Filter Digital
Bode Diagram
0
-10
Magnitude (dB)
-20
-30
-40
0
Phase (deg)
-45
-90
1 2 3 4 5
Oleh:
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)
Electronics Engineering
POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG
Outlines
1. Background
2. Filter Analog
3. Contoh Kasus
4. Validasi di Matlab
5. Filter Digital
6. Realisasi di Program
Background
Dynamics pada komponen elektronika
𝑑(𝑖) 1
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 𝐼𝐿 = න𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
1 𝑑(𝑣)
𝑉𝐶 = න𝑖 𝑑𝑡 𝐼𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑐 𝑑𝑡
Filter Analog: Low Pass Filter
Filter Orde 1 (RC-Circuit)
Vin i C Vout
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖 = 𝑖𝐶
Filter Analog: Low Pass Filter
Sistem Orde 1 (RC-Circuit) Hukum Kirchof
R 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 → 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 → 𝑖 = 𝑖𝐶
Vin i C Vout 𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑆 + 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖 = (𝑅𝐶𝑆 + 1)𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=
(𝑅𝐶𝑆 + 1) 𝑉𝑖
Filter Analog: Low Pass Filter [LPF]
Sistem Orde 1 (RC-Circuit)
R
Transfer Function LPF Orde 1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
=
Vin i C Vout 𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1
Persamaan yg perlu diketahui
Transfer Function LPF Orde 1 Frekuensi dalam radian (ω) dan Hertz
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
= 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝐶𝑠 + 1
Hubungan Frekuensi (Hz) dg Waktu (second) Hubungan Frekuensi cut-off dengan nilai RC
1 1
1 𝑓𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 =
𝑓= 2𝜋𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶
𝑇
Contoh kasus
1.Periode (T) noise yg ingin difilter 0.1 R=6.3K
second, maka frekensi (Hz) ->realisasi nya ini
diukur secara manual
C=25 uF
1 1 Vin i Vout
𝑓= = = 10
𝑇 0.1
10 Vo
−20 = 20 log( ) Vo
Vi 10−1 =
Vi
−20 10 Vo
= log( )
20 Vi
Vo = Vi ∗ 10−1 = Vi∗0.1
10 Vo
−1 = log( )
Vi
Misal, Amplitudo noise (Vi) = 0.5Volt. Maka setelah difilter
Ingat aturan Log Vo = 0.5∗0.1 = 0.05
alogb =c
ac =b Mari, kita cek di Simulink
Contoh
Contoh
Sebelum di
filter
Setelah di
filter
Contoh
It works !
Resume
𝑉𝑜𝑡 − 𝑉𝑜𝑡−1
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝑜𝑡 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡−1 = 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡 + 𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑇𝑠
𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡−1 = (𝑎 + 1)𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡−1
𝑉𝑖 = − + 𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡−1
𝑉𝑜𝑡 =
𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡−1 𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡 𝑎+1
𝑉𝑖 + = + 𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝑅𝐶
𝑎=
𝑇𝑠
Background: Alur eksekusi
program dan konsep ‘nilai
terakhir’
Background sebelum bisa menghitung Time Sampling [Ts] di program
Periode 3..
Periode 1Periode 2
dst
Background sebelum bisa menghitung Time Sampling [Ts] di program
Nilai
a=0,b=1,c=2
Dan seterusnya …
Nilai
a=1,b=2,c=3
Nilai
x=0 Dan seterusnya …
Ingat nilai
terakhir, shg:
x=0+1=1
Nilai x
periode-1: nilai a,b,c periode 2:
x=1 x=2
Background sebelum bisa menghitung Time Sampling [Ts] di program
Pembatasan hasil
8 bit [0-255]
perhitungan PID
SISTEM PLANT
255
10
5
Controller
Setpoint + PID
A0 [nilai PWM] x 2 PLANT
digital PWM-6
[analog input 0]
- 0 0 0
[0-5Volt]
[0-10 Volt]
A5
[analog input 5]
SISTEM PLANT
255
10
5
Controller
Setpoint + PID
A0 [nilai PWM] x 2 PLANT
digital PWM-6
[analog input 0]
- 0 0 0
[0-5Volt]
[0-10 Volt]
A5
[analog input 5]
SISTEM PLANT
255
10
5
Controller
Setpoint + PID
A0 [nilai PWM] x 2 PLANT
digital PWM-6
[analog input 0]
- 0 0 0
[0-5Volt]
[0-10 Volt]
A5
[analog input 5]
Vin i C Vot 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝐶 → 𝑉𝐶
= 𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝑉𝑜 → 𝑖 = 𝑖𝐶
𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑉𝑜
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑜
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑉𝑜
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑜 DISKRITISASI DG
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅 𝐶 + 𝑉𝑜
𝑑𝑡 PRINSIP DIFFERENTIAL
𝑉𝑜𝑡 − 𝑉𝑜𝑡−1
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝑜𝑡 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡−1 = 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡 + 𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑇𝑠
𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡−1 = (𝑎 + 1)𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡 𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡−1
𝑉𝑖 = − + 𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡−1
𝑉𝑜𝑡 =
𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡−1 𝑅𝐶𝑉𝑜𝑡 𝑎+1
𝑉𝑖 + = + 𝑉𝑜𝑡
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝑅𝐶
𝑎=
𝑇𝑠
Contoh Penerapan
Filter digital Low Pass Filter Orde 1
R
Vin i C Vot
Vot = PVf
Vin = PV
Vot_1 = PVf_1
𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑉𝑜𝑡−1 PV + 𝑎PVf_1
𝑉𝑜𝑡 = PVf =
𝑎+1 𝑎+1
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2. Ukur Periode Sampling dg stopwatch
Gunakan switch untuk melihat awal dan akhir dari plotter
Panjang grafik = 11.07 detik
6
T= 𝑥 11.07 =0.051
1295
1
f= = 19.60 Hz
T
FLOW CHART
[1] ID_Program
[2]. Deklarasi Variable
float PV, PVf,nPVf_1,fc,RC,a;
unsigned long t;
double t_1, Ts;
[3]. Setup
Serial.begin (9600);
wc=0.216; RC=1/(6.28*fc); Ts; a=RC/Ts; PVf_1=0;
tidak
Selesai?
ya
SELESAI
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ATUR FREKUENSI CUTOFF agar sinyal bagus akan tetapi tidak terlalu tertinggal
(efek pergeseran fase)
Contoh kasus 2: Sensor Suhu LM35
0.024
Pe𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑥360 = 86.4
0.1