PRODI TEKNIK SIPIL

FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNIK

ALIRAN pada SALURAN TERTUTUP

• Prof. Dr. Ir. DENIK SRI KRISNAYANTI, ST.,MT.

• Pertemuan ke 3
 Energi Potensial
Energi potensial suatu zat cair adalah energi yang dimiliki
oleh partikel zat cair dengan kedudukannya yang baik atau
energi yang tersedia.
Elevasi muka air
bendungan adalah Air dengan kecepatan tinggi yang
energi potensial melalui penstock merubah energi
potensial menjadi energi kinetic
 Energi Kinetik
Energi kinetic adalah energi yang dimiliki oleh partikel
cairan dengan kecepatannya yang baik.
𝑣2
Energi kinetic pada cairan adalah: meter zat cair
2𝑔
 Energi Tekanan
Energi suatu zat cair adalah suatu energi yang dimiliki oleh
partikel cairan itu dengan tekanannya yang baik.
ρ
Energi tekanan pada cairan adalah: meter zat cair
γ
Energi total dan kehilangan energi
pada saluran tertutup

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
𝑍1 + + = 𝑍2 + +
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
Energi total dan kehilangan energi
pada saluran terbuka

𝑣12 𝑣22
𝑍1 + + 𝑦1 = 𝑍2 + + 𝑦2
2𝑔 2𝑔
Kehilangan energi pada Aliran Air
 Kehilangan energi mayor pada aliran air

• Energy loss through friction in the length of pipeline is commonly

termed the major loss hf
• This is the loss of head due to pipe friction and to the viscous dissipation
in flowing water.
• Several studies have been found the resistance to flow in a pipe is:

- Independent of pressure under which the water flows

- Linearly proportional to the pipe length, L
- Inversely proportional to some water power of the pipe diameter D
- Proportional to some power of the mean velocity, V
- Related to the roughness of the pipe, if the flow is turbulent
 Major losses formulas
• Several formulas have been developed in the past.
Some of these formulas have faithfully been used in
various hydraulic engineering practices.

1. Darcy-Weisbach formula
2. The Hazen -Williams Formula
3. The Manning Formula
4. The Chezy Formula
5. The Strickler Formula

10
The resistance to flow in a pipe is a function of:

• The pipe length, L

• The pipe diameter, D
• The mean velocity, V
• The properties of the fluid
• The roughness of the pipe, (the flow is
turbulent).

11
 Darcy-Weisbach Equation
2 2 Where:
L V 8f LQ
hL = f  = f is the friction factor
D 2 g g D5  2 L is pipe length
D is pipe diameter
Q is the flow rate
hL is the loss due to friction
It is conveniently expressed in terms of velocity (kinetic) head in the pipe

The friction factor is function of different terms:

 e  VD e   VD e 
f = F  N R ,  = F  ,  = F  , 
 D   D   D

Reynold number Relative roughness

 Friction Factor: (f)
• For Laminar flow: (NR < 2000) [depends only on Reynolds’
number and not on the surface roughness]

64
f =
NR
• For turbulent flow in smooth pipes (e/D = 0) with
4000 < NR < 105 is
0.316
f = 1/ 4
NR

13
Contoh Soal:
2 buah reservoir dihubungkan dengan pipa yang panjangnya 4
km dan diameternya 30 cm. Perbedaan tingginya 16 m.
Tentukan debit yang melalui pipa, f = 0,01.

A
Q1 H=16 m
B
Q2
2 km
Q3 C
1 km
D
Penyelesaian:

4𝑓𝑙𝑣 2 4 𝑥 0,01 𝑥 4000 𝑥 𝑣 2

ℎ𝑓1 = = = 16
2 𝑔𝑑 2 𝑥 9,81 𝑥 0,3
𝑣 2 = 0,5885 ➔ v = 0,767 m/dtk
Debit: Q = A.v
𝜋.0,32 𝑚3
= 𝑥 0,767 = 0,054 𝑑𝑡𝑘
4
Q1 debit melalui AB
Q2 debit melalui BC maka Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q3 debit melalui BD dan Q2 = Q3
Jadi Q1 = 2 Q2
Q2 = Q3 = Q1/2

Tinjau Pipa ABC:

 Penyelesaian:

𝑓.𝑙1.𝑄12 𝑓.𝑙2.𝑄22
ℎ𝑓 = +
3 𝑑15 3 𝑑25 2
𝑓. 𝑙1 2
𝑄1
16 = 5
𝑄1 +
3𝑑1 2
0,01𝑥2000 5 2
16 = 5
𝑄1
3𝑥0,3 4

Q1 = 0,0683 m3/dtk = 68,3 liter/detik

Karenanya debit bertambah (68,3 – 54) liter/detik = 14,3 liter /detik
 Penyelesaian:

Soal:
Sebuah reservoir dengan rangkaian pipa seperti pada gambar. Hitung
debit yang lewat dengan mempertimbangkan semua kehilangan:
Energy grade line

Hydraulic grade line

d1
1 45 m

d1 = 0,50 m
d2
d2 = 0,40 m
2
L1 = 2400 m 3
L2 = 1600 m
 Penyelesaian:

Penyelesaian:
H = he + hf1 + hc + hf2
Kehilangan pada entrance (pemasukan):
0,5𝑣12
ℎ𝑒 =
2𝑔
Kehilangan tinggi karena gesekan:
4𝑓𝑙𝑣12 4𝑓. 2400. 𝑣12
ℎ𝑓1 = =
2𝑔𝑑1 2𝑔. 0,50
Kehilangan tinggi karena penyempitan pipa:
𝑣22 𝑣22
ℎ𝑐 = 𝐾 2𝑔 = 0,1. 2𝑔
Kehilangan tinggi karena gesekan:
4𝑓𝑙𝑣22 4𝑓. 1000. 𝑣12
ℎ𝑓2 = =
2𝑔𝑑2 2𝑔. 0,40
 Penyelesaian:

Sehingga:
0,5𝑣12 4𝑓. 2400. 𝑣12 𝑣22 4𝑓. 1600. 𝑣22
45 = + + 0,10. +
2𝑔 2𝑔. 0,50 2𝑔 2𝑔. 0,40
45x2g = 0,5.v12 + 8f.2400.v12 + 0,1.v22 + 10 f.1600.v22
883 = 0,5.v12 + 153,6 v12 + 0,1 v22 + 128 v22
2 883−154,1 𝑣12
= 154,1 v12 +128,1 v22 ➔ 𝑣2 = 128,1
………(1)
Kontinuitas:
Q = A.V = konstan
A1. v1 = A2.v2
𝜋 𝜋
0,5 2 𝑣1 = 0,4 2 𝑣2
4 4
2 2 0,5 2 𝑣1
0,5 𝑣1 = 0,4 𝑣2 ➔ 𝑣2 = = 1,563 𝑣1 …….(2)
0,4 2
883 = 154,1 v12 +128,1 (1,563v1)2
 Penyelesaian:

883 = 466,84 v12

v12 = 1,89 m/det ➔ v1 = 1,38 m/det
V2 = 1,563 x 1,38 = 2,15 m/det
Dengan demikian:
𝜋 𝑚3
Q = 0,5 2 . 1,38 = 0,27
4 𝑑𝑒𝑡

Soal:
Pipa dengan panjang 2000 m, diameter 20 cm menghubungkan 2 buah
reservoir. Beda tinggi permukaan airnya 35 m. Pipa ini melintas bukit yang
puncaknya berjarak 8 m diatas muka air reservoir A. Hitunglah kedalaman
minimum pipa dibawah puncak bukit agar tekanan pada puncak tidak
berada dibawah 7,2 m dibawah tekanan atmosfir. Panjang pipa dari
reservoir A ke puncak bukit 300 m. Hitung pula debit menuju reservoir B.
Ambil f = 0,008.
Tekanan atmosfir = 10 m
For turbulent flow ( NR > 4000 ) with e/D > 0.0, the friction factor can
be founded from:
• Th.von Karman formulas:
1  NR f 
= 2 log 
 2.51 
f  
1  D
= 2 log 3.7  for N R  105
f  e
• Colebrook-White Equation for f
1  e 2.51 
= −0.86 ln  + 
 
f  3.7 D N R f 
There is some difficulty in solving this equation
So, Miller improve an initial value for f , (fo)
−2
  e 5.74 
f o = 0.25log + 0.9 
  3.7 D N R 
4 103  N R  1108
The value of fo can be use directly as f if:
110 −6  e D  110 - 2
21
 Friction Factor f
The thickness of the laminar sublayer  decrease with an increase in NR

laminar flow f independent of relative

NR < 2000 Smooth roughness e/D

e  '  1.7e 64 1 N f 
f = = 2 log10  R 

pipe wall NR f  2.51 

f varies with NR and e/D

 e  
transitionally   
= −2 log10    +
rough 1 D 2.51 
 e
f  3.7 N R f 
 
pipe wall 0.08e   '  1.7e  
Colebrook formula

turbulent flow
f independent of NR
rough
NR > 4000
e 1  D
   0.08e
' = 2 log10  3.7 
f  e
pipe wall
 Moody diagram

• A convenient chart was prepared by Lewis F. Moody and commonly

called the Moody diagram of friction factors for pipe flow,
There are 4 zones of pipe flow in the chart:

• A laminar flow zone where f is simple linear function of NR

• A critical zone (shaded) where values are uncertain because the flow
might be neither laminar nor truly turbulent
• A transition zone where f is a function of both NR and relative
roughness
• A zone of fully developed turbulence where the value of f depends
solely on the relative roughness and independent of the Reynolds
Number
24
Laminar

Marks Reynolds Number independence

Typical values of the absolute roughness (e) are given in
table 3.1

26
Notes:

• Colebrook formula
is valid for the entire nonlaminar range (4000 < Re <
108) of the Moody chart

1 e/ D 2.51 

= − 2 log  + 

f  3.7 Re f 

In fact , the Moody chart is a graphical representation

of this equation

27
 Problems (head loss)

Three types of problems for uniform flow in a single pipe:

✓ Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?

✓ Type 2:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the head loss flow rate ?

✓ Type 3:
Given the kind of pipe, the head loss and flow rate size of pipe ?
 Example 1
The water flow in Asphalted cast Iron pipe (e = 0.12mm) has a diameter 20cm at 20oC.
Is 0.05 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
✓ Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?
0.05m 3 /s
V= = 1.59m/s
(π/4)(0.2 m )
2 2

T = 20 o C  υ = 1.01 10 −6 m 2 /s
e = 0.12mm
e 0.12mm
= = 0.0006 Moody f = 0.018
D 200 mm
VD 1.59  0.2
NR = = = 314852 = 3.15  10 5

 1.0110 −6
L V2  1,000 m  1.59 
2
hf = f = 0.018  
 0.20 m  2(9.81 m/s ) 
2 
D 2g
= 11.55 m 29
Example 2
The water flow in commercial steel pipe (e = 0.045mm) has a diameter 0.5m at 20oC.
Q=0.4 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
✓ Type 1:
Given the kind and size of pipe and the flow rate head loss ?

Q 0.4
V= = = 2.037 m / s
A (0.5)2 
4
497 10 −6 497 10 −6
= = = 1.006  10 −6

(T + 42.5)1.5 (20 + 42.5)1.5

0.5  2.037
NR = = 1.012  10 6

1.006 10 −6
e 0.045 −5
= = 9  10
D 0.5 103
⎯Moody
⎯⎯→ f = 0.013
2
1000 2.037
h f = 0.013   = 5.5 m / km
0.5 2  9.81
 Use other methods to solve f

1  ks 2.51 
1- Cole brook = −0.86 ln + 
 3.7 D R f 
f  e 

−2 −2
  k s D 5.74    9  10 −5 5.74 
f o = 0.25log + 0.9  = 0.25log +  = 0.01334
 
 3.7 Re    3.7 (
1.012  10 6 )
0.9 


1  9 10 −5 2.51 
= −0.86 ln + 
0.01334  3.7 Re 0.01334 

8.66  8.678

2
1000 2.037
h f = 0.01334   = 5.5 m / km
0.5 2  9.81
Kehilangan Energi Minor pada Aliran
Air

2. Kehilangan energi minor:

a. sudden enlargement (kecil – besar)
b. entrance to pipe (air yang masuk dlm pipa)
c. Sudden contraction (besar – kecil)
d. Obstruction (halangan/rintangan)
e. Kehilangan energi akibat air keluar dari pipa
f. Kehilangan energi akibat perubahan arah
g. Kehilangan energi akibat gradual contraction
h. Kehilangan energi akibat gradual enlargement
i. Kehilangan energi akibat pipe fitting
Example

33
Example
In the figure shown:
Where the discharge through the system is 0.05 m3/s, the total losses through
the pipe is 10 v2/2g where v is the velocity of water in 0.15 m diameter pipe, the
water in the final outlet exposed to atmosphere.
Calculate the required
height (h =?)
below the tank

0.05
V= Q
= = 2.83m / s
4 (0.15 )
A  2

0.05
V= Q
= = 6.366 m / s
4 (0.10 )
A  2

p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL
g 2 g g 2 g

0 + 0 + (h + 5) = 0 +
(6.366 )
2
+ 20 +
10(2.83)
2

2 * 9.81 2 * 9.81
h = 21.147 m
Without calculation sketch the (E.G.L) and (H.G.L)
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