Prosedur/Procedure:

Rod kaca
Glass rod
Spatula Serbuk kuprum(II)
Spatula oksida, CuO berlebihan Corong turas
Excess of copper(II) Filter funnel Larutan garam Mangkuk
Salt solution penyejat
oxide powder, CuO
Kertas turas Evaporating dish
Filter paper

Serbuk kuprum(II) Alas segi tiga

20.0 cm3 asid oksida, CuO berlebihan
nitrik, HNO3 Excess copper(II) oxide powder, tanah liat
20 cm3 of nitric CuO Pipe-clay
acid, HNO3 Panaskan
Heat triangle
Larutan kuprum(II)
nitrat, Cu(NO3)2 berlebihan
Copper(II) nitrate solution,
Cu(NO3)2

Botol pencuci
Wash bottle Hablur garam
Larutan tepu Hablur garam
Salt crystals

A
Kertas turas Saturated Salt crystals
Filter paper solution

Air suling
Distilled water

Hablur garam kering

Dry salt crystals

SI
Rajah/ Diagram 6.21 Susunan radas/ Apparatus set-up

1. 20 cm3 asid nitrik, HNO3 2.0 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam sebuah bikar. Asid dihangatkan dengan api yang
kecil.
A
20.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 nitric acid, HNO3 is poured into a beaker. The acid is heated using medium heat.
2. Serbuk kuprum(II) oksida, CuO ditambah sedikit demi sedikit kepada asid dengan menggunakan spatula
sambil dikacau dengan rod kaca.
Using a spatula, copper(II) oxide powder, CuO is added gradualy into the acid while stirring with glass rod.
3. Serbuk kuprum(II) oksida terus ditambah sehingga terdapat serbuk yang tidak larut.
Copper(II) oxide powder, CuO is added continuously until it is no longer dissolved.
4. Serbuk kuprum(II) oksida yang berlebihan dalam campuran dituras.
N

Excess copper(II) oxide powder, CuO is filtered from the mixture.

5. Hasil turasan dituang ke dalam sebuah mangkuk penyejat dan dipanaskan sehingga larutan garam yang
tepu diperoleh.
The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish and heated until a saturated salt solution is obtained.
6. Larutan garam tepu dibiarkan menyejuk sehingga hablur garam terbentuk.
PA

The saturated solution is allowed to cool until salt crystals are formed.
7. Kandungan di dalam mangkuk penyejat dituras untuk memperoleh hablur garam. Hablur dibilas dengan
sedikit air suling.
The content of the evaporating dish is filtered to obtain salt crystals. The crystals are rinsed with a little amount of
distilled water.
8. Hablur dikeringkan dengan menekannya di antara dua keping kertas turas.
The crystals are dried by pressing them between two pieces of filter papers.

Perbincangan/Discussion: TP 4
1. Dalam aktiviti ini, serbuk kuprum(II) oksida, CuO perlu ditambah secara berlebihan untuk
memastikan semua asid nitrik, HNO3 telah bertindak balas dengan lengkap.
ensure all nitric acid,
In this activity, copper(II) oxide powder, CuO is added until in excess to
HNO3 reacts completely.

2. Dalam aktiviti ini, penurasan kali pertama adalah untuk menyingkirkan kuprum(II) oksida, CuO
yang berlebihan. . Penurasan kali kedua adalah untuk memperoleh hablur kuprum(II) nitrat,
Cu(NO3)2 yang terbentuk.
remove excess copper(II) oxide, CuO.
In this activity, the first filtration is to . The second filtration is to
obtain the copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 crystals formed.

150
 3. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara asid nitrik, HNO3 dengan kuprum(II) oksida, CuO.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between nitric acid, HNO3 and copper(II) oxide, CuO.

CuO (p/s) + 2HNO3 (ak/aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (ak/aq) + H2O (ce/l)

4. Contoh dua garam terlarutkan yang boleh disediakan melalui kaedah ini.
Examples of two soluble salts that can be prepared by this method.
(a) Zink klorida / Zinc chloride
(b) Magnesium sulfat / Magnesium sulphate

C Penulenan Garam Terlarutkan melalui Kaedah Penghabluran Semula

Purification of Soluble Salts by the Recrystallisation Method
1. Garam terlarutkan yang terhasil semasa penyediaan mungkin mengandungi benda asing. Sebahagian daripada
benda asing adalah terlarutkan dan sebahagian pula adalah tidak terlarutkan.
The soluble salts formed during preparation may contain impurities. Some of these impurities are soluble and some are insoluble.
2. Maka, garam perlu ditulenkan melalui kaedah penghabluran semula.
Therefore, the salts need to be purified through recrystallisation method.

A
AKTIVITI 6.5
Tujuan/Aim:

Bahan/Materials:
Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4, kertas turas, air suling SI
Menyediakan garam terlarutkan yang tulen melalui kaedah penghabluran semula.
To prepare pure soluble salt through the recrystallisation method.

Copper(II) sulphate crystal, CuSO4 , filter papers, distilled water

A
Radas/Apparatus:
Bikar 250 cm3, spatula, rod kaca, corong turas, kaki retort dan pengapit, mangkuk penyejat, penunu Bunsen,
alas segi tiga tanah liat, kasa dawai, kelalang kon, tungku kaki tiga, botol pencuci
250 cm3 beaker, spatula, glass rod, filter funnel, retort stand with clamp, wire gauze, evaporating dish, Bunsen burner,
pipe-clay triangle, conical flask, tripod stand, wash bottle

Prosedur/Procedure:
N

Air suling Rod kaca

Distilled water Glass rod
Rod kaca
Glass rod Corong turas
Filter funnel
PA

Larutan garam Mangkuk penyejat

Salt solution Evaporating dish
Kertas turas
Filter paper

Benda asing Alas segi tiga

tak terlarutkan tanah liat
Hablur kuprum(II) Insoluble impurities Pipe-clay
sulfat, CuSO4 triangle
Panaskan Panaskan
Copper(II) sulphate Hasil turasan Heat
Heat Fitrate
crystals, CuSO4

Hablur garam Larutan tepu

Salt crystals Hablur garam
Saturated
Kertas turas Salt crystals
solution
Filter paper

Air suling
Distilled water

Hablur garam kering

Dry salt crystals

Rajah/ Diagram 6.22 Susunan radas/ Apparatus set-up

151
 1. Hablur kuprum(II) sulfat CuSO4 diletakkan di dalam bikar.
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 crystals are put into a beaker.
2. Air suling ditambahkan sedikit demi sedikit sambil dikacau. Larutan dipanaskan untuk mempercepatkan
garam melarut.
Distilled water is added gradually while stirring. The solution is heated to speed up the dissolving of salt.
3. Larutan garam panas dituras untuk menyingkirkan benda asing tak terlarutkan.
The hot salt solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities.
4. Hasil turasan dituang ke dalam sebuah mangkuk penyejat dan dipanaskan sehingga larutan garam yang
tepu diperoleh.
The filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish and heated until a saturated salt solution is obtained.
5. Larutan garam tepu dibiarkan menyejuk sehingga hablur garam terbentuk.
The saturated salt solution is allowed to cool until salt crystals are formed.
6. Kandungan di dalam mangkuk penyejat dituras untuk memperoleh hablur garam. Hablur garam dibilas
dengan sedikit air suling.
The contents of the evaporating dish is filtered to get the salt crystals. The salt crystals are rinsed with a little
distilled water.
7. Hablur garam dikeringkan dengan menekannya di antara dua kepingan kertas turas.
The salt crystals are dried by pressing them between two pieces of filter papers.

A
Perbincangan/Discussion: TP 4
1. Dalam aktiviti ini, tujuan membilas hablur garam yang terbentuk dengan air suling adalah untuk
menyingkirkan benda asing terlarutkan. .
get rid of dissolved impurities.
In this activity, the purpose of rinsing salt crystals formed with distilled water is to .

3.
dissolved in water.
Pertumbuhan hablur
Crystal growth
SI
2. Kaedah penghabluran semula tidak sesuai untuk menulenkan garam tak terlarutkan kerana dalam kaedah
ini, garam tersebut perlu terlebih dahulu dilarutkan di dalam air.
Recrystallisation method is not suitable for purifying insoluble salts because in this method, the salt must first be

ialah kaedah untuk menjadikan hablur garam yang terbentuk lebih besar.
A
is a method to make the salt crystals formed larger.

D Penyediaan Garam Tak Terlarutkan

Preparation of Insoluble Salts
Persamaan kimia BaCl2(ak/ boleh
aq) disediakan Na2SO4(ak/ aq) balas→ BaSO4(p/ s) dua.
+ + 2NaCl(ak/ aq)
N

1. Garam
Chemical tak terlarutkan
equation melalui tindak penguraian ganda
Insoluble salts can be prepared through double decomposition reaction.
2. Dalam proses ini, dua larutan akueus yang berlainan saling bertukar ion untuk menghasilkan satu larutan akueus
baharu (ak/ aq) + 2Cl–(ak/ aq) + 2Na+(ak/ aq) + SO42–(ak/ aq) → BaSO4(p/ s) + 2Na+(ak/ aq) + 2Cl–(ak/ aq)
Badan
2+ satu mendakan.

In this process, two different aqueous solutions mutually exchange their ions to form a new aqueous solution and a precipitate.
Ion-ion dalam barium Ion-ion dalam natrium Mendakan Ion-ion dalam natrium
PA

klorida sulfat Precipitate klorida

IonsLarutan akueus
in barium chloride+ LarutanIons
akueus Mendakan
→ sulphate
in sodium +
Larutan akueusIons of sodium chloride
Aqueous solution Aqueous solution Precipitate Aqueous solution

Contoh/ Example:
Persamaan ion
Ionic equation Ba2+(ak/ aq) + SO42–(ak/ aq) → BaSO4(p/ s)

152
 Ek stra
Ekstra Tip
Na+ dan Cl– ialah ion pemerhati yang tidak mengalami perubahan dalam tindak balas. Maka, ion-ion ini dimansuhkan.
Na+ and Cl– are spectator ions that do not undergo any change in the reaction. Therefore, the ions are eliminated.

AKTIVITI 6.6
Tujuan/Aim:
Menyediakan garam tak terlarutkan melalui tindak balas penguraian ganda dua.
To prepare an insoluble salt by double decomposition reaction.

Bahan/Materials:
Larutan natrium sulfat, Na2SO4 2.0 mol dm–3, larutan barium klorida, BaCl2 2.0 mol dm–3, kertas turas, air suling
2.0 mol dm–3 sodium sulphate solution, Na2SO4, 2.0 mol dm–3 barium chloride solution, BaCl2, filter paper, distilled water

Radas/Apparatus:
Bikar 250 cm3, silinder penyukat, rod kaca, corong turas, mangkuk penyejat, kelalang kon, botol pencuci
250 cm3 beaker, measuring cylinder, glass rod, filter funnel, evaporating dish, conical flask, wash bottle

A
Prosedur/Procedure:

Larutan barium
klorida, BaCl2
Barium chloride Rod kaca

SI
Larutan natrium
solution, BaCl2 klorida, NaCl Glass rod
Sodium chloride
solution, NaCl

Corong turas
Kertas turas Filter funnel
Filter paper
Mendakan barium Mendakan barium
sulfat, BaSO4
A
Larutan natrium sulfat, sulfat BaSO4 Precipitate of barium
Na2SO4 Barium sulphate, sulphate, BaSO4
Sodium sulphate
solution, Na2SO4 BaSO4 precipitate

Kertas turas
Filter paper
N

Mendakan barium
sulfat, BaSO4
Precipitate of barium
Garam tak terlarutkan kering Larutan natrium sulphate, BaSO4
Dry insoluble salts klorida, NaCl
Sodium chloride
solution, NaCl
PA

Rajah/ Diagram 6.23 Susunan radas/ Apparatus set-up

1. 25.0 cm3 larutan barium klorida, BaCl2 2.0 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam sebuah bikar berisi 25.0 cm3 larutan
natrium sulfat, Na2SO4 2.0 mol dm–3.
25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 barium chloride solution, BaCl2 is poured into a beaker containing 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3
sodium sulphate solution, Na2SO4.
2. Campuran dikacau dengan rod kaca. Mendakan putih barium sulfat, BaSO4 terbentuk dengan serta
merta.
The mixture is stirred with a glass rod. A white precipitate of barium sulphate, BaSO4 is formed immediately.
3. Mendakan yang terbentuk dituras melalui kertas turas.
The precipitate formed is filtered through a filter paper.
4. Mendakan dalam corong turas dibilas dengan air suling.
The precipitate in the filter funnel is rinsed with distilled water.
5. Mendakan dikeringkan dengan menekannya di antara dua kepingan kertas turas.
The precipitate is dried by pressing between two pieces of filter papers.

Perbincangan/Discussion: TP 4
1. Dalam aktiviti ini, mendakan barium sulfat, BaSO4 yang telah dituras perlu dibilas dengan air suling untuk
menyingkirkan natrium klorida, NaCl yang mungkin terlekat pada permukaan barium sulfat, BaSO4.
In this activity, filtered barium sulphate precipitate, BaSO4 needs to be rinsed with distilled water to
remove sodium chloride, NaCl that may present on the surface of barium sulphate, BaSO4.

153
 2. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi penyediaan garam barium sulfat, BaSO4.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the preparation of barium sulphate salt, BaSO4.

BaCl2 (ak/aq) + Na2SO4 (ak/aq) → 2NaCl (ak/aq) + BaSO4 (p/s)

3. Tuiskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan garam barium sulfat, BaSO4.
Write an ionic equation for the formation of barium sulphate salt, BaSO4.

Ba2+ (ak/aq) + SO42– (ak/aq) → BaSO4 (p/s)

4. Contoh dua garam tak terlarutkan yang boleh disediakan melalui kaedah ini.
Example of two insoluble salts that can be prepared by this method.
(a) Magnesium karbonat, MgCO3 / Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3
(b) Argentum klorida, AgCl /Silver chloride, AgCl

Contoh/ Example:
Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan garam tak terlarutkan yang terhasil daripada bahan tindak balas yang berikut.

A
Write the ionic equation for the formation of insoluble salt formed from the following reactants. TP 3

(a) Argentum nitrat, AgNO3 + zink klorida, ZnCl2

Silver nitrat, AgNO3 zinc chloride, ZnCl2

Sodium chromate(VI), Na2CrO4

SI
Ag+ (ak/aq) + Cl– (ak/aq) → AgCl (p/ s)

(b) Natrium kromat(VI), Na2CrO4 + barium nitrat, Ba(NO3)2

barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2

Ba2+ (ak/aq) + CrO42– (ak/aq) → BaCrO4 (p/ s)

A
(c) Kuprum(II) klorida, CuCl2 + ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3
Copper(II) chloride, CuCl2 ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3

Cu2+ (ak/aq) + CO32– (ak/aq) → CuCO3 (p/ s)

N

E Membina Persamaan Ion melalui Kaedah Perubahan Berterusan

Construction of Ionic Equations through the Continuous Variation Method
1. Kaedah perubahan berterusan digunakan untuk membina persamaan ion bagi pembentukan garam tak
PA

terlarutkan.
Continuous variation method is used to construct the ionic equations for the formation of insoluble salts.

Eksperimen 6.3
Tujuan/Aim:
Membina persamaan ion bagi pembentukan plumbum(II) iodida.
To construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide.

Pernyataan masalah/Problem statement:

Bagaimanakah membina persamaan ion bagi pembentukan plumbum(II) iodida?
How to construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide?

Hipotesis/ Hypothesis:
Semakin banyak isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI ditambahkan kepada larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2,
semakin bertambah ketinggian mendakan dan kemudiannya menjadi malar./ As the volume of potassium
iodide solution, KI added to lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2 increases the height of the precipitate will increase and then
remain constant.

154
Pemboleh ubah/ Variables:
(a) dimanipulasikan/ manipulated: Isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI/ Volume of potassium
iodide solution, KI

(b) bergerak balas/ responding: Ketinggian mendakan/ Height of precipitate

(c) dimalarkan/ fixed: Isi padu dan kepekatan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2, kepekatan larutan
kalium iodida, KI/ Volume and concentration of lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2,
concentration of potassium iodide solution, KI

Bahan/Materials:
Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3, larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5 mol dm–3, air suling
0.5 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2, 0.5 mol dm–3 potassium iodide solution, KI, distilled water

Radas/Apparatus:
Tabung uji yang sama saiz, rod kaca, rak tabung uji, buret, pemegang buret, pembaris
Test tubes of the same size, glass rods, test tube rack, burette, burette holder, ruler

A
Prosedur/Procedure:
1. Lapan tabung uji dilabelkan dengan nombor 1 hingga 8 dan diletakkan pada rak tabung uji.
Eight test tubes are labelled with numbers 1 to 8 and place in a test tube rack.
2. Setiap tabung uji diisi dengan 2.50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3 dengan
menggunakan buret.

SI
Each test tube is filled with 2.50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2 using a burette.
3. Larutan kalium iodida, KI 0.5 mol dm–3 ditambahkan ke dalam setiap tabung uji mengikut isi padu yang
ditetapkan dalam Jadual 6.12 dengan menggunakan buret kedua.
0.5 mol dm–3 potassium iodide solution, KI is added into each test tube according to the volume stated in Table 6.12
using a second burette.
4. Rod kaca dimasukkan ke dalam tabung uji. Rod kaca diputarkan menggunakan kedua-dua tapak tangan
A
untuk memastikan campuran sekata.
A glass rod is placed into the test tube. The glass rod is swirled with both palms to ensure even mixing of the
solutions.
5. Rod kaca dikeluarkan perlahan-lahan. Mendakan yang melekat pada rod kaca dan dinding tabung uji
dibilas dengan air suling.
The glass rod is slowly removed. The precipitate that stuck to the glass rod and the walls of the test tubes is rinsed
with distilled water.
N

6. Langkah 4 dan 5 diulang bagi semua tabung uji.

Steps 4 and 5 are repeated for the rest of the test tubes.
7. Tabung uji dibiarkan selama 30 minit supaya mendakan mendap ke bawah.
The test tubes are left to stand for 30 minutes for the precipitate to settle to the bottom.
8. Warna mendakan dan warna larutan pada bahagian atas mendakan direkodkan.
PA

Colour of the precipitate formed and the solution on top of the precipitate are recorded.
9. Ketinggian mendakan dalam setiap tabung uji diukur dan direkodkan.
Height of the precipitate in each test tube is measured and recorded.

Keputusan/Results:
Jadual/Table 6.12

Tabung uji 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Test tube
Isi padu larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 (cm3)
2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
Volume of lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2 (cm3)
Isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI (cm3)
Volume of potassium iodide solution, KI (cm3) 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

Ketinggian mendakan (cm)

1.1 2.2 3.4 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Height of precipitate (cm)
Warna larutan pada bahagian atas mendakan Tidak berwarna
Colour of the solution on top of the precipitate Colourless

155
Mentafsir data/Interpreting data:
1. Plotkan graf ketinggian mendakan melawan isi padu larutan kalium iodida,KI.
Plot the graph of height of precipitate against volume of potassium iodide solution, KI.
Ketinggian mendakan (cm)
Height of precipitate (cm)

5.5

4.4

3.3

2.2

1.1

A
0
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Isi padu larutan kalium iodida, Kl (cm3)
Volume of potassium iodide, KI solution (cm3)

2. Daripada graf, tentukan isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI yang bertindak balas lengkap dengan 2.50 cm3
larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2.

lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2.

5.00 cm3
SI
From the graph, determine the volume of potassium iodide solution, KI which reacts completely with 2.50 cm3 of

3. (a) Hitung bilangan mol ion plumbum(II), Pb2+ dalam 2.50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2
0.5 mol dm–3.
A
Calculate the number of moles of lead(II) ion, Pb2+ in 2.50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2.
n= MV
1 000
= 0.5(2.50)
1 000
= 0.00125 mol/ moles
N

–
(b) Hitung bilangan ion iodida, I yang bertindak balas dengan 2.50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat,
Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3.
Calculate the number of moles of iodide ion, I– which reacts with 2.50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 lead(II) nitrate
solution, Pb(NO3)2.
n = MV
PA

1000
= 0.5(5.00)
1000
= 0.0025 mol/ moles
4. Tentukan bilangan mol ion iodida, I– yang bertindak balas lengkap dengan 1.0 mol ion plumbum(II), Pb2+.
Find the number of moles of iodide ion, I– which reacts completely with 1.0 mol of lead(II) ion, Pb2+.
2.0 mol/moles

5. Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2.

Write an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide precipitate, PbI2
Pb2+ (ak/aq) + 2I– (ak/aq) → PbI2 (p/s)

Perbincangan/Discussion:
ketinggian mendakan yang
1. Dalam eksperimen ini, tabung uji yang sama saiz digunakan supaya
terbentuk tidak dipengaruhi oleh ruang dalam tabung uji.
the height of the precipitate formed is not
In this experiment, test tubes of the same size are used so that
affected by the internal space of the test tube.

156
 2. Dalam tabung uji 1 hingga 4, semakin banyak ion iodida, I– bertindak balas dengan ion plumbum(II), Pb2+
semakin banyak mendakan plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2 terhasil. Oleh itu, semakin tinggi mendakan yang
terhasil.
In test tubes 1 to 4, the more iodide ions, I– react with lead(II) ions, Pb2+, the more lead(II) iodide precipitate, PbI2 is
produced. Therefore, the higher the precipitate.
semua ion plumbum(II), Pb2+
3. Dalam tabung uji 5, ketinggian mendakan adalah maksimum kerana
telah bertindak balas lengkap dengan ion iodida, I–.
all lead(II) ions, Pb2+ have completely reacted
In test tube 5, the height of precipitate is the maximum because
with the iodide ion, I–.

semua ion
4. Dalam tabung uji 6 hingga 8, ketinggian mendakan kekal tidak berubah kerana
plumbum(II), Pb2+ telah habis bertindak balas dengan ion iodida, I–.
all lead(II) ions, Pb2+ have finish
In test tubes 6 to 8, the height of precipitate remains unchanged because
reacted with iodide ion, I–.

Kesimpulan/Conclusion:

A
Hipotesis diterima. Semakin banyak isi padu larutan kalium iodida, KI ditambahkan kepada larutan plumbum(II)
nitrat, Pb(NO ) , semakin bertambah ketinggian mendakan dan kemudiannya menjadi malar.
3 2
Isi padu ditingkatkan bagi larutan B
Increase in volume of solution B

The hypothesis is accepted. The more volume of potassium
1 cm3
2 cm3 3iodide,
cm3 4 KI
cm3solution
5 cm3 is added
6 cm3
to3 lead(II)
7 cm 8 cm3 nitrate, Pb(NO ) solution,

Larutan B
Solution B

SI
the higher the height of precipitate and then it becomes constant.
3 2

2. Dalam kaedah perubahan berterusan, isi padu satu larutan bahan tindak balas ditetapkan manakala larutan bahan
tindak balas yang lain ditambah kepada larutan bahan tindak balas yang pertama dengan pertambahan isi padu seperti
A
yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 6.24.
In this method, volume of one reactant solution is fixed while the other reactant solution is added into the first reactant solution by
increasing its volume as shown in Diagram
6.24.
Isi padu ditetapkan bagi larutan A
Volume of solution A is fixed

Rajah/Diagram 6.24 Kaedah perubahan berterusan

Tabung uji pertama yang mencapai
Continuous variation method ketinggian mendakan yang maksimum,
N

menandakan
3. Ketinggian mendakan yang terhasil akan bertambah secara beransur-ansur semua bahan
bagi beberapa tindak
tabung uji yang pertama
Mendakan balas telah lengkap bertindak balas.
dan kemudiannya menjadi malar seperti ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 6.25.The first test tube to achieve maximum
Precipitate
The height of the precipitate formed will increase gradually for the first few precipitate
test tubes height,
and then becomes
indicates that constant
all as shown in
Diagram 6.25. reactants has completely reacted.

PA

Perubahan ketinggian mendakan

Changes of the height of the precipitate

Rajah/Diagram 6.25 Perubahan ketinggian mendakan

Changes of the height of the precipitate
4. Jika x mol bahan tindak balas A bertindak balas dengan y mol bahan tindak balas B, maka formula empirik bagi garam
tak terlarutkan ialah AxBy.
If x mol of reactant A reacts with y mol of reactant B, then the empirical formula of the insoluble salt is AxBy.
x (ion A) + y (ion B) → AxBy

157
 A
Uji Kendiri 6.9
1. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kaedah untuk menghasilkan garam.
The diagram below shows the method to produce a salt. KBAT Mengaplikasi

SI 0.1 mol dm–3 asid hidroklorik, HCl

0.1 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl
A
0.1 mol dm–3 larutan alkali Q
0.1 mol dm–3 alkaline Q solution
N

(a) Nyatakan nama bagi tindak balas yang terlibat.

State the name for the reaction involves.
Tindak balas peneutralan/ Neutralisation reaction
(b) Apakah jenis garam yang boleh dihasilkan melalui kaedah yang ditunjukkan di atas?
PA

What type of salt can be produced through the method shown above?
Garam terlarutkan jenis kalium, natrium atau ammonium/ Soluble potassium, sodium or ammonium salts
(c) Cadangkan satu larutan Q yang sesuai digunakan dalam tindak balas ini.
Suggest one of solution Q that is suitable to be used in this reaction.
Natrium hidroksida/ Sodium hydroxide atau/or Kalium hidroksida/ Potassium hydroxide

2. Tindak balas antara larutan kalium iodida, KI dan larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2 menghasilkan satu mendakan dan
satu larutan. KBAT Mengaplikasi
The reaction between potassium iodide solution, KI and lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2 produces a precipitate and a solution.
(a) Namakan mendakan yang terhasil.
Name the precipitate formed.
Plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2/ Lead(II) iodide, PbI2
(b) Namakan larutan yang terhasil.
Name the solution formed.
Larutan kalium nitrat, KNO3/ Potassium nitrate solution, KNO3
(c) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction.

Pb2+ (ak/ aq) + 2Cl– (ak/ aq) → PbCl2 (p/ s)

158
 6.10 Tindakan Haba ke atas Garam
Effect of Heat on Salts

A Ujian Gas
Gas Test
1. Melalui gas yang dibebaskan, anion yang mungkin hadir dalam sesuatu garam boleh dikenal pasti.
Through the gas released, the anion that may be present in a salt can be identified.
2. Proses mengenal pasti kehadiran gas boleh dilakukan melalui ujian gas pada Jadual 6.13.
The process to identify a gas can be carried out by the gas test in Table 6.13.
Jadual/Table 6.13

Jenis gas Sifat gas Pemerhatian

Type of gas Properties of gas Observation
Gas oksigen/ Oxygen gas, O2 • Gas tidak berwarna • Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke
Colourless gas dalam tabung uji yang berisi gas.
Kayu uji berbara • Gas tidak berbau Place a glowing wooden spliner into
Glowing wooden
splinter Odourless gas the test tube containing gas.

A
• Kayu uji berbara menyala
semula.
Kalium klorat(V), Glowing wooden splint rekindles.
KClO3
Potassium chlorate(V),
Panaskan KClO3
Heat

Gas hidrogen/ Hydrogen gas, H2

Kayu uji bernyala
Lighted wooden
•

•
SI Gass tidak berwarna
Colourless gas
Gass tidak berbau
• Letakkan kayu uji menyala dekat
dengan mulut tabung uji yang
berisi gas.
A
splinter Odourless gas Place a lighted wooden splinter
near to the mouth of the test tube
Asid sulfurik,
H2SO4 containing gas.
Zink, Zn Sulphuric acid, • Bunyi “pop” terhasil.
Zinc, Zn H2SO4
A ‘pop’ sound is produced.
N

Gas karbon dioksida/ Carbon dioxide • Gas tidak berwarna • Alirkan gas melalui air kapur.
gas, CO2 Colourless gas Pass the gas through limewater.
• Gas tidak berbau • Air kapur menjadi keruh.
PA

Zink karbonat, ZnCO3

Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3 Odourless gas Limewater turns milky/ chalky/
cloudy.

Panaskan
Heat

Air kapur
Limewater

Gas ammonia/ Ammonia gas, NH3 • Gas tidak berwarna • Letakkan kertas litmus merah
Colourless gas lembap berdekatan mulut tabung
Kertas litmus merah • Gas berbau sengit uji.
lembap
Moist red litmus Pungent smell gas Place a moist red litmus paper near
paper to the mouth of the test tube.
Ammonium klorida, Natrium hidroksida,
NH4Cl
• Warna kertas litmus merah
NaOH
Ammonium chloride, Sodium hydroxide, bertukar menjadi biru.
NH4Cl NaOH Red litmus paper turns blue.
Panaskan
Heat

159
 Jenis gas Sifat gas Pemerhatian
Type of gas Properties of gas Observation

Gas klorin/ Chlorine gas, Cl2 • Gas kuning kehijauan • Letakkan kertas litmus biru
Greenish yellow gas lembap berdekatan mulut tabung
Kertas litmus biru
lembap
• Gas berbau sengit uji.
Moist blue litmus Pungent smell gas Place a moist blue litmus paper near
paper
Mangan(IV) to the mouth of the test tube.
Asid hidroklorik,
oksida, MnO2 HCl • Gas kuning kehijauan
Manganese(IV) Hydrochloric acid,
oxide, MnO2 HCl menukarkan kertas litmus biru
Panaskan
Heat
kepada merah.
Greenish yellow gas
changes the blue litmus paper to
red.

Gas hidrogen klorida/ Hydrogen chloride • Gas tidak berwarna • Letakkan rod kaca yang

A
gas, HCl Colourless gas dicelup larutan ammonia pekat
• Gas berbau tajam berdekatan mulut tabung uji.
Larutan ammonia Sharp odour gas Place a glass rod that is dipped with
pekat, NH3
Concentrated ammonia
concentrated ammonia solution near
solution, NH3 to the mouth of the test tube.
Natrium klorida,
NaCl
Sodium chloride,
NaCl
Panaskan
Heat
Asid sulfurik,
H2SO4
Sulphuric acid,
H2SO4

SI • Wasap putih terbentuk.

White fumes formed.
A
Gas sulfur dioksida/ Sulphur dioxide gas, • Gas tidak berwarna • Alirkan gas melalui larutan
SO2 Colourless gas kalium manganat(VII), KMnO4
Asid hidroklorik, • Gas berbau sengit berasid.
HCl Pungent smell gas Pass the gas through acidified
Hydrochloric
potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4
N

acid, HCl
Natrium sulfit, solution.
Na2SO3 • Warna ungu larutan kalium
Sodium sulfite, Larutan manganat(VII), KMnO4 berasid
Na2SO3 kalium manganat(VII)
Panaskan berasid, KMnO4 dinyahwarnakan.
Heat Acidified potassium Purple acidified potassium
PA

manganate(VII)
manganate(VII) solution, KMnO4
solution, KMnO4
decolourises.

Gas nitrogen dioksida/ Nitrogen dioxide, • Gas berwarna perang • Letakkan kertas litmus biru
NO2 Brown colour gas lembap berdekatan mulut tabung
• Gas berbau sengit uji.
Kertas litmus Pungent smell gas Place a moist blue litmus paper near
biru lembap
Moist blue to the mouth of the test tube.
litmus paper • Gas perang terhasil. Warna
Plumbum(II) nitrat, kertas litmus biru bertukar
Pb(NO3)2
Lead(II) nitrate,
menjadi merah.
Pb(NO3)2 Brown gas is released. The colour of
Panaskan
Heat
blue litmus paper turns red.

160
 B Kesan Haba
Effect of Heat
1. Kebanyakan garam karbonat terurai apabila dipanaskan dengan kuat untuk membentuk oksida logam dan gas
karbon dioksida.
Most carbonate salts decompose when heated strongly to form metal oxides and carbon dioxide gas.

Garam karbonat  Oksida logam + Karbon dioksida

Carbonate salt Metal oxide Carbon dioxide gas

2. Walaupun kebanyakan garam karbonat terurai apabila dipanaskan, namun kalium karbonat, K2CO3 dan
natrium karbonat, K2CO3 tidak terurai oleh haba. Lengkapkan Jadual 6.14.
Although most of the carbonate salts are decomposed when heated, potassium carbonate, K2CO3 and
sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 are not decomposed by heat. Complete Table 6.14. TP 3

Jadual/ Table 6.14

Garam karbonat Warna garam Warna baki Persamaan kimia
Carbonate salts Colour of the salt Colour of residue Chemical equation

A
Kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 Putih Putih
CaCO3 (p/s) → CaO (p/s) + CO2 (g)
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 White White
Magnesium karbonat, MgCO3 Putih Putih
MgCO3 (p/s) → MgO (p/s) + CO2 (g)
Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 White White
Aluminium karbonat, Al2(CO3)3
Aluminium carbonate, Al2(CO3)3
Zink karbonat, ZnCO3
Zinc carbonate, ZnCO3 SIPutih
White

Putih
White
Putih
White
Panas/Hot:
Kuning/Yellow
Sejuk/Cold:
Al2(CO3)3 (p/s) → Al2O3 (p/s) + 3CO2 (g)

ZnCO3 (p/s) → ZnO (p/s) + CO2 (g)

A
Putih/White
Plumbum(II) karbonat, PbCO3 Panas/Hot:
Lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3 Putih Perang/Brown
PbCO3 (p/s) → PbO (p/s) + CO2 (g)
White Sejuk/Cold:
Kuning/Yellow
N

Kuprum(II) karbonat, CuCO3 Hijau Hitam

Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3 CuCO3 (p/s) → CuO (p/s) + CO2 (g)
Green Black

Tip SPM
PA

• Kalium karbonat dan natrium karbonat tidak terurai apabila dipanaskan.

Potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate do not decompose by heat
• Merkuri(II) karbonat, argentum karbonat dan aurum(I) karbonat terurai untuk menghasilkan logam, gas karbon
dioksida dan gas oksigen.
Mercury(II) carbonate, silver carbonate and gold(I) carbonate decompose into metals, carbon dioxide gas and oxygen gas.
• Ammonium karbonat terurai untuk menghasilkan gas ammonia, gas karbon dioksida dan air.
Ammonium carbonate decomposes into ammonia gas, carbon dioxide gas and water.

3. Kebanyakan garam nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan dengan kuat untuk menghasilkan oksida logam, gas nitrogen
dioksida dan gas oksigen.
Most nitrate salts decompose when heated strongly to produce metal oxides, nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas.

Garam nitrat  Oksida logam + Gas nitrogen dioksida + Gas oksigen

Nitrate salt Metal oxide Nitrogen dioxide gas Oxygen gas

4. Walaupun kebanyakan garam nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan, namun kalium nitrat, KNO3 dan
natrium nitrat, NaNO3 terurai untuk menghasilkan logam nitrit dan gas oksigen. Lengkapkan Jadual
6.15.
potassium nitrate, KNO3
Although most of the nitrate salts decomposed to when heated, however, and

161
 sodium nitrate, NaNO3
decompose to form metal nitrites and oxygen gas. Complete Table 6.15. TP 3

Jadual/ Table 6.15

Garam nitrat Warna garam Warna baki Persamaan kimia

Nitrate salts Colour of the salt Colour of residue Chemical equation

Kalium nitrat, KNO3 Putih Putih

2KNO3 (p/s) → 2KNO2 (p/s) + O2 (g)
Potassium nitrate, KNO3 White White

Natrium nitrat, NaNO3 Putih Putih

2NaNO3 (p/s) → 2NaNO2 (p/s) + O2 (g)
Sodium nitrate, NaNO3 White White

Kalsium nitrat, Ca(NO3)2 Putih Putih 2Ca(NO3)2 (p/s) → 2CaO (p/s) + 4NO2 (g)
Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 White White + O2 (g)
Magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 Putih Putih 2Mg(NO3)2 (p/s) → 2MgO (p/s) + 4NO2 (g)
Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 White White + O2 (g)
Ferum(II) nitrat, Fe(NO3)2 Hijau Hijau 2Fe(NO3)2 (p/s) → 2FeO (p/s) + 4NO2 (g)
Iron(II) nitrate, Fe(NO3)2 Green Green + O2 (g)

A
Ferum(III) nitrat, Fe(NO3)3 Perang Perang 4Fe(NO3)3 (p/s) → 2Fe2O3 (p/s) + 12NO2(g)
Iron(III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3 Brown Brown + 3O2 (g)
Zink nitrat, Zn(NO3)2 Panas/Hot:
Zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2 Putih Kuning/Yellow 2Zn(NO3)2 (p/s) → 2ZnO (p/s) + 4NO2 (g)

(h) Plumbum(II) nitrat,

Pb(NO3)2
Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2
White

Putih
White
SI Sejuk/Cold:
Putih/White
Panas/Hot:
Perang/Brown
Sejuk/Cold:
+ O2 (g)

2Pb(NO3)2 (p/s) → 2PbO (p/s) + 4NO2 (g)

+ O2 (g)
A
Kuning/Yellow
(i) Kuprum(II) nitrat, Cu(NO3)2 Hijau Hitam 2Cu(NO3)2 (p/s) → 2CuO (p/s) + 4NO2 (g)
Copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 Green Black + O2 (g)

Tip SPM
N

• Kalium nitrat dan natrium nitrat terurai untuk menghasilkan nitrit logam dan gas oksigen apabila dipanaskan.
Potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate decompose into metal nitrites and oxygen gas by heat.
• Merkuri(II) nitrat, argentum nitrat dan aurum(I) nitrat terurai untuk menghasilkan logam, gas nitrogen dioksida dan gas oksigen.
Mercury(II) nitrate, silver nitrate and gold(I) nitrate decompose into metals, nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas.
• Ammonium nitrat terurai untuk menghasilkan gas nitrus oksida dan air.
PA

Ammonium nitrate decomposes into nitrous oxide gas and water.

5. Hanya garam sulfat berikut terurai apabila dipanaskan.

Only the following sulphate salts decompose when heated.
(a) FeSO4 (p/s) → Fe2O3 (p/s) + SO2 (g/g) + SO3 (g/g)
(b) ZnSO4 (p/s) → ZnO (p/s) + SO3 (g/g)
(c) CuSO4 (p/s) → CuO (p/s) + SO3 (g/g)
(d) (NH4)2SO4 (p/s) → 2NH3 (g/g) + H2SO4 (g/g)
Gas ammonia Wap asid sulfurik
Ammonia gas Sulphuric acid vapour

6. Semua garam klorida tidak terurai apabila dipanaskan kecuali ammonium klorida.
All chloride salts are not decomposed by heat except ammonium chloride.
NH4Cl (p/s) → NH3 (g/g) + HCl (g/g)
Gas ammonia Gas hidrogen klorida
Ammonia gas Hydrogen chloride gas

7. Kation atau anion sesuatu garam boleh dikenal pasti berdasarkan gas yang dibebaskan semasa penguraian terma
ke atas garam.
The cation or anion of a salt can be identified based on the gases released when the salt undergoes thermal decomposition.
(a) Gas karbon dioksida/ Carbon dioxide gas Garam karbonat/ Carbonate salt
(b) Gas nitrogen dioksida + gas oksigen Garam nitrat/ Nitrate salt
162
 Gas nitrogen dioxide oxygen gas
SPM
Tip (c) Gas ammonia/ Ammonia gas Garam ammonium/ Ammonium salt
Kation yang hadir dalam sesetengah garam boleh dikenal pasti daripada warna baki pemanasan.
The cation presents in some salts can be identified from the colour of the residue after heating.

Warna baki pemanasan

Colour of the residue Kation yang hadir
Oksida logam
dalam garam
Semasa panas Setelah disejukkan Oxide of metal
Cation present in the salt
Hot Cold

Kuning/ Yellow Putih/ White Zink oksida/ Zinc oxide, ZnO Ion zink/ Zinc ion, Zn2+
Ion plumbum(II)/ Lead(II) ion,
Perang/ Brown Kuning/ Yellow Plumbum(II) oksida/Lead(II) oxide, PbO
Pb2+
Kuprum(II) oksida/ Copper(II) oxide, Ion kuprum(II)/ Copper(II) ion,
Hitam/ Black Hitam/ Black
CuO Cu2+

A
Uji Kendiri 6.10
1. Nyatakan gas yang boleh menghasilkan wasap putih apabila bertindak balas dengan gas hidrogen klorida.
State the gas that produces white fumes when reacts with hydrogen chloride gas.
Gas ammonia / Ammonia gas

SI
2. Lengkapkan persamaan kimia yang berikut./ Complete the following chemical equation.

Fe2(CO3)3 (p/s) → Fe2O3 (p/s) + 3CO2 (g/g)

3. Garam aluminium nitrat, Al(NO3)3 terurai apabila dipanaskan dengan kuat. Apakah gas perang yang terbebas semasa
A
tindak balas penguraian itu? Tulis satu persamaan kimia untuk menunjukkan pembentukan gas tersebut.
Aluminium nitrate salt, Al(NO3)3 decomposes when heated strongly. What is the brown gas that is released during the decomposition
reaction? Write a chemical equation to show the formation of the gas.
Gas nitrogen dioksida / Nitrogen dioxide gas

4Al(NO3)3 (p/s) → 2Al2O3 (p/s) + 12NO2 (g/g) + 3O2 (g/g)

N

6.11 Analisis Kualitatif

Qualitative Analysis
PA

A Analisis Kualitatif untuk Mengenal Pasti Kation dan Anion dalam Garam
Qualitative Analysis to Identify the Cations and Anions in Salts
1. Analisis kualitatif garam ialah satu teknik untuk mengenal pasti kation dan anion yang hadir di dalam sesuatu
garam dengan menganalisis sifat fizik dan sifat kimia garam itu.
Qualitative analysis of a salt is a technique used to identify the cation and anion present in a salt by analysing its physical and
chemical properties.
2. Rajah 6.26 menunjukkan langkah dalam analisis kualitatif garam.
Diagram 6.26 shows the steps in the qualitative analysis of a salts.

Pemerhatian terhadap Tindakan haba Ujian anion dan Ujian pengesahan

sifat fizik garam. ke atas garam. kation. kation dan anion.
Observation on the Effect of heat on Tests for cations Confirmatory tests for
physical properties of the the salt. and anions.
salt. cations and anions.

Rajah/ Diagram 6.26 Langkah dalam analisis kualitatif garam/ Steps in the qualitative analysis of a salt

163
(A) Pemerhatian terhadap Sifat Fizik Garam
Observations on The Physical Properties of Salt
1. Pemerhatian terhadap sifat fizik garam lazimnya merujuk kepada pemerhatian ke atas warna dan keterlarutan
garam di dalam air.
Observations on the physical properties of salt usually refer to the observation on the colour and solubility of salt in water.
2. Pemerhatian ini membantu dalam membuat inferens terhadap kation dan anion yang mungkin hadir di dalam garam.
Lengkapkan Jadual 6.16.
These observation helps to infer the cations and anions that may be present in salts. Complete Table 6.16. TP 1
Jadual/ Table 6.16

Garam atau oksida logam Warna/ Colour

Salt or metal oxide
Pepejal/ Solid Larutan/ Solution
Garam ZAP MgCa dan ammonium
Salt of ZAP MgCa and ammonium Putih/ White Tidak berwarna/ Colourless
• ZAP MgCa = Zn2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Garam ferum(II), Fe2+ Hijau
Hijau/ Green

A
Salt of iron(II), Fe2+ Green
Garam ferum(III), Fe3+ Perang/ Kuning keperangan
Perang/ Brown
Salt of iron(III), Fe3+ Brown/ Brownish yellow
Garam kuprum(II), Cu2+
Salt of copper(II), Cu2+ Biru/ Blue Biru/ Blue
• CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2
Kuprum(II) klorida, CuCl2
Copper(II) chloride, CuCl2
Kuprum(II) karbonat, CuCO3
Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3
SI Hijau/ Green

Hijau/ Green
Biru/ Blue

Tidak terlarut/ Insoluble

A
Zink oksida, ZnO Kuning apabila panas,
Zinc oxide, ZnO
putih apabila sejuk.
Yellow Tidak terlarut/ Insoluble
when hot,
white
when cold.
N

Plumbum(II) oksida, PbO Kuning apabila panas,

Lead(II) oxide, PbO
putih apabila sejuk.
Yellow Tidak terlarut/ Insoluble
when hot,
white
when cold.
PA

Kuprum(II) oksida, CuO

Hitam/ Black Tidak terlarut/ Insoluble
Copper(II) oxide, CuO

3. Lengkapkan Jadual 6.17 dengan keterlarutan dalam air dan warna dalam keadaan pepejal bagi garam yang berikut.
Complete Table 6.17 with the solubility in water and colour in solid state of the following salts. TP 1
Jadual/ Table 6.17

Garam Keterlarutan dalam air Warna dalam bentuk pepejal

Salt Solubility in water Colour in solid state

Plumbum(II) klorida, PbCl2 Tidak larut Putih

Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2 Insoluble White

Kuprum(II) karbonat, CuCO3 Tidak larut Hijau

Copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3 Insoluble Green

Ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 Larut Hijau

Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 Soluble Green

Ferum(III) sulfat, Fe(SO4)3 Larut Perang

Iron(II) sulphate, Fe(SO4)3 Soluble Brown

164
 Garam Keterlarutan dalam air Warna dalam bentuk pepejal
Salt Solubility in water Colour in solid state

Plumbum(II) sulfat, PbSO4 Tidak larut Putih

Lead(II) sulphate, PbSO4 Insoluble White

Magnesium karbonat, MgCO3 Tidak larut Putih

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 Insoluble White

Zink klorida, ZnCl2 Larut Putih

Zinc chloride, ZnCl2 Soluble White

Ammonium karbonat, (NH4)2CO3 Larut Putih

Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3 Soluble White

A
Plumbum(II) iodida, PbI2 Tidak larut Kuning
Lead(II) iodide, PbI2 Insoluble Yellow

(B)

Tindakan Haba ke atas Garam dan Ujian Gas
Effect of Heat on Salts and Gas Tests
SI
1. Gas yang terbebas semasa garam terurai oleh haba boleh dikenal pasti melalui warna, bau, kesan ke atas kertas litmus
lembap atau yang terbaik melalui ujian gas.
A
The gas released when a salt is heated can be identified through its colour, smell, effect on moist litmus paper or the best way is
by a gas test.
2. Berdasarkan warna baki pemanasan dan gas yang terhasil, inferens boleh dibuat terhadap ion yang mungkin hadir
di dalam garam.
Based on the colour of the residue and the gas produced, inferences can be made on the ions that might be present in the salt.
Jadual/ Table 6.18
N

Warna baki
Inferens Gas yang terhasil Inferens
pemanasan Inference Gas produced Inference
Colour of residue
PA

Gas mengeruhkan air kapur. Garam karbonat

Hitam Garam mengandungi ion Cu2+. Gas turns limewater cloudy. Carbonate salt
Black Salt contains Cu2+ ion.

Gas berwarna perang yang Garam nitrat

Perang Garam mengandungi ion Fe3+. bersifat asid. Nitrate salt
Brown Salt contains Fe3+ ion. Brown acidic gas.

Gas berbau sengit dan bersifat Garam ammonium

Kuning apabila panas, Garam mengandungi ion Zn2+. alkali. Ammonium salt
putih apabila sejuk. Salt contains Zn2+ ion. Gas is pungent and alkaline.
Yellow when hot, white
when cool.

165

Perang apabila panas,
kuning apabila sejuk.
Brown when hot, yellow
when cold.
Mungkin garam nitrat
Garam mengandungi ion Pb2+. Gas menyalakan kayu atau Ag2CO3.
Salt contains Pb2+ ion. uji berbara. Probably nitrate salt or
Gas rekindles the glowing Ag2CO3.
wooden splinter.

(C) Ujian anion

Anion Tests
1. Anion yang biasa diuji dalam analisis kualitatif ialah ion karbonat, CO32–, ion klorida, Cl–, ion sulfat, SO42– dan ion
nitrat, NO3–.
Anions that are commonly tested in qualitative analysis are carbonate ion, CO32–, chloride ion, Cl–, sulphate ion, SO42– and nitrate
ion, NO3–.
2. Lengkapkan Jadual 6.19 dengan ujian kehadiran anion dalam larutan akueus.
Complete Table 6.19 with the test for the presence of anion in aqueous solution. TP 4
Jadual/ Table 6.19

Prosedur Pemerhatian Inferens

A
Procedure Observation Inference

Ujian ion karbonat, CO32– • Pembuakan berlaku • Gas karbon dioksida

Carbonate ion, CO32– test Effervescence occurs terhasil/ Carbon dioxide
• Gas yang terhasil gas formed.
Asid hidroklorik
cair + larutan ion
karbonat, CO32–
Dilute hydrochloric
acid + carbonate
ion, CO32– solution

1. 2 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat, Na2CO3, dimasukkan ke

SI
Air kapur
Limewater
mengeruhkan air
kapur/ Gas released turns
limewater cloudy.
• Ion karbonat, CO32– hadir/
Carbonate ion, CO32– is
present
A
dalam sebuah tabung uji.
2 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3 is poured into a test
tube.
2. Sedikit asid hidroklorik cair, HCl ditambahkan.
A little dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl is added.
3. Gas yang terhasil dilalukan melalui air kapur.
Gas produced is flowed into limewater.
N

Ujian ion sulfat, SO42– • Mendakan putih • Mendakan putih barium

Sulphate ion, SO42– test terbentuk/ White precipitate sulfat, BaSO4 terhasil/
is formed White barium sulphate,
Asid hidroklorik
PA

cair berlebihan BaSO4 precipitate is formed

+ larutan • Ion sulfat, SO42– hadir
barium klorida
Excess dilute Sulphate ion, SO42– is present
hydrochloric Larutan ion
acid + barium sulfat, SO42–
chloride solution Sulphate ion,
SO42– solution

1. 2 cm3 larutan natrium sulfat, Na2SO4 dimasukkan ke dalam

sebuah tabung uji.
2 cm3 of sodium sulphate solution, Na2SO4 is poured into a test
tube.
2. Asid hidroklorik cair, HCl ditambahkan sehingga
berlebihan.
Dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl is added untill excess.
3. Beberapa titik larutan barium klorida, BaCl2 ditambahkan.
Few drops of barium chloride, BaCl2 is added.

166
 Prosedur Pemerhatian Inferens
Procedure Observation Inference

Ujian ion klorida, Cl– • Mendakan putih • Mendakan putih argentum

Chloride ion, Cl– test terbentuk/ White precipitate klorida, AgCl terhasil/
Asid nitrik is formed White silver chloride, AgCl
berlebihan
precipitate is formed
+ larutan
argentum nitrat • Ion klorida, Cl– hadir
Excess dilute Chloride ion, Cl– is present
nitric acid Larutan ion
+ silver nitrate klorida, Cl–
solution Chloride ion,
Cl– solution

1. 2 cm3 larutan natrium klorida, NaCl dimasukkan ke dalam

sebuah tabung uji.
2 cm3 of sodium chloride solution, NaCl is poured into a test tube.
2. Asid nitrik cair, HNO3 ditambahkan sehingga berlebihan.
Dilute nitric acid, HNO3 is added until excess.
3. Beberapa titis larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3 ditambahkan.

A
Few drops of silver nitrate solution, AgNO3 is added.

Ujian ion nitrat, NO3– • Cincin perang terbentuk • Ion nitrat, NO3– hadir/
Nitrate ion, NO3– test Brown ring is formed Nitrate ion, NO3– is present
Asid sulfurik cair

SI
+ larutan
ferum(II) sulfat
+ asid sulfurik
pekat
Dilute sulphuric Larutan ion
acid + iron(II) nitrat, NO3–
sulphate Nitrate ion solution,
solution + NO3–
concentrated
A
sulphuric acid

1. 2 cm3 larutan natrium nitrat, NaNO3, dimasukkan ke dalam

sebuah tabung uji.
2 cm3 of sodium nitrate solution, NaNO3 is poured into a test tube.
2. 2 cm3 asid sulfurik cair, H2SO4 diikuti kira-kira 2 cm3
larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 ditambahkan.
2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 followed by 2 cm3 of iron(II)
N

sulphate solution, FeSO4 is added.

3. Beberapa titik asid sulfurik pekat, H2SO4 diletak perlahan-
lahan pada dinding tabung uji yang dicondongkan
Few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is added slowly
along the wall of a slanting test tube.
PA

3. Rajah 6.27 menunjukkan ringkasan ujian anion.

Diagram 6.27 shows the summary of the anion test.
Dalam ujian pengesahan ion
Ujian anion klorida dan ion sulfat, asid
Anions tests nitrik berlebihan ditambahkan
untuk menyingkirkan ion
karbonat yang mungkin hadir
CO32– Cl– SO42– NO3– dalam larutan. Hal ini kerana ion
karbonat akan bertindak balas
+ H2SO4 cair/ dengan ion Ag+ dan ion Ba2+
+ asid cair + HNO3 cair/ + HCl cair/
dilute H2SO4 untuk membentuk mendakan.
dilute acid dilute HNO3 dilute HCl In confirmatory test for chloride ion
+ FeSO4 (ak/aq)
+ AgNO3 + BaCl2 and sulphate ion, nitric acid is added
+ H2SO4 pekat/
(ak/aq) (ak/aq) until excess to remove carbonate ion
concentrated H2SO4
which may present in the solution.
This is because carbonate ion will
reacts with Ag+ ion and Ba2+ ion to
Gas mengeruhkan Mendakan Mendakan Cincin perang form a precipitate.
air kapur putih putih Brown ring
Gas turns limewater White White
cloudy precipitate precipitate

Rajah/ Diagram 6.27 Ringkasan ujian anion/ Summary of the anion tests

167
 Eksperimen 6.4
Tujuan/Aim:
Mengenal pasti anion yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus.
To identify the anions present in aqueous salt solutions.
Pernyataan masalah/Problem statement:
Bagaimanakah cara mengenal pasti anion yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus?
How to identify the anions present in aqueous salt solutions?
Hipotesis/Hypothesis:
Anion yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus boleh dikenal pasti melalui pemerhatian daripada ujian anion.
The anions present in aqueous salt solution can be identified through observations of the anion tests.
Pemboleh ubah/ Variables:
(a) dimanipulasikan/ manipulated: Jenis anion yang hadir dalam larutan garam akueus/ Types of anions present in aqueous
salt solutions
(b) bergerak balas/ responding: Pemerhatian yang diperoleh/ Observations obtained
(c) dimalarkan/ fixed: Isi padu larutan garam akueus/ Volume of aqueous salt solution

A
Bahan/ Materials:
Air kapur, asid nitrik, HNO3 2.0 mol dm–3, larutan argentum nitrat, AgNO3 0.1 mol dm–3, asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0
mol dm–3, larutan barium klorida, BaCl2 1.0 mol dm–3, asid sulfurik, H2SO4 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan ferum(II) sulfat,
FeSO4 1.0 mol dm–3, asid garam B (pepejal natrium klorida, NaCl), sampel garam C (pepejal natrium sulfat, Na2SO4),
sampel garam D (pepejal natrium nitrat, NaNO3), air suling

SI
Limewater, 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3, 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution, AgNO3, 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, 1.0 mol
dm-3 barium chloride solution, BaCl2, 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4, 1.0 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate solution, FeSO4 concentrated
sulphuric acid, H2SO4, sample of salt A (solid sodium carbonate, Na2CO3), sample of salt B (solid sodium chloride, NaCl), sample of salt
C (solid sodium sulphate, Na2SO4), sample of salt D (solid sodium nitrate, NaNO3), distilled water
Radas/Apparatus:
A
Tabung uji, rak tabung uji, pemegang tabung uji, rod kaca, penitis, penyumbat getah dengan salur penghantar, spatula,
bikar 100 cm3, silinder penyukat 10 cm3
Test tubes, test tube rack, test tube holder, glass rod, dropper, rubber stopper with delivery tube, spatula, 100 cm3 beaker, 10 cm3 measuring
cylinder
Prosedur/Procedure:
N

Penyediaan sampel larutan garam akueus

Preparing aqueous solutions of the salts
1. Sampel garam A yang dibekalkan guru dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah bikar.
Salt sample A provided by the teacher is put into a beaker.
2. Sampel garam A dilarutkan dengan air suling untuk menghasilkan 20.0 cm3 larutan garam A.
PA

Salt sample A is dissolved with distilled water to produce 20.0 cm3 of salt A solution.
3. 2.0 cm3 larutan garam A dituang ke dalam 4 tabung uji berasingan. Tabung uji dilabelkan A1, A2, A3 dan A4.
2.0 cm3 of salt A solution is pour into 4 test tubes. The test tubes are labelled as A1, A2, A3 and A4.
4. Langkah 1 hingga 3 diulang dengan menggunakan sampel garam B, C dan D.
Steps 1 until 3 is repeated using salt samples B, C and D.
(I) Ujian ion karbonat, CO32-
Test for carbonate ion, CO32-
1. 2.0 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 ditambah ke
dalam tabung uji berlabel A1. Jika pembuakan berlaku, gas
dialirkan ke dalam air kapur seperti ditunjukkan Rajah 6.28.
2.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl is added into the test Larutan A1
A1 solution
tube labelled A1. If effervescence occurs, the gas is flowed into limewater Air kapur
Limewater
as shown in Diagram 6.28.
2. Pemerhatian direkodkan./ The observation is recorded. Rajah/Diagram 6.28
3. Langkah 1 dan 2 diulang dengan larutan B1, C1 dan D1.
Steps 1 and 2 are repeated using solutions B1, C1 and D1.

168
(II) Ujian ion klorida, Cl–
Test for chloride ion, Cl–
1. Asid nitrik, HNO3 ditambah secara berlebihan ke dalam tabung uji A2, diikuti dengan 2.0 cm3 larutan argentum
nitrat, AgNO3 0.1 mol dm-3.
Excess of 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 is added into the test tube labelled A2, followed by 2.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate
solution, AgNO3.
2. Pemerhatian direkodkan./ The observation is recorded.
3. Langkah 1 dan 2 diulang dengan larutan B2, C2 dan D2./ Steps 1 and 2 are repeated using solutions B2, C2 and D2.
(III) Ujian ion sulfat, SO42-
Test for sulphate ion, SO42-
1. Asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 ditambah secara berlebihan ke dalam tabung uji A3 diikuti dengan 2.0 cm3
larutan barium klorida, BaCl 1.0 mol dm-3.
Excess of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCl is added into the test tube labelled A3, followed by 2.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 barium
chloride solution, BaCl2.
2. Pemerhatian direkodkan./ The observation is recorded.

A
3. Langkah 1 dan 2 diulang dengan larutan B3, C3 dan D3./ Steps 1 and 2 are repeated with solutions B3, C3 and D3.
(IV) Ujian ion nitrat, NO3-
Test for nitrate ion, NO3-
1. 2.0 cm3 asid sulfurik H2SO4 1.0 mol dm-3 ditambah ke dalam tabung uji A4 diikuti dengan 2.0 cm3 larutan
ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 1.0 mol dm-3.

SI
2.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is added into the test tube labelled A4, followed by 2.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 iron(II)
sulphate solution, FeSO4.
2. Campuran digoncang supaya sekata./ The mixture is shaken thoroughly.
3. Beberapa titis asid sulfurik, H2SO4 pekat dititiskan dengan cermat secara perlahan-lahan melalui dinding tabung
uji yang dicondongkan seperti ditunjukkan Rajah 6.29.
A
Carefully, a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is slowly drops down the wall of the tilted test tube as shown in
Diagram 6.29.
4. Tabung uji ditegakkan perlahan-lahan./ The test tube is slowly raised upright.
5. Pemerhatian direkodkan./ The observation is recorded. Asid sulfurik pekat,
H2SO4
6. Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan larutan B4, C4 dan D4. Concentrated sulphuric
Larutan A4 acid, H2SO4
Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using solutions B4, C4 and D4. A4 solution
N

Rajah/Diagram 6.29
Keputusan/ Results:
Jadual/Table 6.20

Pemerhatian/ Observation
Larutan / Solution Larutan garam A Larutan garam B Larutan garam C Larutan garam D
PA

Salt A solution Salt B solution Salt C solution Salt D solution

2–
Ion karbonat, CO3
Carbonate ion, CO32–
Ion klorida, Cl–
Chloride ion, Cl–
Ion sulfat, SO42–
Sulphate ion, SO42–
Ion nitrat, NO3–
Nitrate ion, NO3–

Perbincangan/Discussion: TP 4
1. Kehadiran gas karbon dioksida menyebabkan pembuakan berlaku.
The presence of karbon dioksida gas causes the occurrence of effervescence.

2. Apabila ion argentum, Ag+ bertindak balas dengan ion klorida, Cl–, mendakan putih argentum
klorida terbentuk.
When silver ions, Ag+ react with chloride ions, Cl– white precipitate of silver chloride is formed.

169
 3. Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan putih yang anda nyatakan di 2.
Write the ionic equation for the formation of the white precipitate that you stated in 2.
Ag+ (ak/aq) + Cl– (ak/aq) → AgCl (p/s)

4. Apabila ion barium, Ba2+ bertindak balas dengan ion sulfat, SO42– mendakan putih barium sulfat
terbentuk .
When barium ions, Ba2+ react with sulphate ions, SO42–, white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed .

5. Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan mendakan putih yang anda nyatakan di 4.
Write the ionic equation for the formation of the white precipitate that you stated in 4.
Ba2+ (ak/aq) + SO42– (ak/aq) → BaSO4 (p/s)

6. Dalam ujian klorida dan ujian sulfat, asid ditambah secara berlebihan sebelum menuang reagen yang lain adalah
untuk menyingkirkan ion karbonat yang mungkin hadir dalam larutan.
In the chloride test and the sulphate test, acid is added until excess before adding other reagent in order to remove the

A
carbonate ions that may be present in the solution.
Kesimpulan/Conclusion:
Hipotesis diterima. Jenis anion yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus boleh dikenal pasti melalui pemerhatian
daripada ujian anion.

(D)

Ujian Kation
Cations Tests
SI
Hypothesis is accepted. The types of anions present in aqueous salt solutions can be identified through observations of the anion tests.
A
1. Garam perlu larut dalam air untuk menghasilkan larutan akueus. Jika garam tak terlarutkan digunakan, maka
garam tersebut perlu dilarutkan di dalam asid nitrik cair untuk menghasilkan larutan akueus.
Salt must dissolve in water to form an aqueous solution. If insoluble salt is used, it should be dissolved in dilute nitric acid to
form an aqueous solution.
2. Dua jenis reagen yang biasa digunakan untuk mengenal pasti kation ialah:
Two types reagents commonly used to identify cations are: Ek stra
Ekstra Tip
N

(a) Larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH

Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH Kedua-dua reagen mengandungi ion
hidroksida, OH–
(b) Larutan ammonia, NH3 Both reagents contain hydroxide ions, OH–.
Ammonia solution, NH3 NaOH → Na+ + OH–
NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH–
PA

Jadual/Table 6.21

Kation Larutan natrium hidroksida/ Larutan ammonia

Cation Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH Ammonia solution, NH3

Ca2+ Mendakan putih. Tiada perubahan./ No change.

Tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan
White precipitate.
Insoluble in excess NaOH solution.
Mg2+ Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih.
Tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan. Tidak larut dalam larutan NH3 berlebihan
White precipitate. White precipitate.
Insoluble in excess NaOH solution. Insoluble in excess NH3 solution.
Al3+ Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih.
Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan untuk Tidak larut dalam larutan NH3 berlebihan.
membentuk larutan tidak berwarna. White precipitate.
White precipitate. Insoluble in excess NH3 solution.
Dissolves in excess NaOH solution to form a
colourless solution.

170
 Kation Larutan natrium hidroksida/ Larutan ammonia
Cation Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH Ammonia solution, NH3
Zn2+ Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih.
Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan untuk Larut dalam larutan NH3 berlebihan untuk
membentuk larutan tidak berwarna. membentuk larutan tidak berwarna.
White precipitate. White precipitate.
Dissolves in excess NaOH solution to form a Dissolves in excess NH3 solution to form a colourless
colourless solution. solution.
Fe2+ Mendakan hijau /hijau kotor. Mendakan hijau.
Tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan. Tidak larut dalam larutan NH3 berlebihan
Green / dirty green precipitate. Green precipitate. Insoluble in excess NH3 solution.
Insoluble in excess NaOH solution.
Fe3+ Mendakan perang. Mendakan perang.
Tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan. Tidak larut dalam larutan NH3 berlebihan.
Brown precipitate. Brown precipitate. Insoluble in excess NH3 solution.
Insoluble in excess NaOH solution.

A
Pb2+ Mendakan putih. Mendakan putih.
Larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan untuk Tidak larut dalam larutan NH3 berlebihan.
membentuk larutan tidak berwarna. White precipitate. Insoluble in excess NH3 solution
White precipitate.
Dissolves in excess NaOH solution to form a

Cu2+
colourless solution.
Mendakan biru.

SI
Tidak larut dalam larutan NaOH berlebihan.
Blue precipitate.
Insoluble in excess NaOH solution.
Mendakan biru.
Larut dalam larutan NH3 berlebihan untuk
membentuk larutan biru tua.
Blue precipitate. Dissolve in excess NH3 solution to
A
form a dark blue solution.
NH4+ Tiada perubahan./ No change. Tiada perubahan./ No change.

3. Rajah 6.30 menunjukkan carta alir yang merumuskan tindak balas antara kation dengan larutan natrium
hidroksida, NaOH.
Diagram 6.30 shows the flow chart that summarises the reaction between cations and sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.
N

Bau sengit, menukarkan kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru

Pungent smell, turns moist red litmus paper to blue
Panaskan
Tambahkan sedikit Heat
+
larutan natrium NH4 NH4+
hidroksida, NaOH
PA

Add a little sodium Tiada mendakan

Larutan No precipitate
hydroxide solution,
mengandungi ion: NaOH
Solution contain ions: Cu2+ (biru/ blue),
Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+ (hijau/ green),
Mendakan
Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe3+ (perang/ brown)
terbentuk
Larut
NH4+ Precipitate Mendakan berwarna Soluble
formed Zn2+, Al3+, Pb2+
Coloured precipitate
Mendakan putih
White precipitate

Pb2+, Al3+, Zn2+,

Ca2+, Mg2+ Tambahkan larutan
natrium hidroksida,
NaOH berlebihan
Add excess sodium Ca2+, Mg2+
Tidak larut
hydroxide solution,
Insoluble
NaOH

Rajah/Diagram 6.30 Tindak balas antara kation dengan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH
Reaction between cations and sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.

4. Rajah 6.31 menunjukkan carta alir yang merumuskan tindak balas antara kation dengan larutan ammonia, NH3.

171
 Diagram 6.31 shows the flow chart that summarises the reaction between cations and ammonia solution, NH3.

Tambah Ca2+
Tambahkan larutan
sedikit larutan Tiada mendakan akueus ammonia Larut
ammonia, NH3 Soluble
No precipitate berlebihan, NH3 Cu2+
Add a little 2+ Add excess aqueous
ammonia Cu (biru/ blue),
Larutan ammonia solution, NH3
solution, NH3 Fe2+ (hijau/ green),
mengandungi ion: Mendakan Fe3+ (perang/ brown)
Solution contain ions: terbentuk
Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Zn2+, Mendakan berwarna Fe2+, Fe3+
Precipitate Tidak larut
Pb2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ formed Coloured precipitate
Insoluble

Mendakan putih Larut

White precipitate Soluble
Zn2+
2+ 3+
Pb , Al ,
Zn2+, Mg2+ Tambahkan larutan
akueus ammonia
berlebihan, NH3
Mg2+, Al3+, Pb3+
Tidak larut
Add excess aqueous
Insoluble
ammonia solution, NH3

Rajah/Diagram 6.31 Tindak balas antara kation dengan larutan ammonia, NH3

A
Reaction between cations and ammonia solution, NH3

Eksperimen 6.5
Tujuan/ Aim:
Mengenal pasti kation yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus.
To identify the cations present in the aqueous salt solutions.
Pernyataan masalah/ Problem statement:
SI
A
Bagaimanakah cara untuk mengenal pasti kation yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus?
How to identify the cations present in aqueous salt solutions?
Hipotesis/ Hypothesis:
Jenis kation yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus dapat dikenal pasti melalui pemerhatian daripada ujian kation.
Types of cations present in aqueous salt solution can be identified through observations of the cation tests.
N

Pemboleh ubah/ Variables:

(a) dimanipulasikan/manipulated: Jenis kation yang hadir di dalam larutan garam akueus/ Types of cations present in
solutions aqueous salt

(b) bergerak balas/responding: Pemerhatian yang diperoleh/ Observations obtained

PA

(c) dimalarkan/fixed: Isi padu larutan garam akueus/ Volume of aqueous salt solution

Bahan/ Materials:
Larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 2.0 mol dm–3, larutan ammonia, NH3 2.0 mol dm–3, larutan kalsium nitrat,
Ca(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan aluminium nitrat, Al(NO3)2 1.0
mol dm–3, larutan zink nitrat, Zn(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan ferum(III)
klorida, FeCl3 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, PB(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
1.0 mol dm–3 dan larutan ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3 1.0 mol dm–3
2.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 2.0 mol dm–3 ammonia solution, NH3,1.0 mol dm–3 calcium nitrate solution, Ca(NO3)2 ,
1.0 mol dm–3 magnesium nitrate solution, Mg(NO3)2, 1.0 mol dm–3 aluminum nitrate solution, Al(NO3)3, 1.0 mol dm–3 zinc nitrate
solution, Zn(NO3)2, 1.0 mol dm–3 iron(II) sulphate solution, FeSO4, 1.0 mol dm–3 iron(III) chloride solution, FeCl3, 1.0 mol dm–3
lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2, 1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4, 1.0 mol dm–3 ammonium nitrate solution
NH4NO3

Radas/ Apparatus:
Tabung uji, pemegang tabung uji, rak tabung uji, penitis, bikar 100 cm3, kertas litmus merah, penunu Bunsen, silinder
penyukat 100 cm3
Test tubes, test tube holder, test tube rack, dropper, 100 cm3 beaker, red litmus paper, Bunsen burner, 10 cm3 measuring cylinder

172
Prosedur/ Procedure:
Kertas litmus
Tambahkan
merah lembap
beberapa titis
Moist red
alkali akueus
litmus paper
Add a few drops
Tiada mendakan
of aqueous alkali
No precipitate

Tambahkan alkali Panaskan

akueus sehingga Heat
berlebihan
Goncangkan Add aqueous Mendakan larut
campuran alkali until excess di dalam alkali
Shake the akueus berlebihan
mixture Precipitate dissolves
2.0 cm3 in excess aqueous
larutan garam alkali
Goncangkan
2.0 cm3 of salt Mendakan tidak
supaya
solution larut di dalam alkali
Mendakan sekata
putih/ berwarna Shake evenly akueus berlebihan
White/ coloured Precipitate does not
precipitate dissolve in excess
aqueous alkali

Rajah/ Diagram 6.32 Susunan radas/ Apparatus set-up

A
1. 2 cm larutan kalsium nitrat, Ca(NO3)2 1.0 mol dm–3 dituang ke dalam sebuah tabung uji.
3

2 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 calcium nitrate solution, Ca(NO3)2 is poured into a test tube.
2. Beberapa titis larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 2.0 mol dm–3 ditambahkan ke dalam tabung uji itu. Campuran
digoncangkan.
A few drops of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH are added into the test tube. The mixture is shaken.

SI
3. Jika tiada mendakan terhasil, kandungan di dalam tabung uji dipanaskan dan sehelai kertas litmus merah lembap
diletakkan pada mulut tabung uji. Pemerhatian direkodkan.
If there is no precipitate formed, the content of the test tube is heated and a piece of moist red litmus paper is placed at the mouth of
the test tube. The observation is recorded.
4. Jika mendakan terhasil, warna mendakan diperhatikan dan dicatatkan. Kemudian, larutan natrium hidroksida,
NaOH 2.0 mol dm–3 berlebihan ditambahkan ke dalam tabung uji.
A
If precipitate is formed, the colour of precipitate is observed and recorded. Then, excess 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH is added to the test tube.
5. Kandungan di dalam tabung uji digoncangkan. Pemerhatian direkodkan.
The content of the test tube is shaken. The observation is recorded.
6. Langkah 1 hingga 5 diulang dengan larutan garam akueus yang lain.
Steps 1 to 5 are repeated with other aqueous salt solutions.
N

7. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan larutan ammonia, NH3 2.0 mol dm–3 bagi menggantikan larutan
natrium hidroksida, NaOH, 2.0 mol dm–3.
Experiment is repeated using 2.0 mol dm-3 ammonia solution, NH3 to replace 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.
PA

Perbincangan/Discussion:
(A) Ujian kation menggunakan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH TP 4
Test for cation using sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH
1. Apabila ditambahkan sedikit larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH larutan garam berikut menghasilkan
mendakan berwarna.
When a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, is added, the following aqueous salt solutions produce coloured
precipitate.
(a) Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 membentuk mendakan biru.
Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 forms a blue precipitate.
(b) Ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4 membentuk mendakan hijau .
Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 forms a green precipitate.
(c) Ferum(III) klorida, FeCl3 membentuk mendakan perang .
Iron(III) chloride, FeCl3 forms a brown precipitate.

2. Larutan ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3 tidak menunjukkan sebarang perubahan apabila ditambahkan sedikit

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 larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH. Apabila campuran dipanaskan, gas ammonia, NH3 yang berbau
sengit terhasil dan menukarkan warna kertas litmus merah lembap kepada biru.
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 solution does not show any change when small amount of sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH is added. When the mixture is heated, ammonia, NH3 gas with its pungent smell is produced and turns the
moist red litmus paper to blue.

3. Larutan garam yang mengandungi ion Zn2+, Al3+ dan Pb2+ menghasilkan mendakan putih yang larut dalam
2+
larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH berlebihan manakala larutan garam yang mengandungi ion Mg
dan ion Ca2+ menghasilkan mendakan putih yang tidak larut dalam larutan natrium hidroksida,
NaOH berlebihan.
Salt solutions containing Zn2+, Al3+ and Pb2+ ions produce white precipitate that is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide

solution, NaOH while salt solution containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions produce white precipitate which is insoluble

A
in excess sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.

(B) Ujian kation menggunakan larutan ammonia, NH3

Test for cation using ammonia solution, NH3
ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3 kalsium nitrat, Ca(NO3)2
1. Larutan

Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3

SI
solution and
dan larutan
sebarang perubahan apabila ditambahkan sedikit larutan ammonia, NH3.

when added with a small amount of ammonia solution, NH3.

calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
tidak menunjukkan

solution do not show any change

A
2. Larutan garam yang mengandungi ion Zn2+ menghasilkan mendakan putih yang larut dalam larutan
ammonia, NH3 berlebihan manakala larutan garam yang mengandungi ion Al3+ , Pb2+ dan Mg2+
menghasilkan mendakan putih yang tidak larut dalam larutan ammonia, NH3 berlebihan.
Salt solutions containing Zn2+ ions produce white precipitate that is soluble in excess ammonia solution, NH3 while salt
N

solution containing Al3+ , Pb2+ and Mg2+ ions produce white precipitate which is insoluble in excess
ammonia solution, NH3.

3. Kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4 menghasilkan mendakan biru yang boleh larut dalam larutan ammonia, NH3
PA

berlebihan menjadi larutan biru tua .

Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 produces blue precipitate that can dissolve in excess ammonia, NH3 solution to form
dark blue solution .

(E) Ujian Pengesahan Kation (Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, NH4+ )

Confirmatory Tests for Cations (Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, NH4+)
1. Ion Pb2+ dan ion Al3+ memberi keputusan yang sama apabila diuji dengan larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH dan
larutan ammonia, NH3.
Pb2+ ion and Al3+ ion show the same result when tested with sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH and ammonia solution, NH3.
2. Maka, ujian kimia yang lain diperlukan untuk membezakan ion-ion ini.
Therefore, an other chemical test is needed to differentiate these ions.
3. Kehadiran ion plumbum(II), Pb2+ boleh diuji dengan menggunakan larutan akueus yang mengandungi ion iodida,
I– atau ion klorida, Cl–.
The presence of lead(II) ion, Pb2+ can be tested using aqueous solution of iodide ion, I– or chloride ion, Cl–.

174
 Jadual/ Table 6.22

Ujian pengesahan
Kation Confirmatory test
Cation Kaedah Pemerhatian
Method Observation

Ion ammonium, Kaedah/ Method I:

NH4+ 2.0 cm3 larutan garam ammonium dituang
Ammonium ion, ke dalam sebuah tabung uji. Beberapa titis
NH4+ reagen Nessler ditambah kepada tabung uji dan
digoncangkan.
2.0 cm3 of ammonium salt solution is poured into a test Mendakan perang terbentuk.
tube. A few drops of Nessler’s reagent is added to the test A brown precipitate is formed.
tube and shaken well.

Beberapa titis
reagen Nessler
Few drops of
Nessler's reagent

A
2.0 cm3 larutan ammonium klorida, NH4Cl
2.0 cm3 of ammonium choride solution, NH4Cl

Ion ferum(II), Fe2+

Iron(II) ion, Fe2+
Kaedah/ Method II:

SI
2.0 cm3 larutan garam ferum(II) dituang ke dalam
sebuah tabung uji. Beberapa titis larutan kalium
heksasianoferat(III), K3Fe(CN)6 ditambah ke
dalam tabung uji dan digoncangkan.
A
2.0 cm3 of iron(II) salt solution is poured into a test tube. Mendakan biru tua
A few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, terbentuk.
K3Fe(CN)6 is added to the test tube and shaken well. A dark blue precipitate is formed.

Beberapa titis larutan kalium

heksasianoferat(III), K3Fe(CN)6
Few drops of potassium
N

hexacyanoferate(III) solution,
K3Fe(CN)6

2.0 cm3 larutan iron(II) sulfat, FeSO4

2.0 cm3 of ferum(II) sulphate solution, FeSO4
PA

Ion ferum(III), Fe3+ Kaedah/ Method III (A):

Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ 2.0 cm3 larutan garam ferum(III) dituang ke
dalam sebuah tabung uji. Beberapa titis larutan
kalium heksasianoferat(II), K4Fe(CN)6 ditambah
ke dalam tabung uji dan digoncangkan
2.0 cm3 of iron(III) salt solution is poured into a test tube.
A few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution, Mendakan biru tua terbentuk.
K4Fe(CN)6 is added to the test tube and shaken well. A dark blue precipitate is formed.

Beberapa titis larutan

kalium heksasianoferat(II),
K4Fe(CN)6
Few drops of potassium
hexacyanoferate(II) solution,
K4Fe(CN)6

2.0 cm3 larutan ferum(III) klorida, FeCl3

2.0 cm3 of iron(III) chloride solution, FeCl3

175
 Kaedah/ Method III (B):
2.0 cm3 larutan garam ferum(III) dituang ke dalam
sebuah tabung uji. Beberapa titis larutan kalium
tiosianat, KSCN ditambahkan ke dalam tabung uji.
2.0 cm3 of iron(III) salt solution is poured into a test tube. A
Warna merah darah terbentuk.
few drops of potassium thiocyanate, KSCN solution is added Blood red colouration is formed.
to the test tube.

Ion plumbum(II), Kaedah/ Method IV (A):

Pb2+ 1.0 cm3 larutan kalium iodida,
1.0 cm KIlarutan
dituang
kaliumke
3

iodida, Kl 3
Lead(II) ion, Pb 2+
dalam tabung uji yang berisi1.02.0 cm larutan
3
cm of potassium
garam
plumbum(II). iodide solution, Kl
1.0 cm3 of potassium iodide solution, KI is poured into a test Mendakan kuning terbentuk.
tube containing 2.0 cm3 of lead(II) salt solution. A yellow precipitate is formed.
2.0 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, Pb(NO3)2
2.0 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2

Larutan yang diperoleh dicairkan dengan 3.0 cm3

air suling. Larutan dipanaskan dan kemudian

A
disejukkan ke suhu bilik.
The solution obtained is diluted with 3.0 cm3 of distilled
water. The solution is heated and then allowed to cool to
room temperature.
Mendakan kuning larut
3.0 cm3 air suling
3.0 cm3 of distilled
water

SI dalam air panas untuk menghasilkan

larutan tidak berwarna
The yellow precipitate
water to form a
.
dissolves
colourless solution
in hot
.
A
Disejukkan
Panaskan
Heat-up
Cooled
Mendakan kuning muncul
semula apabila disejukkan
ke suhu bilik.
The yellow precipitate reappears when
cooled to room temperature.
N

Kaedah/ Method IV (B):

1.0 cm3 larutan kalium klorida, KCl dituang ke
PA

dalam sebuah tabung uji yang berisi 2.0 cm3 larutan

garam plumbum(II).
1.0 cm3 of potassium chloride solution, KCl is poured into a Mendakan putih terbentuk.
test tube containing 2.0 cm3 of lead(II) salt solution. A white precipitate is formed.

Larutan yang diperoleh dicairkan dengan 3.0 cm3 Mendakan putih larut
air suling. Larutan dipanaskan dan kemudian dalam air panas untuk menghasilkan
disejukkan ke suhu bilik. larutan tidak berwarna .
The solution obtained is diluted with 3.0 cm3 of distilled
The white precipitate dissolves in hot
water. The solution is heated and then allowed to cool to
room temperature. water to form a colourless solution .
Mendakan putih muncul semula
apabila disejukkan ke suhu bilik.
The white precipitate reappears

when cooled to room temperature.

Pautan Interaktif
Contoh analisis kualitatif kation yang tidak diketahui dalam larutan garam X.
Examples of qualitative analysis of unknown cations in X salt solution.

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