tak berwarna / Colourless • tak berwarna / Colourless

Anod Katod oksigen / Oxygen hidrogen / Hydrogen

Nama hasil Nama hasil 2. pudar // biru muda / berkurangan

J5 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J6

Perbincangan / Discussion: (d) 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– (d) 2H+ + 2e– → H2

J7 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(g) 4OH– + 2Cu2+ → 2H2O + O2 + 2Cu

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J8

Penyaduran logam secara elektrolisis

remains blue / tetap biru kekal sama / remains the same

Penulenan logam secara elektrolisis

tebal / thicker Ion Cu2+ / kuprum

tetap biru / remains blue kekal sama / remains the same

J9 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

(b) pengoksidaan / oxidation (b) penurunan / reduction

2. sama dengan / dikekalkan

Extraction of a Metal from Its Ore

Keadah pengekstrakan Elektrolisis Penurunan kimia menggunakan karbon

Contoh logam Natrium, magnesium, aluminium Ferum, timah, zinc

2. (a) (i) 2O2– → O2 + 4e–

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J10

J11 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Perbincangan / Discussion: (b) penurunan / menerima

(c) Pelapisan timah (d) Lapisan pelindung

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J12

(c) E0 sel = E0 katod – E0 anod

J13 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

Bahagian C • Menggunakan logam korban

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J14

Jenis-Jenis Sebatian Karbon

Jenis Sebatian karbon / Carbon compounds

Contoh Alkana, alkena, alkuna Asid karboksilik, alkohol, ester

J15 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

5. Hidrokarbon Kegunaan dalam kehidupan seharian

Gas petroleum Sebagai bahan api memasak.

Nafta Untuk membuat plastik dan sebagai pelarut.

Minyak pelincir Sebagai bahan pelincir enjin kenderaan dan mesin.

Parafin Digunakan untuk menghasilkan lilin.

Bitumen Sebagai bahan binaan jalan raya berturap/ tar.

Molekul besar Molekul kecil

7. plastik/ getah sintetik

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. J16

(c) sama / same

Alkana CnH2n + 2, Ikatan tunggal antara atom karbon C C

Alkena CnH2n, Ikatan ganda dua/dubel antara atom karbon