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Tujuan Percobaan
Materi Singkat
Pembiasan cahaya berarti pembelokan arah rambat cahaya saat melewati bidang batas
dua medium bening yang berbeda indeks biasnya. Pada Hukum I Snellius berbunyi, “sinar
datang, sinar bias, dan garis normal terletak pada satu bidang datar. Sedangkan Hukum II
Snellius berbunyi, “jika sinar datang dari medium renggang ke medium rapat (misalnya dari
udara ke air atau dari udara ke kaca), maka sinar dibelokkan mendekati garis normal. Jika
sebaliknya, sinar datang dari medium rapat ke medium renggang (misalnya dari air ke udara)
maka sinar dibelokkan menjauhi garis normal”.
Prisma adalah benda bening (transparan) terbuat dari gelas yang dibatasi menguraikan
(sebagai pembias) sinar yang mengenainya. Permukaan ini disebut bidang pembias, dan sudut
yang dibentuk oleh kedua bidang pembias disebut sudut pembias (β). Cahaya yang melalui
prisma akan mengalami dua kali pembiasan, yaitu saat memasuki prisma dan meninggalkan
prisma. Jika sinar datang mula-mula dan sinar bias akhir diperpanjang, maka keduanya akan
berpotongan di suatu titik dan membentuk sudut yang disebut sudut deviasi.
Besar sudut deviasi yang terjadi pada prisma adalah:
Keterangan:
D = sudut deviasi (°)
i1 = sudut datang sinar masuk (°)
i2 = sudut datang ketika sinar hendak keluar prisma (°)
r1 = sudut bias dari sinar masuk prisma (°)
r2 = sudut bias ketika sinar keluar prisma (°)
β = sudut pembias prisma (°)
Kaca plan paralel atau balok kaca adalah keping kaca tiga dimensi yang kedua sisinya dibuat
sejajar.
d sin(i−r )
t=
cos r
Keterangan:
d = tebal balok kaca (cm)
i = sudut datang (°)
r = sudut bias (°)
t = pergeseran cahaya (cm)
1. Kaca Prisma
2. Kaca Planparalel
3. Jarum Pentul
4. Busur dan Pengaris
5. Kertas Grafik
6. Sterofoam
Prosedur Percobaan Kaca Prisma
No. i1 r1 i2 r2 β D
1. 15 °
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Secara Praktikum (nilai β dan D)
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Persentase Kesalahan nilai β dan D (%)
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Kesimpulan
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Prosedur Percobaan Kaca Planparalel
1. 30 °
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Secara Praktikum (t)
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Persentase Kesalahan nilai t (%)
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Kesimpulan
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Postes
1. Seberkas cahaya merambat dari udara ke air. Bila cepat rambat cahaya di udara adalah
3×108 m/s dan indeks bias air 4/3, maka tentukanlah cepat rambat cahaya di air!
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2. Seseorang menyinari sebuah kaca tebal dengan sudut 30° terhadap garis normal. Jika
cepat rambat cahaya di dalam kaca adalah 2 × 108 m/s, tentukan indeks bias kaca dan
sudut biasnya!
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3. Suatu berkas cahaya dengan panjang gelombang 6 ×10-7 m datang dari udara ke balok
kaca yang indeks biasnya 1,5. Hitunglah panjang gelombang dalam kaca.
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4. Sebuah prisma terbuat dari kaca (indeks bias kaca = 1,5) memiliki sudut pembias 60°. Jika
seberkas sinar laser jatuh pada salah satu permukaan prisma dengan sudut datang 30°,
berapakah sudut deviasi yang dialami oleh sinar laser tersebut setelah melewati prisma?
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5. Seberkas sinar laser jatuh pada permukaan kaca plan paralel dapat membentuk sudut
datang sebesar 45°. Jika tebal kaca plan paralel 15 cm dan sudut bias yang dihasilkan
adalah 20°. Tentukan besar pergeseran yang dialami oleh sinar laser tersebut!
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