MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

UNIT CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND

2 EQUATIONS
FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA

Concept Map / Peta Konsep

RELATIVE MASS / JISIM RELATIF Number of particles

– Relative Atomic Mass / Jisim Atom Relatif Bilangan zarah
– Relative Molecular Mass / Jisim Molekul Relatif
– Relative Formula Mass / Jisim Formula Relatif

Numerically equal ÷ Avogadro constant × Avogadro constant

Nilai sama ÷ pemalar Avogadro × pemalar Avogadro

2
÷ (Molar Mass) g mol–1 ÷ Molar Volume (dm3 mol–1)

÷ (Jisim Molar) g mol–1
Mass (g)
Jisim (g)
× (Molar Mass) g mol–1
× (Jisim Molar) g mol–1
UNIT
÷ Isi padu Molar (dm3 mol–1)
NUMBER OF MOL Volume of gas (dm3)
BILANGAN MOL Isi padu gas (dm3)
× Molar Volume (dm3 mol–1)
× Isi padu Molar (dm3 mol–1)

Numerical problem involving chemical

equation (Interpret quantitatively)
Masalah pengiraan melibatkan
persamaan kimia (Tafsiran secara
kuantitatif) – Reactants
Bahan tindak balas
Chemical formula Chemical Equation – Products
Formula kimia Persamaan kimia Interpret qualitatively Hasil
Tafsiran kualitatif – Physical state
Keadaan fizikal
Empirical Formula of Ionic Molecular
Formula Compound Formula
Formula Formula sebatian Formula
empirik ion molekul

Calculate Percentage by mass of element in a compound

Mengira peratusan jisim unsur dalam suatu sebatian

Remark / Catatan:
– Molar mass is mass of one mol of a substance. The unit is g mol–1. / Jisim molar ialah jisim bagi satu mol suatu bahan. Unitnya g mol–1.
– Molar volume of gas is volume occupied by one mol of any gas, 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions or 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at standard temperature and
pressure (s.t.p.) / Isi padu molar gas ialah isi padu yang ditempati oleh satu mol sebarang gas, 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik atau 22.4 dm3 mol–1
pada suhu dan tekanan piawai (s.t.p.)
– Avogadro constant is number of particles in one mol of any substance. The value is 6.02 × 1023.
Pemalar avogadro ialah bilangan zarah dalam satu mol sebarang bahan. Nilainya 6.02 × 1023.

Learning objective / Objektif pembelajaran

• Understand and apply the concept of relative atomic mass / Memahami dan mengaplikasi konsep jisim atom relatif
• Analysing the relationship between the number of mole and the number of particles
Menganalisis hubungan antara bilangan mol dengan bilangan zarah
• Analysing the relationship between the number of mole of material with mass
Menganalisis hubungan antara bilangan mol bahan dengan jisim
• Analysing the number of mole of gas with gas volume / Menganalisis bilangan mol gas dengan isi padu gas
• Synthesis chemical formula / Mensintensis formula kimia
• Interpret chemical equations / Mentafsirkan persamaan kimia
• Adopting scientific attitudes and values in the investigation of matter
Mengamalkan sikap saintifik dan nilai murni dalam penyiasatan tentang jirim

21 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 21 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Relative Mass / Jisim Relatif

What is relative mass?
Apakah jisim relatif?
A single atom is too small and light and cannot be weighed directly.
The masses of atoms are not determined directly but comparing them with standard atom.
Satu atom adalah terlalu ringan, kecil dan tidak dapat ditimbang secara langsung.
Jisim satu atom tidak ditentukan secara langsung tetapi dengan membandingkannya dengan atom
piawai.

How is Relative Atomic Mass – Carbon-12 (an isotope of carbon) is chosen as a standard atom because its mass can be determined
calculated? very accurately using mass spectrometer. Carbon-12 isotope is given a mass of exactly 12.00.
Bagaimakah Jisim Atom Relatif Karbon-12 (isotop karbon) dipilih sebagai atom piawai kerana jisimnya dapat ditentukan dengan tepat
dikira? menggunakan spektrometer jisim. Isotop karbon-12 mempunyai jisim 12.00.

– Relative atomic mass based on the carbon-12 scale is the mass of one atom of the elements compared
1
with —– of the mass of an atom of carbon-12:
12
Jisim atom relatif berdasarkan skala atom karbon-12 adalah jisim satu atom unsur berbanding dengan
1
—– jisim satu atom karbon-12:
UNIT

12

– Relative atomic mass of an element (RAM)

2

Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur (JAR)

The average mass of one atom of the element / Jisim purata satu atom unsur
=
1 1
—– × The mass of atom of carbon-12 / —– × Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12 12

What can be interpreted? Mass of an atom of Carbon-12 = 12.00

Apakah tafsirannya? 1
—– of the mass of an atom Carbon-12 = 1
12
C-12 Jisim satu atom Karbon-12 = 12.00
1
—– jisim satu atom Karbon-12 = 1
12

Example / Contoh:

Mg c c

Relative atomic mass of magnesium / Jisim atom relatif magnesium = 24

Mass of magnesium atom / Jisim atom magnesium
=
1 1
—– × Mass of an atom Carbon-12 / —– × Jisim satu atom Karbon-12
12 12
1
(
Mass of magnesium atom = 24 —– × mass of an atom Carbon-12 = 24
12 )
1
(
Jisim atom magnesium = 24 —– x jisim satu atom Karbon-12 = 24
12 )
What is the unit for relative atomic It has no unit.
mass? Give reason. The relative atomic mass of an element can also be considered as the number of times the mass of one
Apakah unit jisim atom relatif? 1
atom of that element is heavier than —– of Carbon-12
Berikan alasan. 12
Tiada unit.
Jisim atom relatif suatu unsur juga boleh dianggap sebagai bilangan kali jisim atom suatu unsur itu lebih
1
berat daripada —– Karbon-12
12

Example / Contoh:
Relative atomic mass of Helium is 4.
– 3 atoms of Helium have the same mass as one Carbon-12
Jisim atom relatif Helium ialah 4.
– 3 atom Helium mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan satu Karbon-12

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 22

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 22 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Define Relative Molecular Mass 1

The average mass of one molecule of a substance when compared to —– of the mass of carbon-12.
(RMM). 12
Takrifkan Jisim Molekul Relatif 1
Purata jisim satu molekul suatu bahan apabila dibandingkan dengan —– jisim karbon-12.
(JMR). 12
Relative Molecular Mass / Jisim Molekul Relatif
The average mass of one molecule / Jisim purata satu molekul
=
1 1
—– × The mass of an atom of carbon-12 / —– × Jisim satu atom karbon-12
12 12
Remark: The Relative Molecular Mass is used for covalent molecules.
Catatan: Jisim molekul relatif digunakan untuk molekul kovalen.

How to calculate Relative RMM is obtained by adding up the RAM of all the atoms that are present in the formula.
Molecular Mass (RMM)? JMR diperoleh dengan menambah JAR bagi semua atom yang hadir dalam formula.
Bagaimanakah cara mengira Jisim
Molekul Relatif (JMR)?

Exercise / Latihan

2
1 Calculate Relative Molecular Mass (RMM) for the following molecular substances:

UNIT
Hitung Jisim Molekul Relatif (JMR) bagi molekul bahan berikut:
Molecular substance Molecular formula Relative molecular mass
Bahan molekul Formula molekul Jisim molekul relatif
Oxygen / Oksigen O2 2 × 16 = 32

Water / Air H 2O 2 × 1 + 16 = 18

Carbon dioxide / Karbon dioksida CO2 12 + 2 × 16 = 44

Ammonia / Ammonia NH3 14 + 3 × 1 = 17

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, H = 1, C = 12, N = 14]

2 Calculate Relative Formula Mass (RFM) for the following ionic substances:
Hitung Jisim Formula Relatif (JFR) bagi bahan ion berikut:
Substance Chemical formula Relative formula mass
Bahan Formula kimia Jisim formula relatif
Sodium chloride / Natrium klorida NaCl 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

Potassium oxide / Kalium oksida K2 O 2 × 39 + 16 = 94

Copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat CuSO4 64 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 160

Ammonium carbonate / Ammonium karbonat (NH4)2CO3 2 [14 + 4 × 1] + 12 + 3 × 16 = 96

Aluminium nitrate / Aluminium nitrat Al(NO3)3 27 + 3 [14 + 3 × 16] = 213

Calcium hydroxide / Kalsium hidroksida Ca(OH)2 40 + 2 [16 + 1] = 74

Lead(II) hydroxide / Plumbum(II) hidroksida Pb(OH)2 207 + 2 [16 + 1] = 241

Hydrated copper(II) sulphate / Kuprum(II) sulfat terhidrat CuSO4•5H2O 64 + 32 + 4 × 16 + 5 [2 × 1 + 16] = 250

[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, K = 39, O = 16, Cu = 64, S = 32, N = 14, H = 1, C = 12,
Al = 27, Ca = 40, Pb = 207]
3 The formula of metal oxide of M is M2O3. Its relative formula mass is 152. What is the relative atomic mass of metal M?
Oksida logam M mempunyai formula M2O3. Jisim formula relatif ialah 152. Apakah jisim atom relatif logam M?
M = Relative atomic mass for M / Jisim atom relatif untuk M
2M + 3 × 16 = 152
M = 52

4 Phosphorus forms a chloride with a formula PClx. Its relative molecular mass is 208.5. Calculate the value of x.
Fosforus membentuk sebatian klorida dengan formula PClx. Jisim molekul relatifnya adalah 208.5. Hitungkan nilai x.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : P = 31, Cl = 35.5]
31 + x × 35.5 = 208.5
35.5x = 208.5 – 31
35.5x = 177.5
x = 5
23 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 23 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

5 Relative atomic mass of calcium is 40 based on the carbon-12 scale.

Jisim atom relatif kalsium berdasarkan skala karbon-12 ialah 40.
(a) State the meaning of the statement above. / Nyatakan maksud pernyataan di atas.
1
Mass of one calcium atom is 40 times greater than mass of one carbon-12 atom.
12 1
Jisim satu atom kalsium adalah 40 kali ganda lebih besar daripada jisim satu atom karbon-12.
12

(b) How many times is one calcium atom heavier than one oxygen atom? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16]
Berapa kalikah satu atom kalsium lebih berat daripada satu atom oksigen? [Jisim atom relatif: O = 16]
Relative atomic mass of calcium Jisim atom relatif kalsium 40
/ = = 2.5 times / kali
Relative atomic mass of oxygen Jisim atom relatif oksigen 16

(c) How many calcium atoms have the same mass as two atoms of bromine? [Relative atomic mass: Br = 80]
Berapakah bilangan atom kalsium yang mempunyai jisim yang sama dengan dua atom bromin? [Jisim atom relatif: Br = 80]
Number of calcium atom / Bilangan atom kalsium × 40 = 2 × 80
2 × 80
UNIT

Number of calcium atom / Bilangan atom kalsium = =4

40
2

Mole Concept / Konsep Mol

Mole and the Number of Particles  Bilangan Mol dan Bilangan Zarah

What is Avogadro constant? A fixed quantity of 6.02 × 1023 of particles.

Apakah pemalar Avogadro? Bilangan zarah yang tetap iaitu 6.02 × 10 23.
Remark / Catatan:
The particles can be atom, ion and molecules
Sama ada zarah atom, molekul, dan ion

Why is Avogardro constant useful? It is a way for counting the particles (atoms, ions, or molecules). This is because the size of particles is too
Mengapakah pemalar Avogadro small, so it is not possible to count physically.
berguna? Suatu cara untuk mengira bilangan zarah (atom, ion, molekul). Ini kerana saiz zarah adalah terlalu kecil,
adalah mustahil untuk dikira secara fizikal.

What is mole? 1 A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly
Apakah itu mol? 12 g of carbon-12.
Satu mol ialah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah seperti mana bilangan atom yang
terdapat dalam 12 g karbon-12.
2 A mole of a substance is the amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles
(atoms, ions, molecules), which is 6.02 × 1023.
Satu mol bahan adalah jumlah bahan yang mengandungi bilangan zarah (atom, ion, molekul) yang
tetap iaitu 6.02 × 10 23.

Example: The concept of mole is the same as the concept of a dozen in our everday life. Dozen is used to represent
Contoh: a quantity:
Konsep mol adalah sama dengan konsep sedozen dalam kehidupan harian kita. Dozen digunakan untuk
mewakil satu kuantiti:

1 dozen of pencil 2 dozens of pencil 3 dozens of pencil

Sedozen pensel 2 dozen pensel 3 dozen pensel
1 × 12 pencils / pensel 2 × 12 pencils / pensel 3 × 12 pencils / pensel

1 mol of atom / 1 mol atom 2 mol of atom / 2 mol atom 3 mol of atom / 3 mol atom
1 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms / atom 2 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms / atom 3 × 6.02 × 1023 atoms / atom

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 24

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 24 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Why is mole concept useful? When a compound is made up of two or more atoms, for example a covalent molecule or an ionic
Mengapakah konsep mol berguna? compound, the mole concept is useful to determine the number of respective particles.
Apabila suatu sebatian dihasilkan dari dua atau lebih atom, sebagai contoh satu molekul kovalen atau
satu sebatian ion, konsep mol adalah berguna untuk menentukan bilangan zarah masing-masing.

Example / Contoh:
Methane has a formula CH4. 1 methane molecule CH4 is made up of 1 C atom and 4 H atoms which are
covalently bonded.
Metana mempunyai formula CH4. 1 molekul metana CH4 terdiri daripada satu atom C dan 4 atom H yang
mana terikat secara kovalen.

H Is made up of
H
Terdiri daripada C H
H C H
H
H H
1 CH4 molecule 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms
1 molekul CH4 1 atom karbon dan 4 atom hidrogen
– Hence, 6.02 × 1023 CH4 contains 1 × 6.02 × 1023 C atoms and 4 × 6.02 × 1023 H atoms.
Oleh itu, 6.02 × 10 23 CH4 mengandungi 1 × 6.02 × 10 23 atom C dan 4 × 6.02 ×10 23 atom H.
– Applying the mole concept / Mengaplikasi konsep mol:

2
1 mol of CH4 molecules consists of 1 mol C atoms and 4 mol of H atoms.
1 mol molekul CH4 terdiri daripada 1 mol atom C dan 4 mol atom H.

UNIT
What is the relationship between
number of moles and number of × Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
particles (atoms/ions/molecules)? Number of moles Number of particles
Apakah hubungan antara bilangan Bilangan mol Bilangan zarah
mol dengan bilangan zarah (atom/ ÷ Avogadro Constant / Pemalar Avogadro
ion/molekul)?

Exercise / Latihan
1 Complete the following table:
Lengkapkan jadual berikut:
Number of atom per molecule/
Substance Formula Number of positive and negative ion Number of particles in 1 mol of substance
Bahan Formula Bilangan atom per molekul/ Bilangan zarah dalam 1 mol bahan
Bilangan ion positif dan negatif
6.02 × 1023 Cl2 molecules / molekul
Chlorine
Cl2 Cl : 2
Klorin 2 × 6.02 × 1023 Cl atoms / atom

6.02 × 1023 H2O molecules / molekul

Water H : 2
H 2O 2 × 6.02 × 1023 H atoms / atom
Air O : 1
1 × 6.02 × 1023 O atoms / atom

6.02 × 1023 NH3 molecules / molekul

Ammonia N : 1
NH3 1 × 6.02 × 1023 N atoms / atom
Ammonia H : 3
3 × 6.02 × 1023 H atoms / atom

6.02 × 1023 SO2 molecules / molekul

Sulphur dioxide S : 1
SO2 1 × 6.02 × 1023 S atoms / atom
Sulfur dioksida O : 2
2 × 6.02 × 1023 O atoms / atom

Mg2+ : 1 1 × 6.02 × 1023 Mg2+ ions / ion

Magnesium chloride
MgCl2
Magnesium klorida Cl : 2
–
2 × 6.02 × 1023 Cl– ions / ion

Al3+ : 2 2 × 6.02 × 1023 Al3+ ions / ion

Aluminium oxide
Al2O3
Aluminium oksida O : 3
2–
3 × 6.02 × 1023 O2– ions / ion

25 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 25 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

2 Complete the following: [Differentiate between “mole” dan “molecule”]

Lengkapkan yang berikut: [Bezakan antara “mol” dan “molekul”]

(a) 1 mol of Cl2 6.02 × 1023

molecules of chlorine, Cl2 / molekul klorin, Cl2
[Chlorine gas]
1 mol Cl2 2 × 6.02 × 1023
atoms of chlorine, Cl / atom klorin, Cl
[Gas klorin]

(b) 1 mol of NH3 6.02 × 1023

molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3
[Ammonia gas] 1 mol of nitrogen atom, N / mol atom nitrogen, N
1 mol NH3 4 mol atoms / mol atom
[Gas ammonia] 3 mol of hydrogen atoms, H / mol atom hidrogen, H

1 1
4 × 6.02 × 10
23
(c) mol of NH3
4 molecules of ammonia, NH3 / molekul ammonia, NH3
[Ammonia gas] 1
UNIT

or/atau 0.25
1 mol NH 4 mol of N atoms / mol atom N,
3
4 1 mol of atom 0.25 × 6.02 × 1023
2

[Gas ammonia] number of N atoms / bilangan atom N =

3
1 or/atau 0.75
mol atom 4 mol of H atoms / mol atom H,
number of H atoms / bilangan atom H = 0.75 × 6.02 × 1023

(d) 2 mol of MgCl2 2 mol of Mg2+ ions /mol ion Mg2+,

[Magnesium chloride] number of Mg2+ ions / bilangan ion Mg2+ = 2 × 6.02 × 1023
2 mol MgCl2
[Magnesium klorida] 4 mol of Cl– ions /mol ion Cl–,
number of Cl– ions /bilangan ion Cl– = 4 × 6.02 × 1023

(e) 2 mol of SO2 2 × 6.02 × 1023 molecules of SO2 / molekul SO2

[Sulphur dioxide] 2 mol of S atoms / mol atom S,
2 mol SO2 2 × 6.02 × 1023
3 × 2 = 6 mol of atoms number of S atoms / bilangan atom S =
[Sulfur dioksida]
3 × 2 = 6 mol atom 4 mol of O atoms / mol atom O,
number of O atoms / bilangan atom O = 4 × 6.02 × 1023

Number of Moles and Mass of Substance / Bilangan Mol dan Jisim Bahan

Define of molar mass. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance.
Takrifkan jisim molar. Jisim molar adalah jisim satu mol sebarang bahan.

State how to obtain the molar
mass for any substance.
Nyatakan bagaimana untuk
memperoleh jisim molar untuk
sebarang bahan.
Molar mass of any substance is numerically equal to its relative mass (Relative atomic mass / relative
formula mass / relative molecular mass).
Jisim molar sebarang bahan mempunyai nilai yang sama dengan jisim relatif (Jisim atom relatif / jisim
formula relatif / jisim molekul relatif).

What is the unit of molar mass? Molar mass is the relative atomic mass (RAM), relative molecular mass (RMM) and relative formula mass
Apakah unit jisim molar? (RFM) of a substance in g mol–1.
Jisim molar adalah jisim atom relatif (JAR), jisim molekul relatif (JMR) dan jisim formula relatif (JFR) suatu
bahan dalam g mol–1.

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 26

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 26 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Example
Substance Carbon, C Water, H2O Aluminium, Al Sodium chloride, NaCl
Contoh
Bahan Karbon, C Air, H2O Aluminium, Al Natrium klorida, NaCl
Relative mass
12 2(1) + 16 = 18 27 35.5 + 23 = 58.5
Jisim relatif

12 C O AI Na+ Cl –
H H

1 mol substance
1 mol bahan

12.00 g 18.00 g 27.00 g 58.50 g

Mass for 1 mol

Jisim 1 mol
12.01 g 18.00 g 27.00 g 58.00 g

12 g 18 g 27 g 58.5 g

2
Molar mass

UNIT
12 g mol–1 18 g mol–1 27 g mol–1 58.5 g mol–1
Jisim molar

What is the relationship between × (RAM/RFM/RMM) g mol–1

number of moles and any given × (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1
mass of a substance? Number of moles Mass in gram
Apakah hubungan antara bilangan Bilangan mol Jisim dalam gram
÷ (RAM/RFM/RMM) g mol–1
mol dengan jisim sebarang bahan?
÷ (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1

Example (i) Calculate mass of 2 mol of water / Hitungkan jisim 2 mol air.
Contoh Relative molecular mass of H2O / Jisim molekul relatif H2O = 18
Molar mass of 1 mol of H2O / Jisim molar 1 mol H2O = 18 g mol–1
Mass of 2 mol of H2O / Jisim molar 2 mol H2O
= Number of moles × Molar mass / Bilangan mol × Jisim molar
= 2 mol × 18 g mol–1

= 36 g
(ii) Calculate number of moles of 45 g of water, H2O / Hitungkan bilangan mol bagi 45 g air, H2O.
Number of moles of 45 g of H2O / Bilangan mol 45 g H2O
Mass of H2O / Jisim H2O
=
Molar mass / Jisim molar
45 g
= = 2.5 mol
18 g mol–1

Exercise / Latihan
Calculate / Hitung:

1 Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide, NaOH 2 Number of moles in 20 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Jisim bagi 3 mol natrium hidroksida, NaOH Bilangan mol dalam 20 g natrium hidroksida, NaOH
Molar mass of NaOH / Jisim molar NaOH Number of moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
= (23 + 16 + 1) g mol–1 Bilangan mol natrium hidroksida, NaOH
= 40 g mol–1 20 g
=
40 g mol–1
Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
= 0.5 mol
Jisim 3 mol natrium hidroksida, NaOH
= 3 mol × 40 g mol–1
= 120 g

Answer / Jawapan: 120 g Answer / Jawapan: 0.5 mol

27 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 27 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

3 Mass of 2.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2 4 Mass of 0.5 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl
Jisim 2.5 mol gas oksigen, O2 Jisim 0.5 mol natrium klorida, NaCl
Molar mass of oxygen gas, O2 Molar mass of NaCl / Jisim molar NaCl
Jisim molar gas oksigen, O2 = (23 + 35.5) g mol–1
= (16 + 16) g mol–1 = 32 g mol–1 = 58.5 g mol–1
Mass of 2.5 mol of oxygen gas, O2 Mass of 0.5 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl
Jisim 2.5 mol gas oksigen, O2 Jisim 0.5 mol natrium klorida, NaCl
= 2.5 mol × 32 g mol–1 = 80 g = 0.5 mol × 58.5 g mol–1
= 29.25 g

Answer / Jawapan: 80 g Answer / Jawapan: 29.25 g

5 Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2
Bilangan mol dalam 37.8 g zink nitrat, Zn(NO3)2
Molar mass of zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2
Jisim molar zink nitrat, Zn(NO3)2
UNIT
6 Mass of 3.01 × 1023 copper atoms, Cu
Jisim 3.01 × 1023 atom kuprum, Cu
Number of moles of Cu / Bilangan mol Cu
Number of copper atom / Bilangan atom kuprum

= [65 + 2 (14 + 3 × 16)] g mol–1 =

Avogadro constant / Pemalar Avogadro
= 189 g mol–1
3.01 × 1023
2

Number of moles of zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2 = = 0.5 mol

Bilangan mol zink nitrat, Zn(NO3)2 6.02 × 1023
37.8 g Mass of Cu / Jisim Cu
= = Number of moles × Molar mass / Bilangan mol × Jisim molar
189 g mol–1
= 0.5 mol × 64 g mol–1
= 0.2 mol
= 32 g

Answer / Jawapan: 0.2 mol Answer / Jawapan: 32 g

Number of Moles and Volume of Gas / Bilangan Mol dan Isi Padu Gas

Define molar volume of gas. Volume occupied by 1 mol of a gas.

Nyatakan maksud isi padu molar Isi padu yang dipenuhi oleh 1 mol gas.
gas.
Remark / Catatan:
The volume of gas is affected by temperature and pressure.
Isi padu gas dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan tekanan.

State the molar volume of any
gases at room conditions and at
standard temperature and
pressure (s.t.p).
Nyatakan isi padu molar sebarang
gas pada keadaan bilik dan pada
suhu dan tekanan piawai (s.t.p).
Molar volume of any gases at room conditions is 24 dm3 mol–1.
Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik.
Molar volume of any gases at standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p) is 22.4 dm3 mol–1.
Isi padu molar sebarang gas adalah 22.4 dm3 mol–1 pada suhu dan tekanan piawai (s.t.p).
Example / Contoh:
The diagram shows the molar volume of three gases at room conditions.
Rajah menunjukkan isi padu molar bagi tiga gas pada keadaan bilik.

24 dm3 24 dm3 24 dm3

1 mol oxygen gas, O2
1 mol gas oksigen, O2
(32 g)
6.02 × 1023 O2
molecules / molekul
1 mol ammonia gas, NH3 1 mol carbon dioxide gas, CO2
1 mol gas ammonia, NH3 1 mol gas karbon dioksida, CO2
(17 g) (44 g)
6.02 × 1023 NH3 6.02 × 1023 CO2
molecules / molekul molecules / molekul

Remark / Catatan:
1 dm3 = 1 000 cm3

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 28

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 28 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Relationship between number of

moles and any given volume of
gas.
Hubungan antara bilangan mol
dan isi padu sebarang gas yang
diberi.
× 24 dm3 mol–1 / 22.4 dm3 mol–1
Number of moles of gas Volume of gas in dm3
Bilangan mol Isi padu gas dalam dm3
÷ 24 dm3 mol–1 / 22.4 dm3 mol–1

Example (i) 2 mol of carbon dioxide gas occupies 44.8 dm3 at STP.
Contoh
2 mol gas karbon dioksida menempati 44.8 dm3 pada STP.

(ii) 16 g of oxygen gas = 0.5 mol of oxygen gas. Therefore, 16 g of oxygen gas occupies a

volume of 12 dm at room conditions. [Relative atomic mass: O =16]

3

16 g gas oksigen = 0.5 mol gas oksigen. Oleh itu, 16 g gas oksigen menempati isi padu
12 dm pada keadaan bilik. [Jisim atom relatif; O = 16]
3

Formula for conversion of unit:

2
Formula untuk penukaran unit:

UNIT
Volume of gas in dm3
Isi padu gas dalam dm3

÷ 24 dm3 mol–1/ 22.4 dm3 mol–1 × 24 dm3 mol–1/ 22.4 dm3 mol–1

÷ (RAM/RFM/RMM) g mol–1
Mass in gram (g) ÷ (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1 Number of ÷ (6.02 × 1023)
moles Number of particles
Jisim dalam gram
Bilangan Bilangan zarah
(g) × (RAM/RFM/RMM) g mol–1 × (6.02 × 1023)
× (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1 mol

Exercise / Latihan
1 A sampel of chlorine gas weighs 14.2 g. Calculate
Suatu sampel gas klorin berjisim 14.2 g. Hitungkan
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : Cl = 35.5]
(a) Number of moles of chlorine atoms / Bilangan mol atom klorin.
14.2 g
Number of moles of chlorine atoms / Bilangan mol atom klorin, Cl = = 0.4 mol
35.5 g mol–1

(b) Number of moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2) / Bilangan mol molekul klorin (Cl2 ).
14.2 g
Number of moles of chlorine molecules / Bilangan mol molekul klorin, Cl2 = = 0.2 mol
71 g mol–1

(c) Volume of chlorine gas at room conditions. / Isi padu gas klorin pada keadaan bilik.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
[Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]
Volume of chlorine gas / Isi padu gas klorin = 0.2 mol × 24 dm3 mol–1
= 4.8 dm3

29 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 29 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

2 (a) Calculate the number of atoms in the following substances:

Hitungkan bilangan atom yang terdapat dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14; Zn = 65; Avogadro Constant = 6.02 × 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14; Zn = 65; Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023]
(i) 13 g of zinc / 13 g zink
13 g
Number of mol of zinc atom / Bilangan mol atom zink = = 0.2 mol
65 g mol–1
Number of zinc atom / Bilangan atom zink = 0.2 × 6.02 × 1023
= 1.204 × 1023

(ii) 5.6 g of nitrogen gas / 5.6 g gas nitrogen

6.5 g
Number of moles of N atom / Bilangan mol atom N = = 0.4 mol
14 g mol–1
Number of N atom / Bilangan atom N = 0.4 × 6.02 × 1023
= 2.408 × 1023
UNIT
2

(b) Calculate the number of molecules in the following substances:

Hitungkan bilangan molekul dalam bahan berikut:
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Avogadro Constant = 6.02 × 1023]
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Pemalar Avogadro = 6.02 × 1023]
(i) 8.5 g of ammonia gas, NH3 / 8.5 g gas ammonia, NH3
Molar mass of ammonia gas / Jisim molar gas ammonia, NH3 = (14 + 3) g mol–1
= 17 g mol–1
8.5 g

Number of moles of ammonia gas / Bilangan mol gas ammonia, NH3 =
17 g mol–1
= 0.5 mol
Number of molecules in ammonia gas / Bilangan molekul dalam gas ammonia, NH3 = 0.5 mol × 6.02 1023
= 3.01 × 1023

(ii) 14.2 g of chlorine gas, Cl2 / 14.2 g gas klorin, Cl2

Molar mass of chlorine gas, Cl2 / Jisim molas gas klorin, Cl2 = 35.5 × 2 g mol–1 = 71 g mol–1
Jisim klorin
Number of moles of chlorine gas / Bilangan mol gas klorin, Cl2 = Mass of chlorine /
Molar mass Jisim molar
= 14.2 g = 0.2 mol
71 g mol–1
Number of chlorine molecules / Bilangan molekul klorin = 0.2 mol × 6.02 × 1023
= 1.204 × 1023

3 A gas jar contains 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. Calculate:

Suatu balang gas berisi 240 cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Hitungkan:
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions]
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16; Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik]
(a) Number of moles of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan mol gas karbon dioksida:
240 cm3
Number of moles of CO2 / Bilangan mol CO2 = = 0.01 mol
24 000 cm3 mol–1

(b) Number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas / Bilangan molekul gas karbon dioksida:
Number of molecules of CO2 / Bilangan molekul CO2 = 0.01 × 6.02 × 1023
= 6.02 × 1021

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 30

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 30 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

(c) Mass of carbon dioxide gas / Jisim gas karbon dioksida:

Mass of CO2 / Jisim CO2 = 0.01 mol × [12 + 2 × 16] g mol–1
= 0.44 g

4 What is the mass of chlorine molecules (Cl2) that contains twice as many molecules as found in 3.6 g of water?
Berapakah jisim molekul klorin (Cl2) yang mengandungi dua kali ganda bilangan molekul yang terdapat dalam 3.6 g air?
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, O = 16, Cl = 35.5]
Number of moles of chlorine molecule / Bilangan mol molekul klorin, Cl2 = 2 × Number of moles of water / Bilangan mol air, H2O
3.6 g
Number of moles of H2O / Bilangan mol H2O = 18 g mol–1 = 0.2 mol

Number of moles of chlorine molecule / Bilangan mol molekul klorin = 2 × 0.2 mol = 0.4 mol
Mass of Cl2 / Jisim Cl2 = 0.4 mol × 71 g mol–1
= 28.4 g

2 UNIT
5 Calculate the mass of carbon that has the same number of atoms as found in 4 g of magnesium.
Hitungkan jisim karbon yang mempunyai bilangan atom yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam 4 g magnesium.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, Mg = 24]
4g 1
Number of moles of magnesium/ Bilangan mol magnesium = 24 g mol–1 = mol
6
Number of moles of carbon / Bilangan mol karbon = Number of moles of magnesium / Bilangan mol magnesium
1
= mol
6
1
Mass of carbon / Jisim karbon = mol × 12 g mol–1 = 2 g
6

6 Compare the number of molecules in 32 g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) with 7 g of nitrogen gas (N2). Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan molekul dalam 32 g sulfur dioksida (SO2 ) dengan 7 g gas nitrogen (N2 ). Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : S = 32, O = 16, N = 14]
32 g
Number of moles of molecules in 32 g SO2 / Bilangan mol molekul dalam 32 g SO2 = 64 g mol–1 = 0.5 mol
7g
Number of moles of molecules in 7 g N2 / Bilangan mol molekul dalam 7 g N2 = 28 g mol–1 = 0.25 mol
Number of molecules in 32 g SO2 is two times more than 7 g N2.
Bilangan molekul dalam 32 g SO2 adalah dua kali lebih banyak daripada 7 g N2.
Number of mole in sulphur dioxide molecules is two times more than number of mole of nitrogen molecules.
Bilangan mol molekul SO2 adalah dua kali lebih banyak daripada bilangan mol molekul nitrogen.

7 Compare number of atoms in 1.28 g of oxygen to the number of atoms in 1.3 g of zinc. Explain your answer.
Bandingkan bilangan atom dalam 1.28 g oksigen dengan bilangan atom dalam 1.3 g zink. Terangkan jawapan anda.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Zn = 65]
1.28 g
Number of moles of O atoms in 1.28 g O2 / Bilangan mol atom O dalam 1.28 g O2 = 16 g mol–1 = 0.08 mol
1.30 g
Number of moles of Zn atoms in 1.3 g Zn / Bilangan mol atom Zn dalam 1.3 g Zn = 65 g mol–1 = 0.02 mol
Number of oxygen atoms in 1.28 g oxygen is 4 times more than number of zinc atoms in 1.3 g zinc.
Bilangan atom oksigen dalam 1.28 g oksigen adalah 4 kali lebih banyak daripada bilangan atom zink dalam 1.3 g zink.
Number of mol of oxygen atom is 4 times more than zinc atom.
Bilangan mol atom oksigen adalah 4 kali lebih banyak daripada atom zink.

31 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 31 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Chemical Formulae / Formula Kimia

Define chemical formula. A set of chemical symbols for atoms of elements in whole numbers subscript representing chemical
Takrifkan formula kimia. substances.
Satu set simbol kimia bagi atom-atom unsur dengan subskrip nombor bulat yang mewakili bahan kimia.
Example / Contoh:
Substance / Bahan Chemical formula / Formula kimia
Water / Air H 2O
Ammonia / Ammonia NH3
Propane / Propana C 3H 8

What information can be obtained Example / Contoh:

from the chemical formula?
Substance Chemical formula Information
Apakah maklumat yang boleh
Bahan Formula kimia Maklumat
diperoleh dari formula kimia?
(i) Elements present in the substance
Unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian
UNIT

Ammonia is made up of nitrogen and hydrogen

Ammonia terdiri daripada nitrogen dan hidrogen
2

(ii) Number of atoms of each element in the compound

Bilangan atom setiap unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian
Ammonia Ammonia molecule consists of 1 nitrogen atom and 3 hyrogen
NH3
Ammonia atoms
Molekul ammonia terdiri daripada 1 atom nitrogen dan 3 atom
hidrogen
(iii) Relative formula mass / relatif molecular mass
Jisim formula relatif / jisim molekul relatif
Relative molecular mass = 14 + (3 × 1) = 17
Jisim molekul relatif = 14 + (3 × 1) = 17

Define empirical formula. A formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Takrifkan formula empirik. Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah nombor bulat teringkas bagi bilangan atom setiap unsur yang
terdapat dalam sebatian.

Define molecular formula. Molecular formula of a compound is a formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element that
Takrifkan formula molekul. are present in a molecule of the compound.
Formula molekul suatu sebatian menunjukkan bilangan sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur yang terdapat
dalam satu molekul sebatian.

What is the relationship between

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n , where n is an integer.
molecular formula and empirical
Formula molekul = (Formula empirik)n, di mana n ialah integer.
formula?
Apakah hubungan antara formula Determine the empirical formula and the value of n. / Nyatakan formula empirik dan nilai n.
molekul dan formula empirik?
Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula Value of n
Sebatian Formula molekul Formula empirik Nilai n
Water
H 2O H 2O 1
Air
Carbon dioxide
CO2 CO2 1
Karbon dioksida
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4 H2SO4 1
Asid sulfurik
Ethene
C 2H 4 CH2 2
Etena
Benzene
C 6H 6 CH 6
Benzena
Glucose
C6H12O6 CH2O 6
Glukosa

Remark / Catatan:
The molecular formula and the empirical formula of a compound will be the same if the value of n = 1 but different if the
value of n > 1. / Formula molekul dan formula empirik suatu sebatian akan sama sekiranya nilai n = 1 tetapi akan berbeza
sekiranya nilai n > 1.

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 32

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 32 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Example The empirical formula for chlorinated hydrocarbon is CHCl2. The relative formula mass of this compound
Contoh is 168. Find the molecular formula of this compound. / Formula empirik bagi hidrokarbon berklorin ialah
CHCl2. Jisim formula relatif sebatian ini ialah 168. Cari formula molekul sebatian ini.
(CHCl2)n = 168 Molecular formula / Formula molekul
(12 + 1 + [2 × 35.5])n = 168 = (Empirical formula / Formula empirik)n
(84)n = 168 = (CHCl2)2
n = 2 = C2H2Cl4

1 Experiments to determine empirical formula of metal oxide: / Eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik oksida logam:
Empirical formula of magnesium oxide Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide
Formula empirik magnesium oksida Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida
Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas: Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:
Copper(II) oxide
Kuprum(II) oksida

Magnesium
Magnesium Hydrogen gas
Gas hidrogen

2 UNIT
Heat Heat
Panaskan Panaskan

Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Magnesium is burnt in a crucible to react with oxygen to form
magnesium oxide.
Magnesium dipanaskan dengan kuat di dalam mangkuk pijar untuk
bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk magnesium oksida.
Reaction occurs / Tindak balas yang berlaku:
Hydrogen gas is passed through the heated copper(II) oxide.
Hydrogen reduces copper(II) oxide to form copper and water.
Gas hidrogen dilalukan melalui kuprum(II) oksida yang dipanaskan.
Hidrogen menurunkan kuprum(II) oksida kepada kuprum dan air.

Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang: Balanced equation / Persamaan kimia seimbang:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

This method can also be used to determine the empirical formulae
of reactive metal oxide such as aluminium oxide and zinc oxide.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik
oksida logam reaktif seperti aluminium oksida dan zink oksida.
This method can also be used to determine the empirical formulae of
less reactive metal oxide such as lead oxide and tin oxide.
Kaedah ini boleh juga digunakan untuk menentukan formula empirik
oksida logam kurang reaktif seperti plumbum oksida dan stanum
oksida

2 Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Magnesium Oksida
In this experiment, magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form white fumes, magnesium oxide:
Semasa eksperimen ini, magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara untuk membentuk asap putih, magnesium
oksida:

Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide

Magnesium + Oksigen → Magnesium oksida

Material / Bahan : Magnesium ribbon, sand paper / Pita magnesium, kertas pasir
Apparatus /Radas : Crucible with lid, tongs, Bunsen burner, pipe-clay triangle, balance and tripod stand / Mangkuk pijar
dengan penutup, penyepit, penunu Bunsen, segi tiga tanah liat, penimbang dan tungku kaki tiga

Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

Magnesium ribbon / Pita magnesium

Heat / Panaskan
Procedure / Langkah:
(a) A crucible and its lid are weighed and the mass recorded.
Mangkuk pijar dengan penutup ditimbang dan jisimnya dicatatkan.
33 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 33 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

(b) 10 cm of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sand paper.

10 cm pita magnesium dibersihkan dengan menggunakan kertas pasir.
(c) The magnesium ribbon is coiled loosely and placed in the crucible.
Pita magnesium digulung dan diletakkan dalam mangkur pijar.
(d) The crucible together with the lid and magnesium ribbon are weighed again.
Mangkuk pijar bersama dengan penutup dan pita magnesium ditimbang.
(e) The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. / Radas disusun seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah.
(f) The crucible is heated strongly without its lid. When the magnesium starts to burn, the crucible is covered with its lid.
Mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan kuat tanpa penutup. Apabila pita magnesium mula terbakar, mangkuk pijar ditutup
dengan penutup.
(g) The lid of the crucible is lifted from time to time using a pair of tongs.
Penutup dibuka sekali sekala dengan menggunakan penyepit.
(h) When the magnesium ribbon stops burning, the lid is removed and the crucible is heated strongly for another 2 minutes.
Apabila pita magnesium berhenti terbakar, penutup dibuka dan mangkuk pijar dipanaskan dengan kuat selama 2 minit
lagi.
(i) The crucible, the lid and its content are allowed to cool down to room temperature.
Mangkuk pijar, penutup dan kandungannya dibiarkan sejuk ke suhu bilik.
UNIT

(j) The crucible, lid and its content are weighed again and the mass recorded.
Mangkuk pijar, penutup dan kandungannya ditimbang sekali lagi dan jisimnya dicatatkan.
(k) The process of heating, cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass is obtained.
2

Proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim tetap diperoleh.
Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:
Step taken / Langkah yang diambil Purpose / Tujuan

Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sand paper . To remove the oxide layer on the surface of the magnesium ribbon.
Pita magnesium perlu digosok dengan kertas pasir . Untuk membuang lapisan oksida pada permukaan magnesium oksida.

The crucible lid is lifted from time to time. To allow oxygen from the air to react with
Penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala. magnesium .
The crucible lid is then replaced quickly. Untuk membenarkan oksigen masuk dan bertindak balas
Penutup mangkuk pijar kemudian ditutup semula dengan magnesium .
dengan cepat. magnesium oxide
To prevent fumes of from escaping.
Untuk mengelakkan wasap magnesium oksida dari terbebas.

The process of heating , cooling and To ensure magnesium react completely with
weighing is repeated until a constant mass oxygen to form magnesium oxide .
is obtained. Untuk memastikan semua magnesium telah bertindak balas
Proses pemanasan , penyejukan dan penimbangan lengkap dengan oksigen untuk
diulang beberapa kali sehingga jisim tetap diperoleh. membentuk magnesium oksida .

Observation / Pemerhatian:
Magnesium burns brightly to release white fumes and white solid is formed.
Magnesium terbakar dengan terang membebaskan wasap putih dan kemudiannya
membentuk pepejal putih .
Inference / Inferens:
Magnesium is a reactive metal.
Magnesium adalah logam yang reaktif .
Magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air to form magnesium oxide .
Magnesium bertindak balas dengan oksigen dalam udara membentuk magnesium oksida .
Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan Mass (g) / Jisim (g)
Mass of crucible + lid / Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup x
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium / Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium y
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide / Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida z

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 34

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 34 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Calculation / Pengiraan:
Element / Unsur Mg O

Mass (g)
y–x z–y
Jisim (g)

Number of mole of atoms y–x z–y

Bilangan mol atom 24 16

Simplest ratio of moles

p q
Nisbah mol teringkas

Empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgpOq .

Formula empirik magnesium oksida ialah MgpOq .

3 Experiment to Determine Empirical Formula of Copper(II) oxide

Eksperimen untuk Menentukan Formula Empirik Kuprum(II) oksida

2 UNIT
Copper(II) oxide + Hydrogen → Copper + Water / Kuprum(II) oksida + Hidrogen → Kuprum + Air

Set-up of apparatus / Susunan radas:

Copper(II) oxide / Kuprum(II) oksida

Burning of hydrogen gas
Hydrogen gas / Gas hidrogen Nyalaan gas hidrogen

Combustion tube
Heat / Panaskan
Tabung pembakaran

Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl2 / Kalsium klorida kontang, CaCl2

Precaution steps / Langkah berjaga-jaga:
Step taken / Langkah yang ambil Purpose / Tujuan

Hydrogen gas is passed through anhydrous calcium chloride. Anhydrous calcium chloride absorb water vapour to dry the
Gas hidrogen dialirkan melalui kalsium klorida kontang. hydrogen gas.
Kalsium klorida kontang menyerap wap air untuk mengeringkan gas
hidrogen.

Dry hydrogen gas is passed through the To remove all the air in the combustion tube.
combustion tube for 5 to 10 minutes. (The mixture of hydrogen gas and air will cause explosion when

Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui tabung lighted).

Untuk mengeluarkan semua udara dalam tabung pembakaran.
pembakaran selama 5 hingga 10 minit.
(Campuran hidrogen dan udara menghasilkan letupan apabila
dinyalakan)

The gas that comes out from the small hole is collected in the If the gas burns quietly without ‘pop’ sound , all the air

test tube. Then, a lighted wooden splinter is placed has been removed from the combustion tube.
at the mouth of the test tube. Jika gas terbakar tanpa bunyi ‘pop’ , semua gas telah dikeluarkan

Gas yang keluar daripada lubang kecil dikumpul dalam sebuah daripada tabung pembakaran.
tabung uji. Kayu uji menyala di letakkan di
mulut tabung uji.

35 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 35 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

The flow of hydrogen gas must be continuous To prevent hot copper from reacting with oxygen to
throughout the experiment. form copper(II) oxide again.
Gas hidrogen dialirkan secara berterusan sepanjang Untuk mengelakkan kuprum panas daripada bertindak balas
eksperimen. dengan oksigen dan membentuk kuprum(II) oksida .

The process of heating , cooling and weighing are To ensure all copper(II) oxide has changed to copper .
repeated until a constant mass is obtained. Untuk memastikan semua kuprum(II) oksida telah bertukar kepada
Proses pemanasan , penyejukan dan penimbangan kuprum .
diulangi beberapa kali sehingga jisim tetap diperoleh.

Observation / Pemerhatian:
The black colour of copper(II) oxide turns brown .
Warna hitam kuprum(II) oksida menjadi perang .

Inference / Inferens:
UNIT

Copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen to produce the brown copper metal .
logam kuprum
2

Kuprum(II) oksida bertindak balas dengan hidrogen untuk menghasilkan yang berwarna perang.

Result / Keputusan:
Description / Penerangan Mass (g) / Jisim (g)

Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish

x
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat

Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper(II) oxide

y
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum(II) oksida

Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper

z
Jisim tabung pembakaran + piring tanah liat + kuprum

Calculation / Pengiraan:

Element / Unsur Cu O

Mass (g)
z–x y–z
Jisim (g)

Number of mole of atoms z–x y–z

Bilangan mol atom 64 16

Simplest ratio of moles

p q
Nisbah mol teringkas

Empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is CupOq .

Formula empirik kuprum(II) oksida ialah CupOq .

4 Explain why the set-up of apparatus to determine the empirical formula in both experiments are different.
Terangkan mengapa susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik dalam kedua-dua eksperimen itu berbeza.
(a) Magnesium is reactive metal (above hydrogen in reactivity series). Magnesium oxidised easily to form
magnesium oxide . / Magnesium adalah logam reaktif (terletak di atas hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan.
Magnesium mudah teroksida membentuk magnesium oksida .
(b) Copper is below hydrogen in the metal reactivity series. Oxygen in copper(II) oxide can be removed by
hydrogen gas to form copper and water.
Kuprum berada di bawah hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan. Kuprum(II) oksida boleh disingkirkan
oleh gas hidrogen untuk membentuk kuprum dan air.

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 36

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 36 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

5 To calculate the empirical formula of a compound, the following table can be used as a guide:
Untuk menghitung formula empirik suatu sebatian, jadual di bawah boleh digunakan sebagai panduan:
Calculation steps / Langkah pengiraan:
Element / Unsur
(a) Calculate the mass of each element in the compound.
Hitungkan jisim setiap unsur dalam sebatian.
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) (b) Convert the mass of each element to number of mole of atom.
Tukar jisim setiap unsur kepada bilangan mol atom.
Number of mole of atom / Bilangan mol atom (c) Calculate the simplest ratio of moles of atom of the elements.
Hitungkan nisbah bilangan mol atom teringkas unsur-unsur
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas tersebut.

Exercise / Latihan
1 When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is produced. Calculate the empirical formula of

2
metal X oxide. / Apabila 11.95 g oksida logam X diturunkan oleh hidrogen, 10.35 g logam X terhasil. Hitungkan formula

UNIT
empirik bagi oksida logam X.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : X = 207, O = 16]
Element / Unsur X O
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) 10.35 1.6

10.35 1.6
Number of moles of atoms / Bilangan mol atom = 0.05 = 0.1
207 16

Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol 1 2

Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas 1 2

Empirical formula / Formula empirik: XO2 .

2 A certain compound contains the following composition:

Satu sebatian mengandungi komposisi unsur seperti berikut:
Na = 15.23%, Br = 52.98%, O = 31.79 % [Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: O = 16, Na = 23, Br = 80]
(Assume that 100 g of substance is used / Anggap 100 g bahan digunakan)

Element / Unsur Na Br O
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) 15.23 52.98 31.79

Number of moles of atoms / Bilangan mol atom 0.66 0.66 1.99

Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol 1 1 3.01

Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas 1 1 3

Empirical formula / Formula empirik: NaBrO3 .

3 2.08 g of element X combines with 4.26 g of element Y to form a compound with formula XY3. Calculate the relative atomic
mass of element X. [RAM: Y = 35.5] / 2.08 g unsur X bergabung dengan 4.26 g unsur Y untuk membentuk sebatian dengan
formula XY3 . Hitung jisim atom relatif unsur X. [JAR: Y = 35.5]
Element / Unsur X Y x = relative atomic mass of X / jisim atom relatif bagi X
Mol X 1
Mass of element (g) / Jisim unsur (g) 2.08 4.26 =
Mol Y 3
Number of moles of atom 2.08 4.26 2.08
= 0.12
Bilangan mol atom x 35.5
x 1
=
Simplest ratio of moles 0.12 3
1 3
Nisbah mol teringkas x = 52

37 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 37 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

4 2.07 g of element Z reacts with bromine to form 3.67 g of a compound with empirical formula ZBr2. Calculate the relative
atomic mass of element Z. [RAM: Br = 80]
2.07 g unsur Z bertindak balas dengan bromin membentuk 3.67 g sebatian dengan formula empirik ZBr2. Hitung jisim atom
relatif bagi unsur Z. [JAR: Br = 80]
Element / Unsur Z Br
Mass of element (g)
2.07 3.67 – 2.07 = 1.6
Jisim unsur (g)
Number of moles of atoms 2.07 1.6
= 0.02
Bilangan mol atom z 80
Simplest ratio of moles
1 2
Nisbah mol teringkas
z = relative atomic mass of Z / jisim atom relatif bagi Z
Mol Z 1
=
Mol Br 2
2.07
z 1
=
UNIT

0.02 2
z = 207
2

5 The empirical formula of compound X is CH2 and relative molecular mass is 56. Determine the molecular formula of compound
X. / Formula empirik sebatian X adalah CH2 dan jisim atom relatif adalah 56. Tentukan formula molekul sebatian X.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif: H = 1; C = 12]
(12 + 2)n = 56
56
n= =4
14
Molecular formula / Formula molekul = (CH2)4 = C4H8

6 2.58 g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 86.
2.58 g suatu hidrokarbon mengandungi 2.16 g karbon. Jisim molekul relatif bagi hidrokarbon ini ialah 86.
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : H = 1; C = 12]
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon. / Hitungkan formula empirik bagi hidrokarbon ini.

Element
C H
Unsur

Mass of element (g) / Jisim (g) 2.16 2.58 – 2.16 = 0.42

Number of moles of atoms / Bilangan mol atom 0.18 0.42

1 7
Ratio of moles / Nisbah mol 1 2 =
3 3
Simplest ratio of moles / Nisbah mol teringkas 3 7

Empirical formula / Formula empirik = C3H7

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. / Tentukan formula molekul hidrokarbon tersebut.
(3 × 12 + 7 × 1)n = 86
86
n= =2
43
Molecular formula / Formula molekul = (C3H7)2 = C6H14

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 38

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 38 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

7 The diagram below shows the structural formula for benzene molecule.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi benzena.
H
H C C C H

H C C C H

H
(a) Name the elements that make up benzene. / Namakan unsur yang membentuk benzena.
Carbon and hydrogen / Karbon dan hidrogen

(b) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene?
Apakah formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena?
Molecular formula / Formula molekul: C6H6
Empirical formula / Formula empirik: CH

2 UNIT
(c) Compare and contrast the molecular formula and empirical formula for benzene.
Banding dan bezakan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi benzena.
• Both empirical formula and molecular formula shows benzene is made up of carbon and hydrogen elements.
Kedua-dua fomula molekul dan formula empirik menunjukkan benzena terdiri daripada unsur karbon dan
hidrogen .

• Molecular formula shows the actual number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms in benzene molecule.
Each benzene molecule consists of 6 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms.

Formula molekul menunjukkan bilangan sebenar bagi atom karbon dan atom hidrogen dalam molekul
benzena. Setiap molekul benzena terdiri daripada 6 atom karbon dan 6 atom
hidrogen .

• Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of number of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms, the simplest
ratio of number of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms in benzene is 1:1 .
Formula empirik benzena menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom karbon kepada atom hidrogen .
Nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom karbon kepada hidrogen dalam benzena adalah 1:1 .

Percentage Composition by Mass of an Element in a Compound

Peratus Komposisi Unsur Mengikut Jisim dalam Sebatian

Formula
Formula Total RAM of the element in the compound
% composition by mass of an element = × 100%
RMM/RFM of compound
Jumlah JAR unsur dalam suatu sebatian
% komposisi unsur mengikut jisim = × 100%
JMR/JFR sebatian

Example Calculate the percentage composition by mass of nitrogen in the following compounds:
Contoh Hitungkan peratusan nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam sebatian berikut:
[Relative atomic mass / Jisim atom relatif : N = 14, H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39]
(i) (NH4)2SO4 (ii) KNO3
2 × 14 14
%N = × 100% %N = × 100%
132 101
= 21.2% = 13.9%

39 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 39 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Exercise The diagram below shows two different fertilisers used by the farmers onto the crops so that the crops can
Latihan grow faster and bigger and thus, their crop yields can be increased.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua baja berbeza yang digunakan oleh petani ke atas tanaman mereka
supaya tanaman mereka dapat tumbuh dengan lebih pantas dan lebih besar dan seterusnya hasil
tanaman mereka dapat ditingkatkan.

FERTILISER
FERTILISER BAJA
BAJA B
A Ammonium
Urea / Urea, nitrate / Ammonia
(NH2)2CO nitrat,
NH4NO3

By using your knowledge in chemistry, determine the best fertiliser to be used by the farmers.
Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan kimia anda, tentukan baja terbaik untuk digunakan oleh petani.
Answer / Jawapan:
Urea, (NH2)2CO / Urea, (NH2)2CO
UNIT

28
Percentage of N / Peratusan N = × 100% = 46.67%
60
2

Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 / Ammonia nitrat, NH4NO3

28
Percentage of N / Peratusan N = × 100% = 35%
80

Urea , (NH2)2CO is the best fertiliser because it contains higher percentage of nitrogen by mass.
Urea, (NH2)2CO adalah baja terbaik kerana it mengandungi peratusan jisim yang lebih tinggi.

Chemical Formula for Ionic Compounds / Formula Kimia bagi Sebatian Ion
1 Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn– is obtained by exchanging the charges on each ion.
The formula obtained will be XnYm.
Formula kimia sebatian ion yang mengandungi ion X m + dan Y n– boleh diperoleh melalui pertukaran bilangan cas setiap ion.
Formula yang diperoleh ialah XnYm.

2 Example / Contoh:
(i) Sodium oxide / Natrium oksida
Ion / Ion Na+ O2–
Charges / Bilangan cas +1 –2

Exchange of charges / Pertukaran bilangan cas 2 1

Smallest ratio / Nisbah teringkas 2 1

Number of combining ions / Bilangan ion yang bergabung 2 Na+ O2–

Formula / Formula Na2O

(ii) Copper(II) nitrate / Kuprum(II) nitrat (iii) Zinc oxide / Zink oksida
Cu2+ NO3– Zn2+ O2–
+2 –1 +2 –2

1 2 (Simplest Ratio / Nisbah teringkas) 2 2

➾ Cu(NO3)2
1 1 (Simplest Ratio / Nisbah teringkas)
➾ ZnO

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 40

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 40 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 ACTIVITY 1: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND NAMES OF THE FOLLOWING COMMON COMPOUNDS
Aktiviti 1: Tulis Formula Kimia Dan Nama Bagi Bahan Kimia Berikut

O2–, CO32–, SO42–, Cl–, Br–, I–, OH–, NO3–,

Oxide ion Carbonate ion Sulphate ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion
Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 41

K+ K2O K2CO3 K2SO4 KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3
Potassium ion Potassium oxide Potassium carbonate Potassium sulphate Potassium chloride Potassium bromide Potassium iodide Potassium hydroxide Potassium nitrate
Ion kalium Kalium oksida Kalium karbonat Kalium sulfat Kalium klorida Kalium bromida Kalium iodida Kalium hidroksida Kalium nitrat

Na+ Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3

Sodium ion Sodium oxide Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate
Ion natrium Natrium oksida Natrium karbonat Natrium sulfat Natrium klorida Natrium bromida Natrium iodida Natrium hidroksida Natrium nitrat

H+ H2CO3 H2SO4 HCl HBr HI HNO3

Hydrogen ion Carbonic acid Sulphuric acid Hydrocloric acid Hydrobromic acid Hydroiodic acid Nitric acid
Ion hidrogen Asid karbonik Asid sulfurik Asid hidroklorik Asid hidrobromik Asid hidroiodik Asid nitrik

Ag+ Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4 AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3

Silver ion Silver oxide Silver carbonate Silver sulphate Silver chloride Silver bromide Silver iodide Silver hydroxide Silver nitrate
Ion argentum Argentum oksida Argentum karbonat Argentum sulfat Argentum klorida Argentum bromida Argentum iodida Argentum hidroksida Argentum nitrat

NH4 + (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl NH4Br NH4I NH4NO3

Ammonium ion Ammonium carbonate Ammonium sulphate Ammonium chloride Ammonium bromide Ammonium iodide Ammonium nitrate

41
Ion ammonium Ammonium karbonat Ammonium sulfat Ammonium klorida Ammonium Bromida Ammonium iodida Ammonium nitrat

Ca2+ CaO CaCO3 CaSO4 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2

Calcium ion Calcium oxide Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Calcium chloride Calcium bromide Calcium iodide Calcium hydroxide Calcium nitrate
Ion kalsium Kalsium oksida Kalsium karbonat Kalsium sulfat Kalsium klorida Kalsium bromida Kalsium iodida Kalsium hidroksida Kalsium nitrat

Cu2+ CuO CuCO3 CuSO4 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2

Copper(II) ion Copper(II) oxide Copper(II) carbonate Copper(II) sulphate Copper(II) chloride Copper(II) bromide Copper(II) iodide Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) nitrate
Ion kuprum(II) Kuprum(II) oksida Kuprum(II) karbonat Kuprum(II) sulfat Kuprum(II) klorida Kuprum(II) bromida Kuprum(II) iodida Kuprum(II) hidroksida Kuprum(II) nitrat

MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2

Mg2+ MgO MgCO3 MgSO4 MgBr2 MgI2
Magnesium Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium
Magnesium ion Magnesium oxide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium bromide Magnesium iodide
chloride Magnesium nitrate
Ion magnesium Magnesium oksida Magnesium karbonat Magnesium sulfat Magnesium bromida Magnesium iodida
Magnesium klorida hidroksida Magnesium nitrat

Zn2+ ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3)2

Zinc ion Zinc oxide Zinc carbonate Zinc sulphate Zinc chloride Zinc bromide Zinc iodide Zinc hydroxide Zinc nitrate
Ion zink Zink oksida Zink karbonat Zink sulfat Zink klorida Zink bromida Zink iodida Zink hidroksida Zink nitrat

Pb(OH)2
Pb2+ PbO PbCO3 PbSO4 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(NO3)2
Lead(II) hydroxide
Lead(II) ion Lead(II) oxide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) sulphate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) nitrate
Plumbum(II)
Ion plumbum(II) Plumbum(II) oksida Plumbum(II) karbonat Plumbum sulfat Plumbum klorida Plumbum bromida Plumbum iodida Plumbum nitrat
hidroksida

Al 3+ Al2O3 Al2(CO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3

Aluminium ion Aluminium oxide Aluminium carbonate Aluminium sulphate Aluminium chloride Aluminium bromide Aluminium iodide Aluminium hydroxide Aluminium nirate
Ion aluminium Aluminium oksida Aluminium karbonat Aluminium sulfat Aluminium klorida Aluminium bromida Aluminium iodida Aluminium hidroksida Aluminium nitrat

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

UNIT 2

11/10/2017 10:23 AM
 2 UNIT

ACTIVITY 2: WITHOUT REFERRING TO THE TABLE IN ACTIVITY 1, WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE OF THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS
Aktiviti 2: Tanpa Merujuk Kepada Jadual Aktiviti 1, Tuliskan Formula Kimia Bagi Sebatian Berikut

Oxide ion Carbonate ion Sulphate ion Chloride ion Bromide ion Iodide ion Hydroxide ion Nitrate ion
Ion oksida Ion karbonat Ion sulfat Ion klorida Ion bromida Ion iodida Ion hidroksida Ion nitrat

Potassium ion

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 42

K2O K2CO3 K2SO4 KCl KBr KI KOH KNO3
Ion kalium

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Sodium ion
Na2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl NaBr NaI NaOH NaNO3
Ion natrium

Hydrogen ion
H2CO3 H2SO4 HCl HBr HI HNO3
Ion hidrogen

Silver ion
Ag2O Ag2CO3 Ag2SO4 AgCl AgBr AgI AgOH AgNO3
Ion argentum

Ammonium ion
(NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2SO4 NH4Cl NH4 Br NH4 I NH4 NO3
Ion ammonium

42
Calcium ion
CaO CaCO3 CaSO4 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2
Ion kalsium

Copper(II) ion
CuO CuCO3 CuSO4 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 Cu(OH)2 Cu(NO3)2
Ion kuprum(II)

Magnesium ion
MgO MgCO3 MgSO4 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 Mg(OH)2 Mg(NO3)2
Ion magnesium

Zinc ion
ZnO ZnCO3 ZnSO4 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 Zn(OH)2 Zn(NO3)2
Ion zink

Lead(II) ion
PbO PbCO3 PbSO4 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 Pb(OH)2 Pb(NO3)2
Ion plumbum(II)

Aluminium ion
Al2O3 Al2(CO3)3 Al2(SO4)3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 Al(OH)3 Al(NO3)3
Ion aluminium

11/10/2017 10:23 AM
 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

ACTIVITY 3: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND TYPE OF PARTICLES FOR THE FOLLOWING ELEMENT/COMPOUND
Aktiviti 3: Tulis Formula Kimia dan Jenis Zarah untuk Unsur/Sebatian Berikut

Compound / Element Formula Type of particles Compound / Element Formula Type of particles
Sebatian / Unsur Formula Jenis zarah Sebatian / Unsur Formula Jenis zarah

Sodium sulphate Zinc carbonate

Na2SO4 Ion ZnCO3 Ion
Natrium sulfat Zink karbonat

Ammonium carbonate Ammonium carbonate

(NH4)2CO3 Ion (NH4)2CO3 Ion
Ammonium karbonat Ammonium karbonat

Magnesium nitrate Silver chloride

Mg(NO3)2 Ion AgCl Ion
Magnesium nitrat Argentum klorida

Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid

HCl Ion H2SO4 Ion
Asid hidroklorik Asid sulfurik

Potassium oxide Copper(II) nitrate

K2O Ion Cu(NO3)2 Ion
Kalium oksida Kuprum(II) nitrat

2 UNIT
Magnesium oxide Hydrogen gas Molecule
MgO Ion H2
Magnesium oksida Gas hidrogen Molekul

Lead(II) carbonate Carbon dioxide gas Molecule

PbCO3 Ion CO2
Plumbum(II) karbonat Gas karbon dioksida Molekul

Iron(III) sulphate Oxygen gas Molecule

Fe2(SO4)3 Ion O2
Ferum(III) sulfat Gas oksigen Molekul

Magnesium chloride Aluminium sulphate

MgCl2 Ion Al2(SO4)3 Ion
Magnesium klorida Aluminium sulfat

Zinc sulphate Lead(II) chloride

ZnSO4 Ion PbCl2 Ion
Zink sulfat Plumbum(II) klorida

Silver nitrate Potassium iodide

AgNO3 Ion KI Ion
Argentum nitrat Kalium iodida

Ammonium sulphate Copper(II) carbonate

(NH4)2SO4 Ion CuCO3 Ion
Ammonium sulfat Kuprum(II) karbonat

Zinc oxide Potasium carbonate

ZnO Ion K2CO3 Ion
Zink oksida Kalium karbonat

Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide

HNO3 Ion NaOH Ion
Asid nitrik Natrium hidroksida

Ammonia gas Molecule Aqueous ammonia Ion and Molecule

NH3 NH3(aq)
Gas ammonia Molekul Ammonia akueus Ion dan Molekul

Magnesium Ammonium chloride

Mg Atom NH4Cl Ion
Magnesium Ammonium klorida

Zinc Nitrogen dioxide gas Molecule

Zn Atom NO2
Zink Gas nitrogen dioksida Molekul

Copper(II) sulphate Sodium chloride

CuSO4 Ion NaCl Ion
Kuprum(II) sulfat Natrium klorida

Iodine Molecule Silver

I2 Ag Atom
Iodin Molekul Argentum

Chlorine Molecule Bromine Molecule

Cl2 Br2
Klorin Molekul Bromin Molekul

43 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 43 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Chemical Equations / Persamaan Kimia

1 A chemical equation summerises what happen during chemical reaction.
Suatu persamaan kimia merumuskan perkara yang berlaku semasa tindak balas kimia.

Reactants (Substances take part in the reaction) Produce / Menghasilkan Products (Substances that are produced)
Bahan tindak balas (Bahan mengambil Hasil (Bahan yang dihasilkan)
bahagian dalam tindak balas)

Example / Contoh:
Reaction between zinc powder and hydrochloric acid produce zinc chloride aqueous and hydrogen gas.
Tindak balas antara serbuk zink dan asid hidroklorik menghasilkan zink klorida akueus dan gas hidrogen.

Identify the reactant and products. Reactants: Zinc and hydrochloric acid
Kenal pasti bahan dan hasil. Bahan tindak balas: Zink dan asid hidroklorik

Products: Zinc chloride and hydrogen gas

UNIT

Hasil: Zink klorida dan gas hidrogen

2

Write the word equation. Zinc + hyrochloric acid ➝ Zinc chloride + hydrogen gas
Tuliskan persamaan perkataan. Zink + asid hidroklorik ➝ Zink klorida + gas hidrogen

Write the chemical formula of the reactants and

Zn  + HCI ➝ ZnCl2  + H2
products. List down the number of atoms of each
Left / Kiri Right / Kanan
element on both sides of the equation.
Zn atom 1 1 (Balanced / Seimbang)
Tuliskan formula kimia bahan dan hasil. Senaraikan
H atom 1 2 (Not balanced / Tidak seimbang)
bilangan atom bagi setiap unsur pada kedua-dua
Cl atom 1 2 (Not balanced / Tidak seimbang)
bahagian persamaan itu.

Balance the number of atoms of each element on both Zn  + 2HCI ➝ ZnCl2  + H2
sides of the equation by adjusting the coefficients in Left / Kiri Right / Kanan
front of the formulae. Zn atom 1 1 (Balanced / Seimbang)
Imbangkan bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dengan H atom 2 2 (Balanced / Seimbang)
menambahkan pekali di hadapan formula kimia Cl atom 2 2 (Balanced / Seimbang)

Put the state symbols for every reactant and products:

Letakkan simbol keadaan bagi setiap bahan dan hasil:
Remark / Catatan:
State symbols / Simbol keadaan
Zn (s/p) + 2HCI (aq/ak) ➝ ZnCl2 (aq/ak) + H2 (g)
(s) / (p) (I) / (c) (g) (aq) / (ak)

Solid Liquid Gas Aqueous

Pepejal Cecair Gas Akueus

Qualitative interpretation of the chemical equation (the
reactants and the products)
Tafsiran kualitatif persamaan kimia (bahan tindak balas
dan hasil tindak balas)
(i) The reactants are solid zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Bahan tindak balas adalah pepejal zink dan asid hidroklorik.
(ii) The products are zinc chloride solution and hydrogen gas.
Hasil tindak balas adalah larutan zink klorida dan gas hidrogen.

Quantitative interpretation of the chemical equation (the Zn + 2HCI ➝ ZnCl2 + H2

coefficient of each formula shows the number of moles
of reactants react and products formed)
Tafsiran kuantitatif persamaan kimia (pekali setiap
formula menunjukkan bilangan mol bahan dan hasil
tindak balas)
Coefficient
1 2 1 1
Pekali
1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of hydrochloric acid to produce 1 mol of zinc
chloride and 1 mol of hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid hidroklorik untuk menghasilkan
1 mol zink klorida dan 1 mol hidrogen.

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 44

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 44 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Exercise / Latihan
Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions:
Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut:
1 Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide + Carbon dioxide / Zink karbonat Zink oksida + Karbon dioksida
ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2
2 Sulphuric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulphate + Water / Asid sulfurik + Natrium hidroksida Natrium sulfat + Air
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
3 Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride Silver chloride + Sodium nitrate
Argentum nitrat + Natrium klorida Argentum klorida + Natrium nitrat
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
4 Copper(II) oxide + Hydrochloric acid Copper(II) chloride + Water
Kuprum(II) oksida + Asid hidroklorik Kuprum(II) klorida + Air
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O

2
5 Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen / Natrium + Air Natrium hidroksida + Hidrogen

UNIT
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

Numerical Problems involving Chemical Equations

Penghitungan Berkaitan Persamaan Kimia
Example / Contoh:
The equation shows the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas antara zink dengan asid hidroklorik.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Calculate the mass of zinc required to react with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room conditions.
[Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
Hitungkan jisim zink yang perlu ditindakbalaskan dengan asid hidroklorik berlebihan untuk menghasilkan 6 dm3 gas hidrogen pada
keadaan bilik. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, Cl = 35.5, 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]

Write a balanced equation ?g excess 6 dm3

Tuliskan persamaan seimbang ?g berlebihan 6 dm3
Write the information from the question above the equation Zn(s) + 2HCl ➝ ZnCl2 + H2
Tulis maklumat daripada soalan di atas persamaan

Convert the given quantitity into moles by using the method shown in the chart below. Number of moles of H2 / Bilangan mol H2
Tukarkan kuantiti yang diberi kepada mol menggunakan teknik dalam carta di bawah. 6 dm3
=
24 dm3 mol–1
= 0.25 mol
Use the mole ratio of the substances involved to find the number of moles of the other From the equation,
substance. Daripada persamaan,
Gunakan nisbah mol bahan yang terlibat untuk mencari bilangan mol bahan lain. 1 mol H2 : 1 mol Zn
Remark / Catatan: 0.25 mol H2 : 0.25 mol Zn
The coefficient of each formula shows the number of moles of reactants react and
products formed. / Pekali setiap formula menunjukkan bilangan mol bahan tindak balas
yang bertindak balas dan hasil yang terbentuk.
Convert the mole into the quantity required in the question by using the method shown Mass of Zn / Jisim Zn
in the chart below. = 0.25 mol × 65 g mol–1
Tukar mol kepada kuantiti yang dikehendaki menggunakan carta di bawah. = 16.25 g

÷ (RAM/RFM/RMM) g mol–1
÷ (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1
Mass (g)
Jisim (g) × (RAM/RFM/RMM) g mol–1
× (JAR/JFR/JMR) g mol–1
× 24 dm3 mol–1 / 22.4 dm3 mol–1
No. of moles (n) Volume of gas (dm3)
Bilangan mol (n) ÷ 24 dm3 mol–1 / 22.4 dm3 mol–1 Isi padu gas (dm3)
45 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 45 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

Exercise / Latihan
1 The equation shows the reaction between potassium and oxygen.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara kalium dengan oksigen.

4K + O2 2K2O

Calculate the mass of potassium required to produce 23.5 g of potassium oxide. [Relative atomic mass: K = 39, O = 16]
Hitungkan jisim kalium yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 23.5 g kalium oksida. [Jisim atom relatif: K = 39, O = 16]
23.5 g 23.5
Number of moles of K2O / Bilangan mol K2O = = = 0.25 mol
(2 × 39 + 16) g mol–1 94
From the equation / Daripada persamaan,
2 mol K2O : 4 mol K
0.25 mol K2O : 0.5 mol K

Mass of K / Jisim K = 0.5 mol × 39 g mol–1 = 19.5 g

UNIT
2

2 The equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Persamaan menunjukkan penguraian hidrogen peroksida.

H 2O 2 H 2O + O 2

Balance the equation above. Calculate the number of moles of H2O2 that decomposes if 11.2 dm3 oxygen gas is collected at STP.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16, molar volume of gas = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 at STP]
Seimbangkan persamaan di atas. Hitung bilangan mol H2O2 yang telah terurai sekiranya 11.2 dm3 gas oksigen dikumpulkan
pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 pada STP]
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
Number of moles of O2 / Bilangan mol O2
11.2 dm3
=
= 0.5 mol
22.4 dm mol
3 –1

From the equation / Daripada persamaan,

1 mol O2 : 2 mol H2O2
0.5 mol O2 : 1.0 mol H2O2

3 8.0 g of copper(II) oxide powder is added to excess dilute nitric acid and heated. Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate
produced. [Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
8.0 g serbuk kuprum(II) oksida dicampurkan kepada asid nitrik cair yang berlebihan dan dihangatkan. Hitungkan jisim
kuprum(II) nitrat yang terhasil. [Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, O = 16, Cu = 64]
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
8g
Number of moles of CuO / Bilangan mol CuO = = 0.1 mol
(64 + 16) g mol–1
From the equation / Daripada persamaan,
1 mol CuO : 1 mol Cu(NO3)2
0.1 CuO : 0.1 mol Cu(NO3)2

Mass of Cu(NO3)2 / Jisim Cu(NO3)2 = 0.1 mol × 188 g mol–1 = 18.8 g

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 46

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 46 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

4 1.3 g of zinc reacts with excess dilute sulphuric acid. The products are zinc sulphate and hydrogen. Calculate the volume of
hidrogen gas released at STP. [Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 dm3 mol–1at STP]
HOTS
1.3 g zink bertindak balas dengan asid sulfurik cair yang berlebihan. Hasil tindak balas ialah zink sulfat dan hidrogen.
Hitungkan isi padu hidrogen yang terbebas pada STP. [Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, isi padu molar gas = 22.4 dm3 mol–1 pada
STP]
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
1.3 g
Number of moles of Zn / Bilangan mol Zn =
65 g mol–1
= 0.02 mol
Volume of H2 / Isi padu H2 = 0.02 mol × 22.4 dm3 mol–1

= 0.448 dm3

= 448 cm3
From the equation / Daripada persamaan,
1 mol Zn : 1 mol H2
0.02 mol Zn : 0.02 mol H2

2 UNIT
5 0.46 g of sodium burns completely in chlorine gas at room conditions to produce sodium chloride. Calculate the volume of
chlorine gas that has reacted. [Relative atomic mass: Na = 23, Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions]
0.46 g natrium terbakar lengkap dalam gas klorin pada keadaan bilik menghasilkan natrium klorida. Hitungkan isi padu klorin
yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap. [Jisim atom relatif: Na = 23, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan
bilik]

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

0.46 g
Number of moles of Na / Bilangan mol Na =
23 g mol–1
= 0.02 mol
Volume of Cl2 / Isi padu Cl2 = 0.01 mol × 24 dm3 mol–1
= 0.24 dm3

= 240 cm3
From the equation / Daripada persamaan,
2 mol Na : 1 mol Cl2
0.02 mol Na : 0.01 mol Cl2

6 The equation shows the combustion of propane gas.

Persamaan menunjukkan pembakaran gas propana.

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

720 cm3 of propane gas (C3H8) at room conditions burns in excess oxygen. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed.
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room conditions]
720 cm3 gas propana (C3H8) pada keadaan bilik terbakar dalam oksigen berlebihan. Hitungkan jisim karbon dioksida yang
terbentuk. [Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik]

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

720 cm3
Number of moles of C3H8 / Bilangan mol C3H8 =
24 000 cm3 mol–1
= 0.03 mol
Mass of CO2 / Jisim CO2 = 0.09 mol × 44 g mol–1

= 3.96 g
From the equation / Daripada persamaan,
1 mol C3H8 : 3 mol CO2
0.03 mol C3H8 : 0.09 mol CO2

47 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 47 11/10/2017 10:23 AM

 MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

7 The diagram below shows a car fitted with air bag which will inflate in an accident.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah kereta dilengkapi dengan beg udara yang akan mengembang apabila berlaku kemalangan.

The air bag contains solid sodium azide, NaN3 which will decompose rapidly to form sodium and nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas
formed fills the air bag.
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14; H = 1; Na = 23 and 1 mol of gas occupies the volume of 24 dm3 at room temperature and
pressure]
Beg udara mengandungi pepejal natrium azida, NaN3 yang akan terurai dengan cepat membentuk natrium dan gas nitrogen.
Gas nitrogen yang terbentuk akan mengisi beg udara itu.
[Jisim atomic relatif: N = 14; H = 1; Na = 23 dan 1 mol gas menempati isi padu 24 dm3 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik]
UNIT

(a) Construct equation for the decomposition of sodium azide. / Bina persamaan kimia bagi penguraian natrium azida.
2

2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2

(b) In an accident, an air bag fills with 72 dm3 of nitrogen at room temperature and pressure. What is the mass of sodium azide
needed to provide 72 dm3 of nitrogen?
Dalam suatu kemalangan, beg udara mengandungi 72 dm3 gas nitrogen pada suhu dan tekanan bilik. Berapakah jisim
natrium azida yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 72 dm3 gas nitrogen?
72 dm3
Number of moles of nitrogen / Bilangan mol nitrogen = = 3 mol
24 dm3 mol–1
Number of moles of NaN3 / Bilangan mol NaN3 = 2 mol
Mass of NaN3/ Jisim NaN3 = 2 mol × [23 + 3(14)] g mol–1
= 130 g

(c) Sodium azide, NaN3, reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce sodium chloride and compound A. Compound A
contains 2.33% of hydrogen and 97.7% of nitrogen by mass.
Natrium azida NaN3, bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik cair untuk menghasilkan natrium klorida dan sebatian A.
Sebatian A mengandungi 2.33% hidrogen dan 97.7% nitrogen berdasarkan jisim.
(i) What is the empirical formula for compound A?
Apakah formula empirik sebatian A?
Element
H N
Unsur
Mass / g
2.33 97.7
Jisim / g

Number of mole 2.33 97.7

——– = 2.33 ——– = 6.98
Bilangan mol 1 14
Simplest ratio 2.33 6.98
——– = 1 ——– ≈ 3
Nisbah teringkas 2.33 2.33

Empirical formula / Formula empirik : HN3

(ii) Construct the equation for the reaction between sodium azide and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Bina persamaan bagi tindak balas antara natrium azida dan asid hidroklorik cair.
NaN3 + HCl → NaCl + HN3

Soalan Tambahan
Additional Question

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 48

02 Chap 2 ChemF4 Bil 2017(CSY5p).indd 48 11/10/2017 10:23 AM