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BAB 9: Kebarangkalian Peristiwa Bergabung

Probability of Combined Events

PBD 9.1 Peristiwa Bergabung Buku Teks: m.s. 244 – 245

NOTA

Pautan Digital
Peristiwa bergabung ialah gabungan dua atau lebih peristiwa dalam satu kesudahan.
A combined event is formed by the combination of two or more events in an outcome.

Tulis ruang sampel bagi peristiwa bergabung berikut.

Write the sample space of the following combined events. SP9.1.1 TP1

1. Dua biji guli dipilih secara rawak dari beg yang

Tiga keping kad berlabel dengan huruf “X, Y, Z” mengandungi dua biji guli merah (M), sebiji guli
dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah kotak. Dua keping kad kuning (K) dan sebiji guli hijau (H).
dikeluarkan dari kotak secara rawak satu demi satu Two marbles are chosen at random from the bag that
tanpa pemulangan. contains two red marbles (M), one yellow marble (K) and
Three cards labelled with the letters “X , Y, Z” are put into one green marble (H).
a box. Two cards are drawn at random from the box one by
one without replacement. {(M1, M2), (M1, K), (M1, H), (M2, M1), (M2, K), (M2, H),
(K, M1), (K, M2), (K, H), (H, M1), (H, M2), (H, K)}
{(X, Y), (X, Z), (Y, X), (Y, Z), (Z, X), (Z, Y)}

2. Sebiji dadu adil dan sekeping duit syiling adil 3. Ali (A), Ben (B), Chong (C) dan Daniel (D)
dilambung secara serentak. ditugaskan secara berpasangan untuk menjaga
A fair dice is rolled and a fair coin is tossed simultaneously. kedai semasa Hari Kantin.
Ali (A), Ben (B), Chong (C) and Daniel (D) are assigned in
Katakan G = Gambar dan A = Angka. pairs to take care of the shop during Canteen Day.
Let G = Head and A = Tail.
{(A, B), (A, C), (A, D), (B, C), (B, D), (C, D)}
{(1, G), (2, G), (3, G), (4, G), (5, G), (6, G), (1, A),
(2, A), (3, A), (4, A), (5, A), (6, A)}

4. Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebiji dadu adil dan satu cakera

dengan tiga sektor yang sama besar dan satu penunjuk tetap.
Dadu itu dilambung sekali dan cakera itu diputarkan sekali. J
The diagram shows a fair dice and a disc with equal three sectors and
a fixed pointer. The fair dice is rolled once and the disc is spun once. K M

{(1, J), (1, K), (1, M), (2, J), (2, K), (2, M), (3, J), (3, K), (3, M), (4, J),
(4, K), (4, M), (5, J), (5, K), (5, M), (6, J), (6, K), (6, M)}

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PBD 9.2 Peristiwa Bersandar dan Peristiwa Tak Bersandar Buku Teks: m.s. 246 – 248

NOTA
Dua peristiwa, A dan B, adalah tak bersandar jika kejadian peristiwa A tidak mempengaruhi kejadian peristiwa B dan sebaliknya.
Two events, A and B, are independent if the occurrence of event A does not effect on the occurrence of event B and vice versa.

A. Tentukan sama ada peristiwa berikut ialah peristiwa bersandar atau peristiwa tak bersandar.
Determine whether the following events are dependent events or independent events. SP9.2.1 TP1

1. Mendapat nombor 6 apabila sebiji dadu

Mendapat gambar apabila sekeping duit syiling dilambung kali pertama dan mendapat
dilambung dan mendapat nombor 3 apabila sebiji nombor 2 apabila dilambung kali kedua.
dadu dilambung. Getting a number 6 on the first toss and a number 2
Getting a head when a coin is tossed and getting a number on the second toss of a dice.
3 when a dice is rolled.
Peristiwa tak bersandar
Peristiwa tak bersandar Independant events
Independant events

2. Memilih sebiji guli dari sebuah bekas dan 3. Mendapat 2 biji bola biru secara rawak tanpa
memilih sebiji bola dari sebuah beg. dikembalikan daripada sebuah beg yang
Choosing a marble from a container and choosing a mengandungi 7 biji bola merah dan 3 biji bola
ball from a bag. biru.
Getting 2 blue balls at random from a bag which contains
Peristiwa tak bersandar 7 red balls and 3 blue balls without replacement.
Independant events
Peristiwa bersandar
Dependant events

B. Sebuah beg mengandungi 2 biji bola merah dan 1 biji bola hitam. Tentukan sama ada peristiwa berikut
ialah peristiwa bersandar atau peristiwa tak bersandar.
A bag contains 2 red balls and 1 black ball. Determine whether the following events are dependent events or independent
events. SP9.2.1 TP1
1. Sebiji bola dipilih secara rawak dari beg dan 2. Bola pertama yang dipilih tidak dikembalikan
dikembalikan ke dalam beg itu sebelum bola ke dalam beg itu. Kemudian bola yang kedua
yang kedua dipilih. dipilih.
A ball is chosen at random from a bag and then the ball The first ball chosen is not returned to the bag. Then,
is returned to the bag before a second ball is chosen. a second ball is chosen.

Peristiwa tak bersandar Peristiwa bersandar

Independant events Dependant events

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PBD 9.2 Peristiwa Bersandar dan Peristiwa Tak Bersandar Buku Teks: m.s. 248 – 252

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.2.3 TP2 TP3

1. Ali memilih dua biji guli secara rawak dari sebuah

Sebuah kotak P mengandungi enam kad berlabel kotak yang mengandungi empat biji guli hijau,
dengan huruf “C, A, N, T, I, K” dan sebuah kotak Q tiga biji guli kuning dan sebiji guli merah. Guli
mengandungi lima keping kad berlabel dengan nombor pertama dipulangkan ke dalam kotak sebelum
“2, 3, 6, 8, 11”. Sekeping kad dipilih secara rawak guli kedua dipilih. Dengan menyenaraikan semua
dari setiap kotak itu. Dengan menyenaraikan semua kesudahan yang mungkin, hitung kebarangkalian
kesudahan yang mungkin, hitung kebarangkalian bahawa kedua-dua guli berwarna kuning dipilih.
mendapat huruf T dan nombor ganjil. Ali chooses two marbles randomly from a box which contains
Box P contains six cards labelled with letters “C, A, N, T, four green marbles, three yellow marbles and one red marble.
I, K” and box Q contains five cards labelled with numbers The first marble is returned to the box before the second
“2, 3, 6, 8, 11”. A card is chosen at random from each box. marble is chosen. By listing all the possible outcomes,
By listing all the possible outcomes, calculate the probability calculate the probability of choosing two yellow marbles.
of getting a letter T and an odd number.
Katakan guli kuning/Let the yellow marbles
Kesudahan yang mungkin/Possible outcomes = K1, K2, K3
= {(T, 3), (T, 11)} Kesudahan yang mungkin/Possible outcomes
n(S) = 6 × 5 = {(K1, K1), (K1, K2), (K1, K3), (K2, K1), (K2, K2),
= 30 (K2, K3), (K3, K1), (K3, K2), (K3, K3)}

P(huruf T dan nombor ganjil) n(S) = 8 × 8

P(a letter T and an odd number) = 64
2 P(kedua-dua guli kuning)
=
30 P(two yellow marbles)
1 9
= =
15 64
2. Sebiji dadu adil dengan empat muka dilabelkan 3. Sekeping kad masing-masing dipilih secara rawak
dengan “11, 12, 13, 14”. Dadu itu dilambung dua dari kotak P dan kotak Q.
kali dan nombor yang berada di muka bawah A card is chosen at random from box P and box Q
dicatatkan. Dengan menyenaraikan semua respectively.
kesudahan yang mungkin, hitung kebarangkalian
mendapat kedua-dua nombor genap. S U K A 2 3 5
A fair dice with four faces is labelled with “11, 12, 13, 14”. Kotak P Kotak Q
The dice is rolled twice and the numbers facing below are Box P Box Q
recorded. By listing all the possible outcomes, calculate Dengan menyenaraikan semua kesudahan yang
the probability of getting two even numbers.
mungkin, hitung kebarangkalian mendapat huruf
Kesudahan yang mungkin/Possible outcomes konsonan dan nombor ganjil.
By listing all the possible outcomes, calculate the
= {(12, 12), (12, 14), (14, 12), (14, 14)} probability of getting a consonant and an odd number.
n(S) = 4 × 4 Kesudahan yang mungkin/Possible outcomes
= 16 = {(S, 3), (S, 5), (K, 3),(K, 5)}
P(kedua-dua nombor genap) n(S) = 4 × 3
P(two even numbers) = 12
4 P(huruf konsonan dan nombor ganjil)
=
16 P(a consonant and an odd number)
1 4
= =
4 12
1
=
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PBD 9.2 Peristiwa Bersandar dan Peristiwa Tak Bersandar Buku Teks: m.s. 250 – 252

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.2.3 TP2 TP3
1. Sebiji dadu merah dan sebiji dadu biru dilambung bersama. Cari kebarangkalian mendapat nombor genap
pada dadu merah dan nombor yang lebih daripada 2 pada dadu biru.
A red dice and a blue dice are rolled together. Find the probability of getting an even number on the red dice and a number
greater than 2 on the blue dice.

Katakan A ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor genap dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor lebih besar daripada 2.
Let A is the event of getting an even number and B is the event of getting a number greater than 2.

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, n(S) = 6

3 1
A = {2, 4, 6}, P(A) = =
6 2
4 2
B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, P(B) = =
6 3
P(A 艚 B) = P(A) × P(B)
1 2
= ×
2 3
1
=
3

2. Beg A mengandungi 3 biji guli biru, 2 biji guli kuning dan 1 biji guli merah. Beg B mengandungi 4 biji guli
putih dan 2 biji guli merah. Sebiji guli dipilih secara rawak dari setiap beg. Cari kebarangkalian bahawa
Bag A contains 3 blue marbles, 2 yellow marbles and 1 red marble. Bag B contains 4 white marbles and 2 red marbles.
A marble is chosen at random from each bag. Find the probability that
(a) kedua-dua guli merah dipilih.
both red marbles are chosen.
(b) guli merah dari beg A dan guli putih dari beg B dipilih.
a red marble from bag A and a white marble from bag B are chosen.
1 2 1
(a) P(A) = , P(B) = =
6 6 3

P(A 艚 B) = P(A) × P(B)

1 1
= ×
6 3
1
=
18
1 4 2
(b) P(A) = , P(B) = =
6 6 3

P(A 艚 B) = P(A) × P(B)

1 2
= ×
6 3
1
=
9

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PBD 9.2 Peristiwa Bersandar dan Peristiwa Tak Bersandar Buku Teks: m.s. 250 – 252

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.2.3 TP2 TP3
1. Sekeping duit syiling dan sebiji dadu adil dilambung. Cari kebarangkalian mendapat gambar dan nombor 4.
A coin is tossed and a fair dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a head and a number 4.
1
P(gambar/head) =
2
P(nombor 4)
P(number 4)
1
=
6
P(gambar dan nombor 4)
P(head and number 4)
1 1
= ×
2 6
1
=
12

2. Sebuah kotak mengandungi 6 biji bola merah dan sebiji bola kuning. Dua biji bola dipilih secara rawak
KBAT
dari kotak itu satu demi satu tanpa pemulangan. Warna bola itu dicatatkan.
A box contains 6 red balls and a yellow ball. Two balls are chosen at random one by one from the box without replacement.
The colours of the balls are recorded.
(a) Wakilkan situasi di atas dengan menggunakan gambar rajah pokok.
Represent the above situation by using a tree diagram.
(b) Hitung kebarangkalian mendapat
Calculate the probability of getting
(i) bola kedua berwarna kuning.
the second ball is yellow.
(ii) kedua-dua bola berwarna merah.
both are red balls.

(a) Bola pertama Bola kedua Kesudahan

First ball Second ball Outcome
5 M (M, M)
6
6 M
7
1
6 K (M, K)
1
7 K M (K, M)
6
6

(b) (i) P(bola kedua berwarna kuning) (ii) P(kedua-dua bola berwarna merah)
P(second ball is yellow) P(both are red balls)
6 1 6 5
= × = ×
7 6 7 6
1 5
= =
0 131 7 7

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PBD 9.3 Peristiwa Saling Eksklusif dan Peristiwa Tidak Saling Eksklusif Buku Teks: m.s. 253 – 255

NOTA
• Dua peristiwa, A dan B, adalah saling eksklusif jika kedua-dua peristiwa itu tidak boleh berlaku pada masa yang sama.
Two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive if the two events will not happen at the same time.
ξ A B
A艚B=ϕ
P(A 艚 B) = 0
P(A 艛 B) = P(A) + P(B)

• Dua peristiwa, A dan B, adalah tidak saling eksklusif jika kedua-dua peristiwa itu boleh berlaku pada masa yang sama.
Two events, A and B, are non-mutually exclusive if the two events happen at the same time.
ξ A B

P(A 艛 B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A 艚 B)

A. Tentukan sama ada peristiwa berikut ialah peristiwa eksklusif atau peristiwa tidak saling eksklusif.
Determine whether the following events are mutually exclusive events or non-mutually exclusive events. SP9.3.1 TP1

1. Mendapat gambar dan angka 2. Mendapat nombor genap dan 3. Mendapat nombor perdana
apabila melambung sekeping nombor ganjil apabila sebiji dan nombor genap apabila
duit syiling yang adil. dadu adil dilambung. melambung sebiji dadu adil.
Getting a head and a tail when Getting an even number and an Getting a prime number and an
tossing a fair coin. odd number when a fair dice is even number when a fair dice is
rolled. rolled.
Peristiwa saling eksklusif
Mutually exclusive events Peristiwa saling eksklusif Peristiwa tidak saling eksklusif
Mutually exclusive events Non-mutually exclusive events

B. Tentukan sama ada peristiwa berikut ialah peristiwa saling eksklusif atau peristiwa tidak saling eksklusif
apabila sebiji dadu adil dilambung.
Determine whether the following events are mutually exclusive events or non-mutually exclusive events when a fair dice is
rolled. SP9.3.1 TP1
1. Mendapat nombor 3 dan nombor 6. 2. Mendapat nombor genap dan nombor ganjil.
Getting a number 3 and a number 6. Getting an even number and an odd number.

Peristiwa saling eksklusif Peristiwa saling eksklusif

Mutually exclusive events Mutually exclusive events

3. Mendapat nombor yang lebih daripada 4 dan 4. Mendapat nombor genap dan nombor lebih
nombor kurang daripada 3. besar daripada 4.
Getting a number greater than 4 and a number less than Getting an even number and a number greater than 4.
3.
Peristiwa tidak saling eksklusif
Peristiwa saling eksklusif Non-mutually exclusive events
Mutually exclusive events
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PBD 9.3 Peristiwa Saling Eksklusif dan Peristiwa Tidak Saling Eksklusif Buku Teks: m.s. 255 – 259

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.3.2 TP2 TP3
1. Sebiji dadu adil dilambung. A ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor ganjil dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat
nombor genap. Adakah peristiwa A dan peristiwa B ialah peristiwa saling eksklusif atau peristiwa tidak
saling eksklusif? Anda boleh menggunakan gambar rajah Venn untuk menggambarkan kenyataan.
A fair dice is rolled. A is an event of getting an odd number and B is an event of getting an even number. Are event A and
event B is the mutually exclusive event or non-mutually exclusive event? You can use a Venn diagram to illustrate the fact.

A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6}

A艚B=ϕ
P(A 艚 B) = 0

Peristiwa A atau peristiwa B ialah peristiwa saling eksklusif.

Event A or event B are mutually exclusive event.

2. Sebiji dadu adil dilambung. A ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor perdana dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat
nombor genap. Adakah peristiwa A dan peristiwa B ialah peristiwa saling eksklusif atau peristiwa tidak
saling eksklusif? Anda boleh menggunakan gambar rajah Venn untuk menggambarkan kenyataan.
A fair dice is rolled. A is an event of getting a prime number and B is an event of getting an even number. Are event A and
event B is the mutually exclusive event or non-mutually exclusive event? You can use a Venn diagram to illustrate the fact.

A = {2, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6}, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

A 艚 B = {2}
A艚B≠ϕ

Peristiwa A atau peristiwa B ialah peristiwa tidak saling eksklusif.

Event A or event B are non-mutually exclusive event.

3. Diberi ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10} dan B = {2, 4, 6, 7}. Dengan menggunakan
KBAT
gambar rajah Venn, tunjukkan bahawa A 艚 B = B. Seterusnya, buktikan P(A) + P(B) – P(A 艚 B)
= P(A 艛 B).
Given ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10} and B = {2, 4, 6, 7}. By using a Venn diagram, show that
A 艚 B = B. Hence, prove P(A) + P(B) – P(A 艚 B) = P(A 艛 B).

B = {2, 4, 6, 7} 7 4 4
P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A 艚 B) =
A 艚 B = {2, 4, 6, 7} 10 10 10
Maka/Thus 7 4 4
P(A) + P(B) – P(A 艚 B) = + –
A艚B=B 10 10 10
7
=
10
A 艛 B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10}, n(A 艛 B) = 7, n(ξ) = 10
7
P(A 艛 B) =
10
Maka, terbukti P(A) + P(B) – P(A 艚 B) = P(A 艛 B).
Hence, it is proven that P(A) + P(B) – P(A 艚 B) = P(A 艛 B).

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PBD 9.3 Peristiwa Saling Eksklusif dan Peristiwa Tidak Saling Eksklusif Buku Teks: m.s. 259 – 261

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.3.3 TP3 TP4
1. Sebiji dadu adil dilambung. Cari kebarangkalian mendapat
A fair dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting
(a) nombor ganjil atau nombor 2.
an odd number or a number 2.
(b) nombor perdana atau nombor genap.
a prime number or an even number.

(a) Katakan A ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor ganjil dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor 2.
Let A is the event of getting an odd number and B is the event of getting a number 2.
A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2}, A 艚 B = 0
3 1
P(A atau/or B) = +
6 6
2
=
3

(b) Katakan A ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor perdana dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor genap.
Let A is the event of getting a prime number and B is the event of getting an even number.
A = {2, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6}, A 艚 B = {2}
3 3 1
P(A atau/or B) = + –
6 6 6
5
=
6

2. Sebuah kotak mengandungi 2 biji guli merah, 3 biji guli biru dan sebiji guli kuning. Sebiji guli dipilih
secara rawak dari kotak itu dan warnanya dicatatkan. Cari kebarangkalian bahawa guli yang dipilih ialah
guli merah atau guli kuning.
A box contains 2 red marbles, 3 blue marbles and 1 yellow marble. A marble is chosen at random from the box and the
colour is recorded. Find the probability that the marble chosen is red marble or yellow marble.

P(guli merah atau guli kuning)

P(red marble or yellow marble)
2 1
= +
6 6
1
=
2

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PBD 9.3 Peristiwa Saling Eksklusif dan Peristiwa Tidak Saling Eksklusif Buku Teks: m.s. 259 – 261

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.3.3 TP3 TP4

1. Diberi S = {x : 1 ⭐ x ⭐ 10, x 僆 integer}. Satu nombor dipilih daripada set itu. Cari kebarangkalian bahawa
nombor yang dipilih ialah
It is given that S = {x : 1 ⭐ x ⭐ 10, x 僆 integers}. A number is chosen from the set. Find the probability that the number
chosen is
(a) nombor ganjil atau nombor dua digit.
an odd number or a two-digit number.
(b) nombor perdana atau faktor bagi 10.
prime number or a factor of 10.

(a) Katakan A ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor ganjil dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor dua digit.
Let A is the event of getting an odd number and B is the event of getting a two-digit number.
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {10}
5 1
P(A atau/or B) = +
10 10
6
=
10
3
=
5

(b) Katakan A ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor perdana dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat faktor bagi 10.
Let A is the event of getting a prime number and B is the event of getting a factor of 10.
A = {2, 3, 5, 7}, B = {1, 2, 5, 10}, A 艚 B = {2, 5}
4 4 2
P(A atau/or B) = + –
10 10 10
6
=
10
3
=
5

2. Satu nombor dipilih secara rawak daripada set S = {x : 30 < x ⭐ 50, x 僆 integer}. Cari kebarangkalian
bahawa nombor yang dipilih ialah kuasa dua sempurna atau nombor yang boleh dibahagi dengan 6.
A number is chosen at random from the set S = {x : 30 < x ⭐ 50, x 僆 integers}. Find the probability that the number chosen is
a perfect square or a number divisible by 6.

Katakan A ialah peristiwa mendapat kuasa dua sempurna dan B ialah peristiwa mendapat nombor yang boleh
dibahagi dengan 6.
Let A is the event of getting a perfect square and B is the event getting a number divisible by 6.
A = {36, 49}, B = {36, 42, 48}, n(S) = 20, A 艚 B = {36}
2 3 1
P(A 艛 B) = + –
20 20 20
1
=
5

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PBD 9.3 Peristiwa Saling Eksklusif dan Peristiwa Tidak Saling Eksklusif Buku Teks: m.s. 259 – 261

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.3.3 TP3 TP4
1. Satu huruf dipilih secara rawak daripada set S = {a, b, c, d, e, f}. Cari kebarangkalian memilih huruf vokal
atau huruf ‘d’.
A letter is chosen at random from the set S = {a, b, c, d, e, f}. Find the probability of choosing a vowel or a letter ‘d’ .

Katakan A ialah peristiwa memilih huruf vokal dan B ialah peristiwa memilih huruf ‘d’.
Let A is the event of choosing a vowel and B is the event of choosing a letter ‘d’.
A = {a, e}, B = {d}, n(S) = 6, A 艚 B = { }
2 1 1
P(A 艛 B) = + =
6 6 2

2. Kebarangkalian Oliver dilantik sebagai pengerusi Kelab Matematik (M) dan pengawas sekolah (K) masing-
2 3
masing ialah dan .
5 7
2 3
The probability of Oliver appointed as a chairman of Mathematics Club (M) and a school prefect (K) are and
5 7
respectively.

(a) Lengkapkan gambar rajah Venn di sebelah untuk mewakili kebarangkalian ξ M K

Oliver dilantik sebagai pengerusi Kelab Matematik dan pengawas
sekolah.
Complete the Venn diagram to represent the probability of Oliver being appointed
as a chairman of Mathematics Club and a school prefect.

(b) Hitung kebarangkalian Oliver tidak dilantik sebagai pengerusi Kelab Matematik atau pengawas
sekolah.
Calculate the probability of Oliver not appointed as a chairman of Mathematics Club or a school prefect.

(a) P(M 艚 K) =
2
5
3
× =
7
6
35
(b) 1 –  358 + 356 + 359 
P(dilantik pengerusi kelab Matematik sahaja) 12
=
P(appointed as a chairman of Mathematics club only) 35
2 6
= –
5 35
8
=
35
P(dilantik pengawas sekolah sahaja)
P(appointed as a school prefect only)
3 6
= –
7 35
9
=
35

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PBD 9.4 Aplikasi Kebarangkalian Buku Teks: m.s. 262 – 267

Jawab setiap soalan berikut.

Answer each of the following questions. SP9.4.1 TP4 TP5
1. Sekeping duit syiling adil dilambungkan dua kali. Cari kebarangkalian mendapat
A fair coin is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting
(a) dua gambar.
two heads.
(b) satu gambar dan satu angka.
a head and a tail.

Katakan H ialah peristiwa mendapat gambar dan T ialah peristiwa mendapat angka.
1
Let H is the event of getting a head and T is the event of getting a tail. H (H, H)
2
(a) P(dua gambar)/P(two heads) (b) P(satu gambar dan satu angka) 1 H
= P(H, H) P(a head and a tail) 2 1
1 1 P(H, T) + P(T, H) 2 T (H, T)
= ×
2 2 1 1 1 1
=
1
=
2
×2
+
2 
×
2  1
H (T, H)
4 1 1 2
= 2 T
2
1
2 T (T, T)

2. Satu nombor dipilih secara rawak daripada set nombor {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, 30}. Cari kebarangkalian bahawa
A number is chosen at random from a set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, 30}. Find the probability that
(a) nombor gandaan 5 atau gandaan 7 dipilih.
a multiple of 5 or a multiple of 7 is chosen.
(b) nombor ganjil atau gandaan 5 dipilih.
an odd number or a multiple of 5 is chosen.

(a) Katakan A ialah peristiwa memilih gandaan 5 dan B ialah peristiwa memilih gandaan 7.
Let A is the event of choosing a multiple of 5 and B is the event of choosing a multiple of 7.

A = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}, B = {7, 14, 21, 28}
6 4
P(A) = , P(B) =
30 30
6 4
P(A 艛 B) = +
30 30
1
=
3

(b) Katakan A ialah peristiwa memilih nombor ganjil dan B ialah peristiwa memilih gandaan 5.
Let A is the event of choosing an odd number and B is the event of choosing a multiple of 5.

A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29}
B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
(A 艚 B) = {5, 15, 25}

P(A) = 15 , P(B) = 6 , P(A 艚 B) = 3

30 30 30
P(A 艛 B) = 15 + 6 – 3
30 30 30
3
=
5
6 137

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3. Sebiji dadu adil dilambung dua kali berturut-turut. Jika uji kaji ini dijalankan sebanyak 360 kali, berapa
kalikah sekurang-kurangnya satu kuasa dua sempurna akan diperoleh?
A fair dice is rolled twice consecutively. If this experiment is carried out 360 times, how many times will at least one perfect
square be obtained?
Katakan K = memperoleh kuasa dua sempurna dan K′ = tidak P(sekurang-kurangnya kuasa dua sempurna)
memperoleh kuasa dua sempurna. P(at least one perfect square)
Let K = getting a perfect square and K′ = not getting a perfect square.
Lambungan Lambungan
= 
1
3
×
1
3
+
1
3 
×
2
3
+
2
3
×  
1
3 
pertama kedua Kesudahan 1 2 2
= + +
First roll Second roll Outcome 9 9 9
1 1 1 5
K (K, K) × =
3 3 3 9
1 K 5
× 360 = 200 kali/times
3 2 1 2 9
K′ (K, K′) ×
3 3 3
1 2 1
3 K (K′, K) ×
2 3 3
3 K′
2 2 2
K′ (K′, K′) ×
3 3 3

4. Sebuah kotak mengandungi lapan biji guli merah, enam biji guli kuning dan empat biji guli biru. Dua
KBAT
biji guli dipilih secara rawak dari kotak satu demi satu. Jika guli pertama berwarna biru, maka guli biru
itu akan dipulangkan ke dalam kotak sebelum guli kedua dipilih. Jika guli pertama bukan berwarna biru,
maka guli itu tidak dipulangkan ke dalam kotak dan guli kedua dipilih. Hitung kebarangkalian mendapat
kedua-dua guli yang berlainan warna.
A box contains eight red marbles, six yellow marbles and four blue marbles. Two marbles are chosen at random one by
one from the box. If the first marble is blue, it is then returned to the box before the second marble is chosen. If the first
marble is not blue, the marble is not returned to the box and the second marble is chosen. Calculate the probability of
getting two marbles of different colours.
Guli pertama Guli kedua Kesudahan
First marble Second marble Outcome
7 M (M, M)
17 6
17
M K (M, K)
4
8
17 B (M, B) P(berlainan warna)
18
8 M (K, M) P(different colours)
6 17 5 4
18 K 17 K (K, K)
= 
8
18 17
×
6
+  
8
18 17
× +
6
×
8
18 17  
+
6
×
18 17
4
  
4 +
4
 ×
18 18
8
+  
4
18 18
×
6

17 B (K, B) 922
4 =
8 M (B, M) 1 377
18
18 6
18
B K (B, K)
4
18 B (B, B)

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PRAKTIS KE ARAH SPM KERTAS 1

1. Dua keping duit syiling adil dilambung. A mewakili 4. Sebuah beg mengandungi lapan biji guli merah
angka dan G mewakili gambar. Antara ruang dan sebiji guli kuning. Dua biji guli dipilih secara
sampel berikut, yang manakah betul? rawak dari beg satu demi satu tanpa pemulangan.
Two fair coins are tossed. A represents a tail and G Warna dicatatkan. Cari kebarangkalian mendapat
represents a head. Which of the following sample spaces guli kedua berwarna kuning.
is correct? A bag contains eight red marbles and one yellow marble.
A {(A, A), (G, G)} Two marbles are chosen at random from the bag one by
B {(A, G), (G, A)} one without replacement. The colour is recorded. Find the
C {(A, A), (A, G), (G, A), (G, G)} probability of getting a yellow marble as the second marble.
D {(A, A, A), (G, G, G)} 1 1
A B
9 8
2. Antara peristiwa bergabung berikut, yang manakah 1 1
C D
peristiwa bersandar? 4 2
Which of the following events is dependent event?
A Mendapat gambar apabila duit syiling adil
dilambung dan nombor 5 apabila dadu adil 5. Sebiji dadu merah dan sebiji dadu kuning
dilambung. dilambung bersama. Cari kebarangkalian bahawa
Getting a head when a fair coin is tossed and getting
dadu merah menunjukkan satu nombor lebih besar
a number 5 when a dice is rolled.
daripada 3 dan dadu kuning menunjukkan satu
B Mendapat dua biji guli yang berwarna sama
nombor ganjil.
apabila dua biji guli dikeluarkan secara rawak
A red dice and a yellow dice are rolled at the same
satu demi satu dari bekas yang mengandungi time. Find the probability of the red dice showing a
tiga biji guli merah dan dua biji guli biru tanpa number greater than 3 and the yellow dice showing an
pemulangan. odd number.
Getting two marbles of the same colour when a marble
1
is drawn at random one by one from a container which A
contain three red marbles and two blue marbles without
4
replacement. 1
B
C Mendapat angka sebanyak dua kali apabila 2
sekeping syiling dilambung dua kali. 3
C
Getting a tail twice when a coin is tossed twice. 4
D Mendapat dua keping kad yang berhuruf sama 1
D
apabila dua keping kad dipilih secara rawak 8
daripada kad berlabel dengan huruf “S, A, T, U”
satu demi satu dengan pemulangan.
Getting two cards with the same letters when two cards
are picked at random from the cards labelled “S, A, T, U”
6. Sebuah kotak mengandungi 3 biji guli merah,
one by one with replacement. 4 biji guli biru dan 2 biji guli hijau. Sebiji guli dipilih
secara rawak dari kotak itu, cari kebarangkalian
3. Kotak M dan kotak N masing-masing mengandungi bahawa guli biru atau guli hijau dipilih.
A box contains 3 red marbles, 4 blue marbles and
kad berlabel dengan nombor 1, 3, 6 dan 9 dan kad
2 green marbles. If a marble is chosen at random from
berlabel dengan huruf X, Y dan Z. Sekeping kad the box, find the probability that a blue marble or a green
dipilih secara rawak dari setiap kotak itu. Hitung marble is chosen.
kebarangkalian mendapat faktor bagi 9 dan huruf X. 2
Box M and box N contain cards labelled with numbers 1, 3, A
6 and 9 and letters X, Y and Z respectively. A card is chosen
9
at random from each box. Find the probability of getting a 4
B
factor of 9 and a letter X. 9
1 1 2
A B C
3 4 3
1 1 7
C D D
8 139 5 6 9

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PRAKTIS KE ARAH SPM KERTAS 2

SPM Bahagian A
1. Kotak A mengandungi 4 keping kad merah,2 keping kad kuning dan 1 keping kad biru. Kotak B mengandungi
3 keping kad kuning dan 5 keping kad hijau. Sekeping kad dipilih secara rawak dari setiap kotak itu. Cari
kebarangkalian bahawa
Box A contains 4 red cards, 2 yellow cards and 1 blue card. Box B contains 3 yellow cards and 5 green cards. A card is picked
at random from each box. Find the probability that
(a) kedua-dua kad kuning dipilih.
both yellow cards are picked.
(b) kad merah dari kotak A dan kad hijau dari kotak B dipilih.
a red card from box A and a green card from box B are picked.
[4 markah/4 marks]
Jawapan/Answer:
2 3
(a) P(A) = , P(B) =
7 8
2 3
P(A 傽 B) = ×
7 8
3
=
28

4 5
(b) P(A) = , P(B) =
7 8
4 5
P(A 傽 B) = ×
7 8
5
=
14

2. Kebarangkalian Fauzi lulus dalam subjek Matematik dan Biologi ialah 0.72 dan 0.64. Hitung kebarangkalian
bahawa
The probability of Fauzi passing his Mathematics and Biology subjects are 0.72 and 0.64. Calculate the probability that
(a) Fauzi lulus kedua-dua subjek.
Fauzi passes both subjects.
(b) Fauzi lulus satu subjek sahaja.
Fauzi passes only one subject.
[6 markah/6 marks]
Jawapan/Answer:
(a) P(lulus kedua-dua subjek)
P(passes both subjects)
= 0.72 × 0.64
= 0.4608

(b) P(lulus satu subjek sahaja)

P(passes only one subject)
= (0.72 × 0.36) + (0.64 × 0.28)
= 0.2592 + 0.1792
= 0.4384

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SPM Bahagian B
3. Alvin ke sekolah sama ada menaiki motosikal atau kereta. Kebarangkalian Alvin menaiki motosikal ialah 3 .
5
Jika dia menaiki motosikal, kebarangkalian dia lewat ke sekolah ialah 2 dan jika dia menaiki kereta,
7
kebarangkalian dia lewat ke sekolah ialah 1 .
8
3
Alvin travels to school either by motorcycle or car. The probability of Alvin riding a motorcycle is . If he rides a motorcycle, the
5
2 1
probability that he is late for school is and if he travels by car, the probability that he is late for school is .
7 8
(a) Lengkapkan gambar rajah pokok untuk menunjukkan semua kesudahan yang mungkin.
Complete a tree diagram to show all the possible outcomes.
(b) Cari kebarangkalian bahawa dia menaiki motosikal dan lewat ke sekolah.
Find the probability that he rides a motorcycle and late for school.
(c) Cari kebarangkalian bahawa
Find the probability that
(i) dia lewat ke sekolah.
he is late for school.
(ii) dia tidak lewat ke sekolah.
he is not late for school.
[9 markah/9 marks]
Jawapan/Answer:
M = motosikal/motorcycle, C = kereta/car, L = lewat/late, L⬘ = tidak lewat/not late.
(a) 2
7 L
3 M
5 5 L⬘
7

1
2 8 L
5 C
7 L⬘
8

(b) P(menaiki motosikal dan lewat ke sekolah)

P(rides a motorcycle and late for school)
3 2
= ×
5 7
6
=
35

(c) (i) P(lewat ke sekolah)

P(late for school)
= P(M, L) + P(K, L)
= × × × 
3 2 2 1
5 7 5 8
31
=
140

(ii) P(tidak lewat ke sekolah)

P(not late for school)
31
=1–
140
109
=
0 141 140

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4. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan bilangan murid daripada tiga kelas, iaitu Bestari, Cemerlang dan Cerdik yang
KBAT memperoleh gred A, B dan C dalam satu kuiz Matematik.
The table shows the number of pupils from three classes, Bestari, Cemerlang and Cerdik, who scored grades A, B and C in a
Mathematics quiz.

A B C
Bestari 16 6 2
Cemerlang p 10 4
Cerdik 18 4 4

Seorang murid dipilih secara rawak daripada tiga kelas itu. Kebarangkalian memilih seorang murid dari kelas
Cemerlang atau seorang murid yang memperoleh gred C ialah 9 .
20
A pupil is picked at random from the three classes. The probability that the pupil from Cemerlang class or a pupil who obtained
9
a grade C picked is .
20
(a) Cari nilai p.
Find the value of p.
(b) Seterusnya, cari kebarangkalian bahawa seorang murid yang dipilih ialah
Hence, find the probability that the pupil picked is
(i) dari kelas Bestari atau dari kelas Cerdik.
from Bestari class or Cerdik class.
(ii) dari kelas Bestari yang memperolehi gred B atau kelas Cemerlang yang memperoleh gred A.
from Bestari class who obtained grade B or from Cemerlang class who obtained grade A.
(iii) dari tiga kelas yang memperoleh gred B.
from three classes who obtained grade B.
(iv) dari kelas Cemerlang yang tidak memperoleh grade C.
does not obtain grade C from Cemerlang class.
[10 markah/10 marks]
Jawapan/Answer:
(a) n(S) = p + 64
V = from Cemerlang class/dari kelas Cemerlang,
W = obtained grade C/memperoleh gred C
n(V 傼 W)
P(V 傼 W) =
n(S)
9 p + 20
=
20 p + 64
20p + 400 = 9p + 576
11p = 176
p = 16
6 + 10 + 4
(b) (i) n(s) = 16 + 64 = 80 (iii) P(Tiga kelas B) =
80
24 26
P(Bestari atau/or Cerdik) = + 20
80 80 =
80
50
= 1
80 =
4
5
= 16 + 10
8 (iv) P(Cemerlang bukan C) =
80
(ii) P(Bestari B atau/or Cemerlang A) 26
=
6 16 80
= +
80 80 13
=
22 40
=
80
11
=
40 142

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