TKP3501

Agricultural Mechanization and

Irrigation

General Class Guide

By
Ts. Dr. Ahmad Suhaizi Mat Su | asuhaizi@upm.edu.my

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 Kelayakan Menduduki Ujian /
Peperiksaan
▪ Setiap pelajar adalah layak menduduki ujian / peperiksaan bagi
sesuatu kursus yang telah dia daftar kecuali jika pelajar itu telah
gagal mematuhi peraturan kehadiran kuliah. Seseorang pelajar
yang menghadiri kurang 80 % keseluruhan jam kredit yang
ditetapkan bagi sesuatu kursus pengajian yang telah didaftarkan
tidak dibenarkan menduduki peperiksaan akhir kursus tersebut.
▪ Bagi pelajar yang gagal menghadiri atau dilarang mengambil
peperiksaan akhir akan diberi markah sifar bagi kursus tersebut
walaupun markah berterusannya (carrier mark) melebihi 40%.
▪ Bagi kursus yang tidak mempunyai peperiksaan akhir pula, pelajar
yang kurang daripada 80% kehadiran akan diberi status gagal jika
tidak dapat menyatakan alasan yang kukuh (bersama lampiran surat
/ bukti) kenapa kehadirannya kurang daripada 80% kepada
pensyarah kursus tersebut.

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Safety Measure During
Practical Exercise

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 Location for Practical
13th College
UPM Health Center

KPZ College

Vegetable Production
Unit of TPU
Bukit
Expo
Agric. Engineering Section
of TPU

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Class Guide- Refer Word Document

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 TKP3501
Agricultural Mechanization and
Irrigation

Lecture 1
Introduction, History of Mechanization & Agriculture
Tools
By
Ts. Dr. Ahmad Suhaizi Mat Su | asuhaizi@upm.edu.my
6
 Agriculture involves farming: cultivating soil, production of crops for food &
rearing livestock
http://carthageagriculture.pbworks.com/w/page/15315791/Organic%20Farming%20Days%2024

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_Farming.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farmi
ng-on-Indonesia.jpg

http://www.photostaud.com/europe/iceland/icelandic-farms/1389-
sheep-farm-iceland.html
http://mgiannini.blogspot.com/2011/04/new-ways-of-farming-why-

http://www.worldofstock.com/stock-
photos/aquaculture-fish-farming-at-the-
university-of/BAG2322
not.html

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Agriculture produce commodities including food, fiber, forest products and
horticultural crops

http://umaeenews.blogspot.com/2012/03/sources-and-types-of-
dietary-fiber.html

http://www.invest-ks.org/?cont=23

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_product http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/2005/03/andhra-
pradesh-horticulture/

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40% of world population is
employed in agriculture:
Agriculture employee in India
(top), Africa, and China(right)
(picture source:
(top) http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/03/22/photo-essay-
water-india-culture/,
http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/South_Africa,
(right)http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/news/blog/china-
drafts-legal-proposal-to-completely-shu/blog/39139/)

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Farmer use machinery in efficient/high output vegetable farm
(picture source:
http://www.gaebler.com/How-to-Start-a-Vegetable-Farm.htm)
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https://uniquehunters.com/autonomous-tractor-replaces-human-
labor-robot-farming-overlords/
Autonomous Tractor

A Novel Approach for Weed Type

Classification Based on Shape
Descriptors and a Fuzzy Decision-
Making Method
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 Why we are moving towards
IR4.0/Ir5.0?
Population Increase Change in Climate Hey, I’m
actually
black, not
white!

Demographic Change Degradation of agricultural land

Change in Diet

Natural resource limitation

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AGRICULTURE 4.0 & 5.0, ARE WE THERE YET?
In early 20th century, labor-intensive system,
Agriculture 1.0 low productivity

Know as Green Revolution, introduction of

Agriculture 2.0 agronomic management practice, specialized
machinery, increase potential yield and return

Lower costs and enhance the quality or develop

Agriculture 3.0 differentiated products

Parallel with industry evolution, integration of

multi level operation like suppliers and end
Agriculture 4.0 customers, electronic and digital form, paves the
way for next shift.

Agriculture 5.0 Robotic and Artificial Intelligent (AI)

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 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BRING A
DISRUPTING TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

Use new
technologies to
Produce bring food
differently production to
using new consumer,
techniques increasing
Incorporate efficiency in the
cross-industry food chain
techniques
and
applications

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 MEGATRENDS

High Quality Technology to

Produce bring the food
production to
consumers

Cross disciplinary
technology Sustainably
produced

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 Hunting & gathering Self sufficient Modern agriculture

1400 - In Egypt, used a reaper for wheat harvesting

1660 - The use of steel was introduced - plow
1800 - Horse and machinery was intensively utilized to grain production
1916 - Crop copper, harvester, thresher were design and attached to the
horses

UNTIL the introduction of the STEAM engine

Population increase
Why
Demand for food
?
Increase production rate
Efficiency
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 Objectives

▪ To know and to understand the principle of agricultural

machineries
▪ To be able to choose the type of machines, size and the
number needed
▪ To be able to coordinate and to operate the machines in the
field

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 Learning Outcomes

▪ Ability to identify the different

machines
▪ Ability to compare among the
machine
▪ Ability to comprehend the
purpose of the machines

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 Power tiller
Why we need machineries? Other small equipment Emerging Technologies
Type of machine available Filters, oil, Compact equipment Sensor
Theoretical Field Capacity
Traditional vs modern lubrication, parts Tracking
Effective Field Capacity
Introduction Maintenance Field Efficiency Livestock GPS, GNSS
Farm Efficiency** GIS, Mapping
Feeding system
** = Calculations Milking Cost analysis**
Aquaculture Optimization
How to choose the tractor
Tractors’ components & and implement size** Forestry
Tractor & power unit Horticulture
Systems
Type of power available

©ASMS
Main components
Systems;
- Fuel & Intake
- Combustion
Introduction - Cooling
to a tractor - Electric & instruments
Type of tractor - Lubrication
Specification - Hydraulic
Crop Production
Others
- Bearing & seal
Implements
- Shaft Land Fertilization & Harvesting
Primary tillage
- Belt & pulley preparation Irrigation** Yield, Baller
Secondary tillage
- Chain & sprocket Crop type; Spreader Transportation
Seedling &
- Gear - Oil palm Pump Farm
Planting
- Lubrication (grease, oil) - Rice Sprinkler maintenance
Crop type
- Vegetable Grass, road, drainage
Planter**

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What is mechanization in agriculture?
Is it about tools for working the land?
Is it about tractor?

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 Definition
▪ Agricultural mechanization is the use of implements and
machines in order to help the production of agricultural
outputs.
▪ This definition implies the use of tools and implements
correctly, efficiently and at optimum cost. The tools will
alleviate loads.

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▪ Cangkul or the hoe is a machine, it is a lever. Imagine using the hand to
remove weeds around the house. Other tools include the rake, the
shovel are also frequently used in farming activities.
▪ Limited area, one hoe cut will upturn approximately 12cm x 15cm soil for
the purpose of loosening the soil and delay growth of weeds.
▪ Hoe and scythe (tajak) is suitable for removing weeds around the tree
before applying fertilizer. This is an alternative to chemical spray which
damage the subsurface feeder roots.

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Read more here -https://www.britannica.com/topic/agriculture/Tools-and-techniques
 Scopes
▪ Agricultural mechanization covers field works from land preparation,
crop establishment, irrigation, crop care, harvesting, infield
transportation and primary processing.

▪ Since this scope is too wide only machineries and irrigation

technologies for the main operations will be discussed.

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 Power source
in the farm

Mechanization Mechanization
Mechanical-
and Human and Animal
electrical Power
Power Power

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 1) Mechanization and Human Power

▪ Hand tool technology- basic and simple

▪ Time consuming
▪ Conventional tools without improvement- used throughout
the ages and from country to countries.
▪ Most of the tools is a single purpose
▪ Power rating ranged from 0.1-0.3 Hp per human

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 Examples of
Conventional tools
❖ Soil digger
❖ Hoe (Cangkul) and Spade
❖ Weeding
❖ Scythe (Tajak), Hoe
❖ Planter/Transplanter
❖ Kuku kambing
❖ Stick planter (Penugal)
❖ Crop care
❖ Knapsack sprayer
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❖ Transporter
❖ Wheel barrow
❖ Hand held basket (Pungkis)
❖ Pole carrier (Pengandar)
❖ Bicycle
❖ Harvester
❖ Finger held cutter / Ketam (padi)
❖ Reaper / Sabit (padi)
❖ Hand pruners
❖ Pole
❖ Thresher
❖ Tub and thresher (Bakul dan alat
❖ pembanting)
❖ Separator (Pengayak)
❖ Paddy processing
❖ Wooden mortar (Lesung hindik)
 Wooden Mortar (lesung hindik)

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 2) Mechanization and Animal Power

Raking
Plowing

▪ More advanced than sole manual.

▪ Extra power is needed to increase the
Plowing work rate and ease out the load.
▪ More area can be covered compared
with man with single tool.
▪ Power rating ranged from 1-1.5 Hp per
animal
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 Transportation
▪ Sledge
Pulled by animal for transporting ag.
Input and outputs within the field.
▪ Cart
Pulled by animal, on wheels.
E.g. An elephant used for pulling logs in
the jungle
▪ Irrigation
In semi arid countries animals are used
for powering up water wheels for In oil palm plantation
distributing water into irrigation
canals.

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 wikipedia.org
Sledge

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Cart

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 Animal power for irrigation
www.greatmirror.com

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3) Mechanical-electrical Power
▪ When human + animal = Unsatisfactory, limited time and
energy
▪ Introduction of mechanical power- more easy and faster.
▪ Engine in combination with wheels ( 2 or 4) can be used to
pull various implements in various combination.
▪ Like automobile modern tractors have its own beginning.
There are many tractor shapes that are configured to suit its
main purpose.

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▪ Tractor may regarded as a moving prime mover. The tractor by
itself cannot achieve field works.
▪ Provides power for various agricultural field works:
▪ hitch implements, and
▪ provides rotary power.

▪ Implements hitched to the tractor plays an important role as

well.
▪ They are either pulled, given rotary motion or pressurized to
output spray droplets.
▪ Caution, personal safety, and those nearby especially children.

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Agricultural mechanization has the following
aims:

▪ To increase the output productivity from each

worker
▪ To alter the characteristics of field works, -
reduce loads, drudgery, field works become s
more attractive.
▪ Save the time, more efficient.

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 Mechanization in Malaysia
▪ 1965 – four wheel
tractor
▪ Mainly in paddy for
two season rice
production
▪ 1968 – combine
harvester
Improvement from
wheat harvester

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 ▪ Mechanization in the west is the shift from animal power
to prime movers having external combustion engine like
antic locomotive engines. Generated steam power was
derived by burning coal.
▪ The engine either static or mounted on chassis in the form
of a tractor is more like the train locomotive.
▪ Static engines uses belting to connect output pulley for
powering threshing, milling, or separating machines.
▪ These steam engine tractor are well cared by institutions of
higher learning in the west.
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▪ The success of plow pulled by steam engines
occurred in the 1850s
▪ There was traction problem due to tractor
weight
▪ The tractor engine and shape changed after the
emergence of internal combustion engine
▪ Transmission of power through Power Take Off,
drawbar, and hydraulic lift became standard.

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 ▪ Year 1858 steam engine was successful in pulling 8 plows
5km/hr
▪ 1889 At least one company in USA made an internal combustion
engine tractor
▪ 1915-1919 introduction of PTO
▪ 1930-1937 Use of diesel engine on large tractors, pneumatic tire
for tractors was introduced
▪ 1037-1941 use of 3 point hitch for implements
▪ 1941-1949 use of hydraulic control for pulled implements
▪ 1950-1960 use of better facilities such as power steering,
automatic transmission and selection of linear speeds using
multiple combination gear box.

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Steel wheel vs rubber wheel

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Manual power is limited; about 0.1 Hp inefficient and not
effective. Unsuitable as the main source of power.

▪ Even though tractors was available more than a century, its pace of
development picked up after the first World War and likewise after the 2nd
W W.
▪ Demand for food and fiber increase but field labor decreased.
▪ Tractor evaluation is followed by changes in technology and farm size.
▪ Previously the tractors simply replace the animals now it is multipurpose.
▪ E.g: output of traction force, force out from belt transmission, power from
PTO, hitching implements, remote controlled hydraulic unit, power
steering plus air conditioned cabin.
▪ All this makes the modern tractor useful and efficient

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 Tractor Type
Tractors are divided into six main types (according
to the running gear)
▪ 4 wheeled, 2 wheel driven (2WD)
▪ 4 wheeled, 4 wheel driven (4WD)
▪ 8 wheeled, 4 wheel driven (8WD)
▪ 2 wheeled tractor (power tiller)
▪ Tracked tractor
▪ Special purpose tractors e.g self propelled and
other farm tractor

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 Range of tractor types
Main type Power group Approx. power range
(hp)

Ref: Farm Machinery, 10th Ed. Claude Culpin

Market garden Motor hoe 1-3
Two wheel general purpose 3-15
Self propelled tool basis 15-70
Wheeled, rear-wheel drive Small 15-30
Small-medium 31-45
Medium 46-60
1 Hp = 0.75 kW
Medium-large 61-80
Animal power = 0.1-0.25 Hp Large 81-100
Human power = < 0.1 Very large Over 100
Small and medium 15-60
Wheeled, four-wheel-drive Large-medium 61-100
Large 101-150
Very large Over 150
Tracklayers Small Under 50
Medium 51-100
Large Over 100

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 Julat kuasa traktor ladang
Jenis utama Kumpulan kuasa Anggaran julat kuasa (hp)

Perkebunan Power tiller/traktor kecil 1-3

Rujukan: Farm Machinery, 10th Ed. Claude Culpin

2 roda, penggunaan umum 3-15
Alatan yang mempunyi daya gerak sendiri 15-70

Beroda, pacuan Kecil 15-30

belakang/2 roda

Kecil-medium 31-45
Medium 46-60
Medium-Besar 61-80
Besar 81-100
Sangat Besar > 100
Kecil dan medium 15-60
Beroda, pacuan 4 roda Besar-medium 61-100

Besar 101-150
Sanget Besar > 150
Roda Track Kecil < 50
Medium 51-100
Besar > 100
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Pedestrial Tractor

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 Agricultural Tractors : 2 wheeled drive

2WD
Rear driven two wheel drive 4 Wheeled tractor
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Agricultural Tractors : 4 wheeled drive
▪ 25 – 100 Horsepower. Diesel engine
▪ 2WD or/and 4WD

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Industrial tractors
▪ Housing development, land levelling, mining.
▪ E.g. excavator, loader, dozer, backhoe, etc
Tracked tractor
▪ Bulldozer for land leveling and dozing

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Agricultural Tractors: articulated type

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▪ 2 W Tractor, Hp ranging from 5 – 15, for paddy the Hp is 10 –12.
▪ Used for vegetable farm and also short term (annual) crops.
▪ May pull trailer, mostly diesel engine

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3 wheeled tractor
For row crops in USA

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 Self Propelled Machines
▪ E.g, Combine harvester
▪ Transplanter
▪ Transporter

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The wheel-based can be
adjusted according to the
planting row distance

What about modern

tractors design? Do we
still have this setup?

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 https://www.kubotamalaysia.com/

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 Implements - Rotorvator

▪ Eg. Land preparation

▪ Planter
▪ Crop care
▪ Transporters, etc

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Implements - Disk Harrow

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 Implements- Scrapper
▪ Eg. Land preparation
▪ Planter
▪ Crop care
▪ Transporters, etc

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Implements - 4 row planter

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Implements - A
gangs of Field
Cultivator

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Implements - Boom sprayer

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 Example of Operation-
Re-cultivate the land for next phase using
rotovator tillage equipment

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 Example of Operation- Land and seedbed
preparation using Primary and secondary tillage:
Rotovator

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 Source of Power Available from the
Tractor1) Three Point Hitch
3 types of power output from
tractor: pulled, lift and rotation
How this mechanism can be
delivered?
Methods of attachment to tractor;

2) Power Take Off (PTO) 3) Drawbar

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 PTO
Three point
hitch

Drawbar

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 Animal Power Rating
Approximate
Average Mass Average speed
Animal force exerted Power (W)
(kg) (m/s)
(N)
Ox 500-900 600-800 0.56-0.83 560
Cow 400-600 500-600 0.70 340
Water buffalo 400-900 500-800 0.8-0.9 560
Horse 400-700 600-800 1.0 750
Mule 350-500 500-600 0.9-1.0 520
Donkey 150-300 300-400 0.70 260
Camel 450-500 400-500 1.1 500
Adult human 60-90 300 0.28 75
Tractor? ? ? ? ?
Note: 1 Hp = 0.75 kW
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Example of the Nebraska Tractor Test

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 Bockari-Gevao, S. M., bin Wan Ismail, W. I., Yahya, A., & Wan, C. C. (2005). Analysis of
energy consumption in lowland rice-based cropping system of Malaysia. Energy, 27(4), 820.

Production
Example: Energy Utilization in Rice

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 Bockari-Gevao, S. M., bin Wan Ismail, W. I., Yahya, A., & Wan, C. C. (2005). Analysis of
energy consumption in lowland rice-based cropping system of Malaysia. Energy, 27(4), 820.

Production
Example: Energy Utilization in Rice

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 Current Status and Challenges
▪ Current Status
» Low efficiency
» Lack of support and funding
» Lack of technical skill
▪ Challenges
» Income generation
» Generation gap
» Increase in cost

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• Alleviate the B40 income
generation
• Increase the interest of young
generation to work in agriculture
sector
• Efficient working environment,
no more/less 3D nature of work
(Difficult, Dangerous, Dirty)
Electrification of the Agriculture
Machinery

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/1/112/htm
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Unmanned Tractor

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 Questions/Review
1. Why do we still need a human touch or manual approach
in food production despite a present of the machinery or
technology in the farm?

2. Do you think we still need to endorse to use animal to help

in doing the farm work? In which case, the animal power
would be useful? Why?

3. What is the best tractor category commonly used for

Malaysia in agriculture sector?

4. How much is the power from human power, animal power

and tractor power? What is the ratios? 1 Hp = 0.75 kW
Animal power = 0.1-0.25 Hp
Human power = < 0.1
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 Thank you

asuhaizi@upm.edu.my
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