PQ Engineering Bidirectional Inverter, Rectifier and Battery2

ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
RESEARCH LABORATORY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BANDUNG - 2023
POWER QUALITY ENGINEERING

Bi Directional Inverter, DC Rectifier & Battery
27 Januari 2023
Dr. Tri Desmana RACHMILDHA
Power Engineering Research Group

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institute of Technology Bandung

RESEARCH LABORATORY
INTRODUCTION
• One of the Key Technology  Power Electronics = Power processing
– Power Supplies
– Power Converters
• Rectifiers, Inverters, Choppers, Cycloconverters
– Power Conditioners
• Active filters, Static Var Compensators (SVC)
• Application areas:
– Home appliances : adaptors, SMPS
– Energy : bidirectional inverters, smart grids
– Transportation : electric car, high speed trains
– Lighting : LED drivers
– Communication : ultra-low ripple power supplies, etc.
RESEARCH LABORATORY
INTRODUCTION
Power electronic circuit:

- Using switches as the main
components.
- Switches dissipate zero
power (in ideal condition)
- Thus, efficient power
conversion can be
achieved
- In conventional way, using
modulation to generate
output voltage and or
current.
RESEARCH LABORATORY
ELEKTRONIKA DAYA
• Elektronika : Cabang ilmu elektro yang

membahas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan
komponen semikonduktor.
• Elektronika daya : Cabang ilmu elektro yang
membahas penggunaan komponen
elektronika untuk aplikasi pengolahan daya.
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Mengapa Elektronika Daya ?
• Dibutuhkan konversi energi listrik  listrik

dengan daya yang besar
– penyearah (dari ac ke dc)
– inverter (dari dc ke ac)
– dc ke dc
– ac ke ac
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• Sebuah konverter dc – dc
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• Realisasi 1 : menggunakan resistor seri

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• Realisasi 2 : menggunakan transistor yang

dioperasikan di daerah aktif
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• Realisasi 3 : menggunakan komponen saklar

Bentuk gelombang tegangan keluaran pada
realisasi konverter dengan menggunakan saklar :
Nilai RATA-RATA tegangan sesuai yang
diinginkan
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Komponen Saklar
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Realisasi Komponen Saklar : Semikonduktor
• Dioda
• Thyristor
• Transistor
– BJT
– MOSFET
– IGBT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
INTRODUCTION
Power Block General property of
power electronic
circuit:
- Power block :
contain the power
switches
- Control block gives
switching
command to the
power transistors
Control Block
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Beberapa konverter yang dikenal
Buck Converter Boost Converter
Inverter
Rectifier
Inverter 1 fasa setengah gelombang
Vdc T1
GND1
T1 '
Vdc
• Terdiri dari 2 saklar (transistor)

Vdc T1
GND1
T1 '
Vdc
• T1 : on  Va = Vdc
Vdc T1
GND1
T1 '
Vdc
• T1’ : on  Va = -Vdc
Bentuk gelombang inverter 1 fasa setengah gelombang
T1 on
Vdc
-Vdc
T1 ' on
Modulasi : Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Contoh gelombang tegangan dan arus pada inverter
Dasar Bi-directional Inverter
Current control : hysteresis method
Vdc T1
i
a
AC
1'
T
Vdc
Gelombang arus dan tegangan
pada sumber
Arus berbeda 180o dari

tegangan, hal ini berarti
ada daya aktif yang
masuk ke arah sumber
Aplikasi Konverter : DFIG
Rectifier
Variable-speed turbine with DFIG
• Converter feeds the rotor winding
• Stator winding connected directly to the grid
• Small
converter
• Low
price
Simplified semi-variable speed
turbine
• Rotor resistance of the squirrel cage generator
- varied instantly using fast power electronics
Variable-Speed Concept Utilizing
Full-Power Converter
• Decoupled from grid
Full converter
Energy Transfer
Control of the active and
reactive powers total-
Energy storage harmonic-distortion
control
driver controlling the torque

generator, using a vector control
strategy
Rectifier and chopper
step-up chopper is used to adapt the

rectifier voltage to the dc-link voltage of
the inverter.
Semiconductor-Device Technology
• Power semiconductor devices with better
electrical characteristics and lower prices
• Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) is
main component for power electronics
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Power Conditioner : Filter Aktif
is_a il_a
a
is_b il_b
b Non-linear
is_c il_c 3-phase load
c
is_n il_n
n
3-phase if_a
source if_b
if_c
Udc
if_n
Dapat
Active filter
mengeliminasi
semua
harmonik arus
yang muncul
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Filter Aktif Konvensional

Eliminasi harmonisa pada arus fasa
is_a il_a
a
is_b il_b
b Non-linear
is_c il_c 3-phase load
c
is_n il_n
n
3-phase if_a
source if_b
if_c
is _ a  il _ a  i f _ a if_n
Udc
il _ a  ilf _ a  ilh _ a Active filter
i f _ a  ilh _ a
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Eliminasi harmonik pada arus fasa

RESEARCH LABORATORY
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Eliminasi harmonisa pada arus fasa
Beberapa kekurangan is_a is_b is_c
: is_n
1. Arus sumber belum

tentu sefasa
dengan tegangan vs_a
sumber  cos  < 
1
2. Arus netral sumber
belum tentu = 0
is _ n   is _ a  is _ b  is _ c    ilf _ a  ilf _ b  ilf _ c 

RESEARCH LABORATORY
is_b
is_a is_c
vs_a vs_b vs_c

a b c
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Filter Daya Aktif

Daya sesaat 3 fasa
Untuk sistem 3 fasa secara
umum, daya aktif sesaat (Watt)
p3 (t )  va (t )ia (t )  vb (t )ib (t )  vc (t )ic (t )
dapat didefinisikan sebagai :
p3  vaia  vbib  vcic
400
300
va
va  2V cos t  V  ia  2 I cos t  I  200
 2   2  vb
vb  2V cos  t  V  ib  2 I cos  t   I  100
 
 3   3  vc
 2   2  0
vc  2V cos  t  V   ic  2 I cos  t  I   ia
 3   3  0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
-100
ib
-200 ic
-300
-400
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Daya sesaat 3 fasa

p(t)
50000 Kasus arus
40000 beban
30000
sinusoidal
20000 p(t)
tidak
10000
0
seimbang
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
q(t)
80000
60000
40000
q(t)
20000
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
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Daya sesaat 3 fasa

p(t) Kasus arus
40000 beban
30000 sinusoidal
20000
p(t)
seimbang
10000
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
q(t)
80000
60000
40000
q(t)
20000
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Daya sesaat 3 fasa

p(t) Kasus arus
80000
beban
60000
sinusoidal
40000
p(t) seimbang
20000 resistif
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 Diharapkan
bahwa sistem 3
q(t) fasa memiliki
10000
beban seimbang
5000 resistif karena:
0 q(t) - Faktor daya 1
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
-5000
- Arus berbentuk
sinusoidal
-10000
(tanpa
harmonik)
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Mitigations
• Low power factor
– Capacitor banks
• advantages : simple, reliable
• disadvantages : bulky, risk of resonance at certain
current harmonic.
41
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Mitigations
• Active power filters
– advantages : solution of current harmonics,
current imbalance, and low power factor, also for
transient state.
– disadvantage : need fast calculation, expensive
42
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Installation of Active Power Filters
C R1
C R2
C R3
Udc
Lf
Active Power Filter
43
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Mitigations with active power filters

How it works
• In a system with 3-phase

balanced source, a constant
instantaneous active power
means sinusoidal balanced
phase currents with unity
power factor.
p  vaia  vbib  vcic
44
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Power flow in 3-phase power system
p : active (real) power

p q : reactive (imaginary) power
p
a ia  p : constant average (dc) value
b ib 
p
c ic  p : oscillating value
q  q : constant average (dc) value
q
 q : oscillating value
45
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Power flow in 3-phase system with

active power filter
p
p
ia_l
ib_l To loads
p ic_l
ia_s q
Source ib_s
ic_s
p
ia_f
ib_f To APF
ic_f
-q
46
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Powers in APF
• Powers flowing in the APF
– oscillating component of active power
– reactive power
• The economic aspect of APF will depend on
the transistors rating.
• High reactive powers flowing in APF leads to
high current rating of APF  high price
47
Utilisation of existing capacitor bank
• Capacitor banks : usually available in medium
to large industrial systems.
• It is possible to modify the existing capacitor
bank to be utilized together with the active
power filters
• Strategy:
– Capacitor bank  responsible to compensate the
average reactive power
– APF  compensate the oscillating values of active
and reactive power
48
RESEARCH LABORATORY
The structure with the capacitor bank
Ca1 ... Ca4

L
C R1
a ...
Cb1 Cb4
L
b
C R2
c ...
Cc1 Cc4
L
C R3
Udc
Lf
Active Power Filter
Presentation of ITB Grant for Research

49
Groups 2009
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Simulated system: only with APF
50
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Current waveforms in APF

comparison between without and with capacitor bank
Without Capacitor
Ph a : 9.91 A
Ph b : 7.7 A
Ph c : 11 A
With Capacitor
Ph a : 5.41 A
Ph b : 5.16 A
Ph c : 6.21 A
51
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Discussion points of this combined system

• There have to be a control communication
between capacitor bank and APF to define
right values of the capacitances.
52
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Rating Problem of APF

• APFs only work on specific rating which is
defined based on the power it should provide
to the corresponding loads. Therefore, if the
required power is beyond the ability of the
APF, the system protection will work to release
the APF from the network and the APF cannot
contribute to the system
53
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Problem
Q_Load
15K
10K
5K
0K
Compensati
-5K ng Power
Trajectory
-10K
APF Rating
10 kVA-15K
-10 0 10
P_Load_AC (K )
54
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Problem
• If the required compensation exceed the APF’s
rating, the protection usually isolates the APF
from the system, thus the APF cannot longer
contribute to the system.
55
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Objectives
1. Adding New Algorithm to APF
2. Basic concept for modular APF.
56
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Compensation Strategy: Limiting

Q_Load Q_Filter
15K 15K
10K 10K
5K 5K
0K 0K
-5K -5K
New
APF Compensati APF
-10K
-10K Compensating
Rating ng Power Rating
Power
-15K 10-10kVA Trajectory
-15K 10-10kVA
0 10
0 Trajectory
P_Filter (K )
10
P_Load_AC (K )
61
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Compensation Strategy: Scaling

Q_Load Q_Filter
15K 15K
10K 10K
5K 5K
0K 0K
-5K -5K
New
APF Compensati APF
-10K -10K
Compensating
Rating ng Power Rating
Power
-15K 10-10kVA Trajectory 10 kVA
0 10
-15K
-10 0
Trajectory
10
P_Load_AC (K ) P_Filter (K )
62
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Simulation Scheme
20mH
i Load a
330uF 12Ω
a
b 15mH
i Load b
220uF 10Ω
c
15mH
i Load c
440uF 12Ω
i Netral
L i Filter a
L i Filter b
L Vdc
i Filter c
L
i Filter netral
64
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Simulation (Normal Load 100%)

Ia Ib Ic Load Current 17.5K
P_Load Q_Load Load Power
40
15K
30
20
12.5K
10 10K
0 7.5K
-10
5K
-20
2.5K
-30
0K
-40
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
-2.5K
Time (s)
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
Time (s)
P_Load_AC
Ripple Power and Reactive Power
Q_Load
Compensating Power Trajectory Q_Load
9.8K
10K
8.4K
7K
5.6K 5K
4.2K
2.8K
0K
1.4K
0K
-1.4K
-5K
-2.8K
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
Time (s)
-10K
-10 -5 0 5 10
P_Load_AC (K )
65
RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Result
Source Current Source Power (Active and Reactive)
P_Source Q_Source
15K
10K
5K
0K
-5K
-10K
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24

Time (s)
66
RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Result
Source Current Source Power (Active and Reactive)
P_Source Q_Source
15K
10K
5K
0K
-5K
-10K
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24

Time (s)
Disp PF
67
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Load 140% (Limiting and Scaling)

Ia Ib Ic
Load Current Ripple Power and Reactive Power
P_Load_AC Q_Load
70 14K
60
50 12K
40
10K
30
20 8K
10
0 6K
-10
4K
-20
-30 2K
-40
-50 0K
-60
-2K
-70
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 -4K
Time (s)
0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
Time (s)
Compensating Power Trajectory New Trajectory (Limiting) New Trajectory (Scaling)
68
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Result (Load 140%)
69
Result (Load 140%)
Disp PF (Limiting)
70
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Result (Load 140%)
Disp PF (Scaling)
71
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Result (Load 200%)

I_Source_Phase_A I_Source_Phase_B I_Source_Phase_C I_Source_Phase_A I_Source_Phase_B I_Source_Phase_C
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-20 -20
-40 -40
-60 -60
-80 -80
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
Time (s) Time (s)
P_Source Q_Source P_Source Q_Source

30K 30K
25K
20K
20K
15K
10K
10K
5K
0K
0K
-5K
-10K
-15K -10K
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
Time (s) Time (s)
72
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Result (Load 200%)

80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-20 -20
-40 -40
-60 -60
-80 -80
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
Time (s) Time (s)

30K 30K
25K
20K
20K
15K
10K
10K
5K
0K
0K
-5K
-10K
-15K -10K
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
Time (s) Time (s)
Disp PF (Limiting)
73
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Result (Load 200%)

80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-20 -20
-40 -40
-60 -60
-80 -80
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
Time (s) Time (s)

30K 30K
25K
20K
20K
15K
10K
10K
5K
0K
0K
-5K
-10K
-15K -10K
0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36
Time (s) Time (s)
Disp PF (Scaling)
74
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Result: THD
45.00%
40.00%
35.00%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00% phase a
10.00%
5.00% phase b
0.00%
phase c
75
RESEARCH LABORATORY
Result:PF
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 phase a
0 phase b
phase c
76
RESEARCH LABORATORY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BANDUNG - 2022
THANK YOU
E-mail :
trides@konversi.ee.itb.ac.id
trides@gmail.com

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ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BANDUNG - 2023

POWER QUALITY ENGINEERING

Dr. Tri Desmana RACHMILDHA

Power Engineering Research Group

Institute of Technology Bandung

Power electronic circuit:

• Elektronika : Cabang ilmu elektro yang

Mengapa Elektronika Daya ?

• Dibutuhkan konversi energi listrik  listrik

Mengapa Elektronika Daya ?

Mengapa Elektronika Daya ?

• Realisasi 1 : menggunakan resistor seri

Mengapa Elektronika Daya ?

• Realisasi 2 : menggunakan transistor yang

Mengapa Elektronika Daya ?

• Realisasi 3 : menggunakan komponen saklar

Realisasi Komponen Saklar : Semikonduktor

Beberapa konverter yang dikenal

Buck Converter Boost Converter

• Terdiri dari 2 saklar (transistor)

Arus berbeda 180o dari

driver controlling the torque

step-up chopper is used to adapt the

Power Conditioner : Filter Aktif

Filter Aktif Konvensional

il _ a  ilf _ a  ilh _ a Active filter

Eliminasi harmonik pada arus fasa

Eliminasi harmonisa pada arus fasa

Beberapa kekurangan is_a is_b is_c

1. Arus sumber belum

sumber  cos  < 

is _ n   is _ a  is _ b  is _ c    ilf _ a  ilf _ b  ilf _ c 

vs_a vs_b vs_c

Filter Daya Aktif

Daya sesaat 3 fasa

Daya sesaat 3 fasa

Daya sesaat 3 fasa

Installation of Active Power Filters

Mitigations with active power filters

• In a system with 3-phase

Power flow in 3-phase power system

p : active (real) power

Power flow in 3-phase system with

The structure with the capacitor bank

Ca1 ... Ca4

Presentation of ITB Grant for Research

Simulated system: only with APF

Current waveforms in APF

Discussion points of this combined system

Rating Problem of APF

Compensation Strategy: Limiting

Compensation Strategy: Scaling

Simulation (Normal Load 100%)

0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24

0.2 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24

Load 140% (Limiting and Scaling)

Compensating Power Trajectory New Trajectory (Limiting) New Trajectory (Scaling)

Result (Load 140%)

Result (Load 140%)

Result (Load 200%)

P_Source Q_Source P_Source Q_Source

Result (Load 200%)

P_Source Q_Source P_Source Q_Source