Φ = 𝐸 cos 𝜃 𝐴 Φ = 𝐸 𝐴cos 𝜃
Φ = 𝐸. 𝐴⃗ Φ = 𝐸. 𝐴⃗
FLUKS
⃗ 𝐴⃗ = vA
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑘𝑠 = 𝑣. ⃗ 𝐴⃗ = 0
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑘𝑠 = 𝑣. ⃗ 𝐴⃗ = vA cos 60!
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑘𝑠 = 𝑣.
'
Φ! = ∫ 𝐸 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗ =
Φ) = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑛) 𝑑𝐴
𝑛) = komponen normal dA
Flux = va Flux = 0 Flux = va cos 60 ! = 0 .5va
Hukum Gauss
meters/second. Then, if a is the oriented area in square meters of a frame
lowered into the water, v· a is the rate of flow of water through the frame
in cubic meters per second (Fig. 1.16). The cos θ factor in the standard
Figure 1.16.
The flux through the frame of area a is v · a,
where v is the velocity of the fluid. The flux is the
volume of fluid passing through the frame, per
unit time.
expression for the dot product correctly picks out the component of v
along the direction of a, or equivalently the component of a along the
𝑞 dilingkupi
entire
surface
E
A surface integral of any vector function F, over a surface S, means just
Φ) = , 𝐸. 𝑑𝐴⃗ = this: divide S into small patches, each represented by a vector outward, of
magnitude equal to the patch area; at every patch, take the scalar product
a
𝜀" of the patch area vector and the local F; sum all these products, and the
limit of this sum, as the patches shrink, is the surface integral. Do not
be alarmed by the prospect of having to perform such a calculation for
an awkwardly shaped surface like the one in Fig. 1.15. The surprising
property we are about to demonstrate makes that unnecessary! r
q
𝑞 dilingkupi
isolated positive point charge q , and the surface is a sphere of radius r
centered on the point charge (Fig. 1.17). What is the flux " through this
Φ) = , 𝐸. 𝑛𝑑𝐴
) =
surface? The answer is easy because the magnitude of E at every point
on the surface is q /4 π ϵ0 r2 and its direction is the same as that of the
𝜀"
outward normal at that point. So we have
q q Figure 1.17.
" = E · (total area) = 2
· 4 π r2 = . (1.27) In the field E of a point charge q , what is the
4 π ϵ0 r ϵ0 outward flux over a sphere surrounding q ?
#
1
! 𝐸. 𝑛$ 𝑑𝐴 = + 𝑞$
𝜀!
"
1 1
1 - 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
! 𝐸. 𝑛$ 𝑑𝐴 = - 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 ! 𝑛.
$
! 𝑛. 𝐸𝑑𝐴 =
$ 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = 𝜀 - 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
𝜀! % 𝜀!! %
%
TEOREMA DIVERGENSI
1
! 𝐸. 𝑛$ 𝑑𝐴 = - 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 ! 𝑛.
$ 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = ! 𝐸. 𝑛$ 𝑑𝐴
𝜀! %
1
! 𝑛.
$ 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = - ∇. 𝐸 𝑑𝑉 = - 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
% 𝜀! %
1
- ∇. 𝐸 𝑑𝑉 = - 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
% 𝜀! %
Bentuk differensial
Hukum Gauss
Silinder hipotetik yang dicelupkan dalam
medan listrik 𝐸 uniform
Φ) = ∫ 𝐸 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑𝐴⃗
Φ! = ∮ 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗
Φ! = ∫" 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗ + ∫# 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗ + ∫$ 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗ =
= ∫ 𝐸 cos 180% 𝑑𝐴 + ∫ 𝐸 cos 90% 𝑑𝐴 + ∫ 𝐸 cos 0%
= −2𝜋𝑟𝐸 + 0 + 2𝜋𝑟𝐸
= 0
Jika medan listrik berarah radial
Tinjau muatan garis yg sangat Panjang
dengan rapat muatan persatuan Panjang 𝜆
= 0 + ∫# 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗ + 0
&
Φ! = ' = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗
!
𝜆𝑙
= = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙𝐸,
𝜀"
( (
E= dan 𝐸 = 𝑟̂
Essensi hukum Gauss
• Muatan bersih suatu penghantar
bermuatan terletak pada bagian
luar permukaan, sehingga dapat
dibuat permukaan Gauss.
• Medan listrik pada bagian dalam
penghantar sama dengan nol
HUKUM GAUSS DAN HUKUM COULUMB
𝑞 dilingkupi
Φ) = , 𝐸. 𝑑𝐴⃗ =
𝜀"
𝜀" , 𝐸. 𝑑𝐴⃗ = 𝑞
𝜀" 𝐸 4𝜋𝑟 - = 𝑞
𝐹=𝑞𝐸
1 𝑞 & 1" 1#
𝐸 = F=
4𝜋𝜀" 𝑟 - ./0! , #
Pedoman Penggunaan Hukum Gauss
Untuk menentukan kuat medan listrik di sekitar distribusi muatan
1. Simetri apa yg dipunyai system
2. Pilih permukaan gauss (permukaan hayal) yg sesuai dg bentuk
simteri
3. Pemilihan permukaan Gauss yg tepat akan menghasilkan 𝐸 yg sama
besar dan tegak lurus pada sebagai atau seluruh permukaan
tertutup dan nol di permukaan lain
APLIKASI HUKUM GAUSS
• Menentukan kuat • ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑 𝐴⃗ = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑛. 𝑑𝐴 =
3
medan di sekitar 4!
muatan titik
𝑞, missal di titik P • Permukaan bola 𝑛. = 𝑟̂
yg berjarak r dari 𝑞
• Sistem memiliki
• 𝐸 = 𝐸 𝑟̂
simetri bola dan
garis medan
berarah radial ke • ∫ 𝐸. 𝑛. 𝑑𝐴 = ∮ 𝐸 𝑟.̂ 𝑟̂ 𝑑𝐴
luar
• 𝐸 sama besar di = 5 𝐸 𝑑𝐴
selurh permukaan 𝑞
bola = 𝐸 ∮ 𝑑𝐴 𝐸4𝜋 𝑟 ! =
𝜀"
= 𝐸4𝜋 𝑟 ! Tidak lain
merupakan
hukum
Coulumb
Medan oleh bola bermuatan
Kuat medan di dalam dan luar bola bermuatan