MAKALAH

CLOUSE

Disusun Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Kuliah Bahasa Inggris

Dosen Pengampu :
Ahmad Ubaidillah,S.EI, M.SI

Disusun Oleh :
1. Muhammad Ahsan (012210060)
2. Nur Ashlahiyah (012210063)
3. Suci Maulidah (012210068)

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM LAMONGAN
2022

i
 KATA PENGANTAR

Alhamdulillah, segala puji bagi Allah SWT atas segala nikmat yang telah
diberikan- Nya kepada kita semua sehingga terselesaikannya makalah ini
dengan judul “Clauses”, sebagaimana amanat yang diberikan kepada kami di
dalam memenuhi tugas.
Penulisan makalah ini didasarkan pada adanya keterbatasan buku dan
bahan yang berkaitan dengan hukum secara lengkap, karena itu penulisan
makalah disesuaikan dengan struktur dari isi buku yang berkaitan dengan isi
makalah. Kami sadar bahwa apa yang dituliska n ini memiliki segala kekurangan
dan keterbatasan sehingga kami mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang bersifat
membangun guna menyempurnakan makalah ini.
Demikian dan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kami sampaikan kepada
semua pihak yang terkait dalam pelaksanaan pembuatan makalah ini.

Lamongan,18 September 2022

Penyusun

ii
 DAFTAR ISI

Cover ......................................................................................................... I
Kata Pengantar......................................................................................... ii
Daftar Isi................................................................................................. iii

BAB I 1
PENDAHULUAN…………………………………………………… 1
A. Latar Belakang....................................................................................... 2
B. Rumusan Masalah................................................................................. 2
C. Tujuan Masalah ....................................................................................
3
BAB II 3
PEMBAHASAN…………………………………………………… 3
A. Pengertian Clause…..............................................................................
B. Macam-macam Clause.......................................................................... 12
12
BAB III 12
PENUTUP…………………………………………………………. 13
A. Kesmpulan............................................................................................
B. Saran ....................................................................................................
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...................................................................................

iii
iv
 BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

A. LATAR BELAKANG
Bahasa adalah sarana berpikir baik untuk menyampaikan pesan kepada
oraN ng lain maupun untuk menerima pesan dari orang lain. Pikiran yang
disampaikan dalam pembicaraan atau tulisan diungkapkan melalui rangkaian
kata yang terpilih dan tersusun menurut kaidah tertentu. Bahasa sebagai
symbol yang bermakna terdiri atas satuan-satuan tertentu yang secara
fungsional saling berhubungan sebagai suatu system. Satuan terkecil yang
mengandung makna berupa kata atau frasa (kelompok kata), sedangkan
satuan yang lebih besar yang mengandung pikiran berupa kalimat.
Kalimat adalah bagian ujaran yang mempunyai struktur minimal subjek
(S) dan predikat (P) dan intonasinya menunjukkan bagian ujaran itu sudah
lengkap dengan makna. Intonasi final kalimat dalam bahasa tulis adalah
berupa tanda baca titik, tanda tanya, atau tanda seru. Penetapan struktur
minimal S dan P dalam hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kalimat bukanlah semata-
mata gabungan atau rangkaian kata yang tidak mempunyai kesatuan bentuk.
Lengkap dengan makna menunjukkan sebuah kalimat harus mengandung
pokok pikiran yang lengkap sebagai pengungkap maksud penuturannya. Hal
ini menunjukkan bahwa penguasaan bahasa sebagai sarana berpikir dan
berkomunikasi banyak ditentukan oleh penguasaan kaidah kalimat yang
didukung oleh kosakata yang memadai.
Hal inilah yang kemudian menarik untuk diketahui tentang bagaimana
pengertian clause, macam-macam clause, bentuk clause, fungsi dan bagian-
bagiannya. Oleh karena itu penulis berusaha untuk memberikan pemahaman
tentang pertanyaan tersebut dalam makalah ini. Semoga makalah ini dapat
menjadi jawaban dan memberikan pemahaman terkait pertanyaan yang dikaji.

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B. Rumusan Masalah
Dari latar belakang di atas dapat diambil rumusan permasalahan yaitu:
1. Bagaimana pengertian struktur kalimat tentang pengertian clause ?
2. Apa saja macam-macam clause ?
3. Apa saja pembagian caluse ?
4. Bagaimana bagian- bagian struktur kalimat tersebut?

C. Tujuan Masalah
Dari rumusan masalah di atas dapat diambil tujuan permasalahan yaitu:
1. Dapat menjelaskan pengertian struktur kalimat tentang pengertian clause.
2. Dapat menjelaskan macam-macam clause
3. Dapat menjelaskan pembagian caluse
4. Dapat menjelaskan bagian- bagian struktur kalimat tersebut.

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 BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. Pengertian Clause
Clause adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subject (pokok kalimat)
dan predicate (sebuah kalimat).
B. Macam-macam Clause
Dalam bahasa Inggris ada 2 macam Clauses, yaitu:
1. Main Clauses
2. Subordinate Clauses.

1. Main Clause (induk kalimat) disebut juga dengan Independent Clauses adalah
serangkaian kata yang mengandung subject dan predicate yang telah
mempunyai pengertian sempurna (jelas), dan dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya tidak
tergantung pada clause yang lain.
Contoh:
a. We study English.
b. English is an international language.
c. She has finished working.
2. Subordinate Clause (anak kalimat) disebut juga dengan Dependent Clause,
adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subject dan predicate tetapi belum
mempunyai pengertian yang sempurna, dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya
tergantung pada kata-kata yang lain (Main Clause).
Contoh:
a. I will go if you go.
b. She won't come unless you invite her.
c. I enjoy my job although I work long hours.
Berdasarkan fungsi (penggunaannya) Clauses diklasifikasikan menjadi 3
macam, yaitu:
A. NOUN CLAUSE
B. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
C. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

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A. Noun Clause
Noun clause adalah clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun
atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clouse dapat diklasifikasikan mejadi 4
macam, yaitu :
1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exlamation (seruan)
Noun Clause Introductory Fungsion Example
Drived From Conjungtion of Clause
1.a statment that Subject that coffe grows in Brazil is
Coffe Grouws will knoe to all.
in Brazil Subject after It is well known that coffe
it grows in brazil.
Subjective My understanding is that is
complement that coffe grouws in Brazil.
Object of I know that coffe grows in
Verb Brazil His belief that coffe
appositive grows in Brazil is correct
2.a question
a. expecting Whether (or
Subject Whether (or not) he gets the
yes or no not)
money doesn’t concern me.
amwer will he also if
Subjective The question whether he
get
will is the money.
Complement Get the money.
Object of Do you know whether (or
verb if) he will get the money?
Object of We wereconcerned about
Preposition whether he whould get the
Who ; money.
b. introgative
What ; Subject
word question How he gets the money is

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 how will he Which ; his own affair.
get the When ; Subjective The question is how he will
money? Where ; complement get the money.
Why ; Object of I don’t know how he will
How ; verb get money.
Object of We were concerned about
preposition how he would get the
3. a request That
money.
write the latter Object verb He suggested that I write
soon.,
the latter soon.
4. an What ;
exclamation Object of I hadn’t realized what a
what a pretty How verb pretty girls she was
girl she is Object of We talked about what a
preposition pretty girl she was.1

Ad.1 Noun clause berasal dari statement

1.1 Noun clause berasal dari statement diintrodusir dengan conjunetion
(kata penghubng) That. Noun clause dengan that di gunakan sebagai subject
dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu’ Dan kata kerja (verb)
yang penting adalah linking verb,khusunya BE.
Contoh :
STATEMENT NOUN CLAUSE In (a):that he is a good
(Expression of an idea or (a) I think that he is a aetor is a noun clause. It
fact) he is a got aetor good aetor is used as the object of
(b) I think he is a good the verb think. The
actor. word that,when it
Clause. Frequently (c) we know (that) the introduces a noun clause
The wolrd is a round. world is round . has nomeaning in it
Especially self. It simply marks the
beginning of the
She doesn’t understand (d) that she doesn’t
1
Marcella frank, Modern English, Prenticc-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1972, p.283.

5
spoken English. under stand spoken It is omitted on (b),
English is obvius In speaking. (If used in
(e) it is obvius (that) she speaking,it is
doesn’t understand unterested.)
spoken English. In (d) The noun clause
That wolrd is round.
(f) that the wolrd is (That she doesn’t
round is a fact. understand spoken
(g) it is a faet that the English) is used as the
wolrd is round subject of the sentence.
The word that is not
omitted when it
introduces a noun clouse
used as the subject of a
sentence,as in (d) and
(f).
More commonly, the
word it funetions as the
subject , and the noun
clause is placed at the
end of the sentence, as in
(e) and (g)

2.2 Noun clause dengan that sering menjadi object dari verb (kata kerja),
beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subject yang menunjukkan
manusia.kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan
dalam Indirect Speech serta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.
VERB OF INDIRECT SPEECH
Admit Declare Promise
Dis(agree) Deny Relate
Allege Explain Remark

VERB OF MENTALACTIVITY

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 Ascertain Grant Question
Assume Guess Realize
Believe Hear Recall
Conotoh :
1. Amir thinks that Farida is ill.
2. Budi told me that he had finished breakfast.
3. Hasan says that Ali is very busy

1.3 Omission of that (penghilangan that) Dalam percakapan yang tidak

resmi (informal) that sering dihilangkan dari object clause jika artinya
(maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya that.
Ad.2 Noun clause from Question
2.1 Noun clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak setelah verb yang
memerlukan 2 object mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua
object dari verb tersebut:
Perhatikan contoh berikut:
Indirect Object Direct Object
Give The man What is in this envelope
The money in this
Give Whoever comes to the door envelope
What is in this envelope
Give Whoever comes to the door
Direct Object Objective Complement
I consider What you have said a great insult
He named His cat whatever came to his
mind first

2.2Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata Tanya

yang berfungsi sebagai:
Pronoun : Who (ever), what (ever), which (ever)
Adjective : Whose, what (ever), which (ever)
Adverb : How (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why

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 Contoh:
1. who - We don’t know who will be coming from the employment
agency.(who adalah subject dari will be coming)
- We dom’t know whom the employment agency will send.
(whom adalah object dari will send)
2. who(ever) - We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency.
(whoever adalah subject dari comes)
- We will ask whoever the employment agency sends.
(whoever adalah object dari sends)
2.3 Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subject dart verb mempunyai
susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word. Perhatikan
contoh berikut ini:
Noun Clause Original Queston
Introductory
Word Subject Verb
I don’t know Wetherhe He Dit it. Did he do it?
When They Are coming When are they
coming?
Who She Is. Who is she?
What Her name is What is her
name?

Ad.3 Noun Clause dari Request

3.1 Noun Clause dari permintaan diintrodusir (dimulai) dengan that.Clause
ini paling sering merupakan object dari verb yang menyatakan
permintaan,saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
1, He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
2. The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
3. It was sugge sted that she leave be abjourned.

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 3.2 Kadang-kadang that yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat
digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang
menunjukkan permintaan.
(Verb of requesting)

Advise
ask
bag
command Him to leave soon

desire Atau

forbide That he leave soon

order
request
3.3. Subject dari that-clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of
requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.
Contoh:
1. It was requested that all gentlement wear coats and ties. Dell (That all
gentlement wear coats and ties is requested.)
2. It has been suggested that each member contributed some money for
renovation of the clubhouse.
3. It is advisable that he stay for the entire conference

Ad.4 Noun Clause from Exclamation

Noun Clause dari exclamation (seruan) diintrodusir dengan kata-kata yng
sama dengan kata-kata yang mengintrodusir exclamation(kalimat seru,
yaitu: what, what a, how.
Contoh :
1. Exclamation How beautiful his wife is!
- I am amazed at how beautiful his wife is.
2. Noun clause What a beautiful figure his wife has!
- He is always boasting about what a beautiful figure his
Exclamation wife has.

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3. - How small their house was!
Noun clause I was astonished at how small their house was’
-

Exclamation
-
Noun clause
-
Seguence of Tenses in Noun Clause.
(Urutan Tenses dalam Noun Clauses)
Antara Main Clause dan Subordinate Clause, yakni Noun Clause
harus selalu mengikuti ketentuan-ketentuan sebagai berikut:
1. Bila verb dalam main clause dalam bentuk present tense, present perfect,
dan future tense, maka verb dalam subordinate clause (noun clause) tidak
mengalami perubahan tense.
2. Bila verb dalam Main Clause dalam bentuk past tense, maka subordinate
Clause, yakni Noun Clause mengalami perubahan tense.
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini:
Present Main Verb Past Main Verb
(No Seguence of Tense) (Seguence of Tense)
He says (that): He says (that):
the train always arrives late. the train always arrives late.
the train is arriving. the train is arriving.
the train has arrived late. the the train has arrived late.
train the trainjust arrived.
just arrived. the train will arrived soon.
the train will arrived soon. the train may be arriving soon.
the train may be arriving soon.

B. Adjective Clause

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 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE adalah
clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang
menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun.
Contoh:
1.1 have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
(Saya telah membaca buku yang baru saja anda sebutkan).
Main Clause (induk kalimat):
I have read the book.
Subordinate Claus (anak kalimat):
(that) you just mentioned.
Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan
Adjective Clause.
1.2 The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.
(Pelajaran yang sedang ia pelajar! itu sangat sukar.)
Anak kalimat: (that) she is learning menjadi keterangan kata benda the
lesson.
Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent (the noun or pronoun being
modified is called the antecedent) yang ditunjuk oleh introduktory words
(kata-kata pendahulunya). Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan
menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:
1. Relative Pronoun
2. Relative Aduerb Noun

Noun
Antecedent Intoductory word Illmustrive Sentences
Meaning
(1) relative pronoun: Introductory word fungction
A person Who (whom or whose or as:
that) Sujeck-He paid the moneyto
themman who (or that) had
done the work.
Object of verb-He paid the

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 man whom (or that) he had
hered.
Object of preposition-He paid
the man from whom he had
borrowed the money.
Possessive adjective-this is the
A thing Which
girl whose picture you saw
Or
Subject-Here is a book which
That
(or that) describe animals.
Object of verb-The chair
which(or that) he book of
preposition-She was wearning
(2)relative adverb: the coat for which she had
A time when paid$2,00.
A place where Thuis is the year when the
Olympic Games are held.
A reason why Here is the the hous where I
live.
Give me one good reason why
you did that.

Ad.1. Relative pronoun

Adalah Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative
Pronoun. Contoh:
1. -The boy is called Amin.
-He gave me a present.
*The boy who gave me a present is called Amin. atau
*The boy who is called Amin gave me a present.
Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause:
1. The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
2. The girl whom I gave a special reward to is a bright student.
3. The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

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Ad.2. Relative Adverb
2.1. Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi adverb
penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan
that
atau kadang-kadang dapat di hilangkan dalam kalimat. Misalnya:
- The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
- The reason (why) I came should be abvious to you.
- The reason I came should be abvious to you.
2.2. When atau Where sering dapat saling ditukarkan dengan
preposition
yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan
Which.
Contoh:
- The small town in which (=where) I was born has grown to a large
metropolis.
- The day on wich (= when) they werre to leave finally arrived.
Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when
Misalnya:
- The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place one.
- Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet.
* Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause.
1. Reduksi dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
a. Adjective Clause dapat direduksi menjadi Adjective Phrase yang
menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
b. Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subject pronoun: who,
which,atau that yang dapat direduksi menjadi Adjective Phrase.
c. Adjective Clause dengan subject: whom tidak dapat direduksi
menjadi
Adjective Phrase. Perhatika contoh c.
Contoh:
1). Adjective Clause

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 - The giri who is sitting next to me is Rina. S
- The boy who is playing the piano is Bakri.
2). Adjective Phrase
-The giri sitting next to me is Rina.
-The boy playing the piano is Bakri.
3). Adjective Clause
The boy (whom) I saw was Jalai.
2. Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.
1). Subject Pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
Contoh:
a. Adjective clause: The man who is talking to Amir is from
Japan.
Adjective phrase: The man talking to Amir is from Japan.
b. Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in the book
are
interesting. Adjective Phrase:
The ideas-- -- presented in that book are interesting.
c. Adjective Clause:
Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
Adjective Phrase:
Ali is the man -responsible for preparing the budget,
d. Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.
2. Jika tidak ada verb be dalam adjective Clause, sering kali subject
pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam clause itu
menjadi bentuk-ing.
Contoh:
a. Adjective Clause:
English has an alphabet that consist of 26 letters.
Adjective Phrase:
English has an alphabet-consisting of 26 letters. ‫الي‬
b. Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.

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 Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

3. Seringkah Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun of which.

Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi
(formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause
menerangkan "sesuatu".
Contoh:
1). We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
2). We toured a 300-year-old house.The exterior of the house
consisted of logs cemented with clay. We toured a 300-year-old
house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with clay.
4. Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas
dengan of.
Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which,
dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini. Ungkapan kuantitas
dengan of antara lain:
some of Many of Most of
none of Two of Halfof
both of Attof A few of
one of Each of Several of etc

Contoh:
1) In my class there are 20 students.
Most of them are from outside Java.
-In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are from outside
Java.
2) He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
-He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
3) The teachers discussed Budi.
One of his problems was poor study habits.

15
 -The teachers discussed Budi, one of whose problems was poor
study habits.
5.Punctuation of Adjective Clauses.
Pedoman umum dalam punctuation of adjective clauses yaitu:
1) Jangan menggunakan tanda koma () bila adjective clause
diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
2) Gunakanlah tanda koma (,) bila adjective clause hanya berfungsi
untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk
mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya. Perhatikan beberapa
contoh berikut ini:
(a) The professor who teaches In (a): No commas are used. The
Chemistry 101 is an excellent lecturer. adjective clause is necessary to
(b) Professor Wilson (,) who teaches identify which professor is meant.
Chemistry 101 (,) is an excellent
lecturer. In (b): Commas are used. The
adjective clauses is not necessary to
identify who Professor Wilson is. We
already know who he is: he has a
name. The adjective clause simply
gives additional information.
(c) Hawaii (which consists of Guideline: Use commas, as in (b), (c)
eightprinci- pal islands () is a favorite and (d), if an adjective clause modifies
vacation spot. (d) Mrs. Smith () who is a proper noun. (A proper noun begins
a retired teacher () does volunteer with a capital letter, not a small letter.)
work at the hospital. Note: A comma reflects a pause in
speech.
who (m) In (e): If no commas are used, any
(e) The man that Imet teaches 0 possible pronoun may be used in the
chemistry. adjective clause. Object pronouns may
f, Mr.Lee(,) whom I met yesterday (,) be ommited.
teaches chemistry. In (f): When commas are necessary,
the pronoun that may not be used

16
 (only who, whom, which, whose,
where, and when may be used), and
object pronouns cannot be ommited.
COMPARE THE MEANING In (g): The use of commas means that
(g) We took some children on a picnic. all of the children wanted to play
The children(,) who wanted to plav soccer and all of the children ran to an
soccer() ran to an open field as soon as open field. The adjective clause is
we arrived at the park. used only to give additional
(h) We took some children on a picnic. information about the children..
The children who wanted to play In (h): The lack of commas means that
soccer ran to an open field as soon as only some of the children wanted to
we arrived at the park. The others play soccer. The adjective clause is
played a different game. used to identify which children ran to
the openfield.
-Adjective clauses that do not require commas are called "essential"
or "restrictive" or "identifying".
-Adjective clauses that require commas are called "nonessential" or "
nonrestrictive" or "nonidentifying".
Note: Nonessential adjective clauses are more common in writing
than in speaking.
6. Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause
Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya
(introductory words), maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan
Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.
Ada dua macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis
Clause
tersebut:
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini:
1) Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang
diterangkan (yang disebut dengan istilah antecedent).
Adjective Clause Noun Clause
I know the house where he lives. I know where he lives. (where he lives

17
(where he lives mempunyai antecedent adalah object dari kata know),
the house, yang merupakan object dari
kata know)

2) Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik

Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause.
Adjective Clause Noun Clause
The woman to whom he has been He gives money to whoever need it.
giving money is a poor relative of his, (The Noun Clause dimulai dengan
(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu
yang merupakan bentuk a adalah object dari to, yang tidak dapat
prepositional phrase dengan whom dipindah letaknya. Dan juga-ever-me-
dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan to rupakan bentuk yang hanya
dapat di letakkan di bagian belakang bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun
Adjective Clause. The woman, whom Clause.
he has been giving money to, is a poor
relative of his.

C. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE adalah clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi

sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Contoh:
1) He came here when the beli rang.
Main Clause (induk kalimat):
He came here.
Subordinate Clause (anak kalimat).
When the bell rang.
Menerangkan Main Clause (induk kalimat).
2) She promised to help me althought she was very busy. Main Clause: She
promised to help me. Subordinate Clause: Althought she was very busy.
menerangkan Main Clause.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud"
dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mengintrodusir-nya).

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 Adapun jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan
conjunction (kata penghubung) berikut ini:
After Before No sooner… Than…..
While as By the time Etc.
Contoh:
1. Shut the door before you go out.
(Tutuplah pintu sebelum anda pergi keluar.).
2. You may begin when (ever) you are ready.
(Anda boleh memulai bilamana anda siap.)
3. While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
(Ketika dia berjalan pulang, dia melihat suatu kecelakaan.)
4. By the time I arrive, Ahmad will have left.
(Pada saat saya tiba, Ahmad sudah akan berangkat.)
5. No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
(Begitu masuk, dia langsung memberi perintah.)
Perhatikan rangkuman Adverbal Clause of Time berikut:
After (a) After she graduates, she will get A present tense, not a
a job. future tense is used in an
(b) After she (had) adverb
graduated, she got a job.
Before (c) I will leave before he comes. clause of time. Notice
(d) I (had) left before he came. examples (b) and (d).
When (e) When I arrived, he was talking when at that time
on the phone. (Notice the different
(f) When I got there, he had already time relationships
left. expressed by the tenses.
(g) When it began to rain, I stood
under a tree.
(h) When I was in chicago, I visited

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 the museums.
(1) When I see him tomorrow, I will
ask him.
(II)
While as (j) While I was walking home, it while, as during that
began to rain. time
(k) As Iwas walking home, it began
to rain.
By the (i) By the time he arrived, we had by the time one event is
time already left. completed before
(m) By the time he comes, we will another event. (Notice
already have left. the use of the past
perfect and future
perfect in the
main clause.)
since (n)I haven't seen him since he left since from that time to
this morning. the
present
(Notice: The present
perfect tense is used in
the main clause.)
Until (o) We stayed there until we until,till to that time and
Till finished our work. then no longer (Till is
(p)We stayed there till we finished used primarily in
our work. speaking rather than
writing).
As soon as (q) As soon as it stops raining, we as soon as when one
once will leave. event happens soon
(r) Once it stops raining, we will afterwards
leave
As long as (s) I will never speak to him again as long as, so long as
So long as as long as I live during all that time,

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 (t) I will never speak to him again from beginning to end
so long as I live.
whenever (u) Whenever I see her. I say hello. Whenever =every time
every time (v) Every time I see her, I say hello. Adverb clauses can be
the first (w) The first time I went to New
time the York, I went to an opera. introduced by the
last time (x) I saw two plays the last time / following:
the next went to New York. first
time (y) The next time I go to New York, second
I'm going to see a ballet. the third time
last
next
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan
conjunction berikut:
Where nowhere anywhere wherever Etc.

Contoh:
1) They sat down wherever they could find empty seats.
(Mereka duduk di mana saja mereka mendapatkan tempat duduk yang
kosong.)
2) The guard stood where he was positioned.
(Pengawal berdiri di tempat ia ditugaskan.)
3) Where there is a will, there is a way.
(Di mana ada kemauan, di sana ada jalan)
4) Where there is prverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
(Di mana ada kemelaratan, di sana kita menemukan ketidakpuasan dan
kerusuhan.)
5) Go where you like.
(Pergilah kemana anda suka.)
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau

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 peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan
conjunction (kata penghubung) berikut ini:
Althought Thought Even thought at Whereas
Even if In spite of the time Etc.
Contoh:
1) At the time you were sleeping, we were working hard. (Pada saat anda
sedang tidur, kami sedang bekerja keras.)
2) Farida wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
(Farida ingin berhenti, sedangkan saya ingin terus)
3) Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
(Meskipun terlambat, kita akan tinggal sedikit lama lagi.)
4) He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
(Dia sangat ramah, walaupun dia seorang pelajar yang pandai.)
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cara bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau
peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata
penghubung) seperti:
as how like In that

Contoh:
1) He did as I told him.
(Dia melakukan seperti yang aku beritahukan kepadanya.)
2) They may beat use again, like they did in 1978. (Mwereka mungkin
mengalahkan kita lagi, seperti yang mereka lakukan pada tahun 1978.)

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya
dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti:
(in order) that So that In the hope that
To the end that lest In case etc

So that

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 Subject + Verb…..+ In the hope that + subject + verb
In order

Contoh:
1) They went to the movie early (in order) to find the beast seats.
They went to the movie early in order to that they could find the best
seats.
(Mereka pergi ke bioskop awal, agar (mereka) mendapatkan tempat
duduk yang terbaik)
2) She bought a book so (that) she could learn English.
(Dia membeli buku agar dia dapat belajar bahasa Inggris.)
3) He is saving his money so that he may (or can) take a long vacation.
(Dia sedang menabung uangnya agar dia dapat menikmati liburan panjang.)
4. I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
(Saya bekerja siang dan malam dengan harapan agar saya dapat segera
menyelesaikan buku ini.)

6. Clause of Cause and effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Biasanya dibuat
dengan pola.
(1)
Subject + verb + so + Adjective + that + subject + verb
adverb

Contoh:

1. Rina ran so fast that she broke the previous speed record.

(Rina lari begitu cepat sehingga dia memecahkan rekor kecepatan sebelumnya)

2. It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim. (Kemarin begitu dingin
maka saya tidak ingin berenang)

3. The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.

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(Sop terasa begitu sedap sehingga setiap orang ingin minta tambah lagi.)

4. The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

(Pelajar itu berperilaku begitu jelek maka dia dikeluarkan dari kelas.)

Subject + verb + so + many + plural count noun + that + subject + verb

few

Contoh:

1. The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.

2 Thad so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Subject + verb + so + much + non-count noun + that + subject + verb

little
Contoh:

1. He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.

2. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat

Subject + verb + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that ...

OR

Subject + verb + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that …

Contoh:

1. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay in doors.

OR

2. It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

3. It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down.

OR

4. It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

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 Subject + verb + such + Plural count noun + that + subject + verb
adjective + Non-count noun

1. She has such Abilities That everyone is jealous

exceptional Plural count of her.
noun
2. they are such Pictures That everybody will
beautiful Plural count want one.
noun
3. perry has had such Luck That he’s decided not to
had Non-count gamble.
noun
4. this is such difficult Homework That I will never finish
Non-count it.
noun

NOTE: It is NOT possible to use so in the above rule.

Meanings:

1. It has been such a long time since I've seen him that I'm not sure if I will
remember him.

(I'm not sure if I will remember him because it has been a long time.)

Cause: It has been a long time. Effect: I'm not sure if I will remember him.

2. He has so heavy a work load that it is difficult for him to travel.

(It is difficult for him to travel because he has a heavy work load.)

Cause He has a very heavy work load.

Effect: It is difficult for him to travel.

3. Badi has such long fingers that he should play the piano.

(Budi should play the piano because he has very long fingers.)

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Cause: Budi has very long fingers. Effect: He should play the piano.

4. This is such tasty ice cream that I'll have another helping.

(I’ll have another helping of ice cream because it is very tasty)

Cause. The ice cream is very tasty.

Effect: I'll have another helping.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan
akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan):

Because of Due to Due to the faet that

Subject + verb (be) … + Because of + noun phrase

Due to

Because of + Noun phrase + subject + verb (be) …

Due to

1. Because of the cold weather, we Because of and due to are

stayed home. preposititons; they are followed by a
2. Due to the cold weather, we stayed noun object.
home.
3. Due to the faet that the weather was Sometimes, ussually in more formal
cold, we stayed home. writing, due to is followed by a noun
clause introduced by the fact that.
4. We stayed home because of the cold Like adverbs clauses, these phrases
weather. can also follow the main clause, as in
We stayed home due to the cold

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 weather. (4)
We stayed home due to the fact that
the weather was cold.

2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction):

Because Since Now that

as As/long as Inasmuch as

Contoh:

Because (a) Because he was sleepy, he went to An adverb clause may

bed. precede or follow the
(b) He went to bed because he was independent clause.
sleepy Notice the punctuation
in (a) and (b).
Since (e) Since he's not interested in In (c): Since means
classical music, he decided not to go because.
to the concert.
Now that (d) Now that the semester is finished, In (d): now that means
I'm going to rest a few days and then because now. Now that
take a trip. is used for present and
future situations
As (e) As she had nothing in particular to In (e): as means because.
do, she called up a friend and asked
her if she wanted to take in a movie.
As/long as (f) As long as (So long as) you 're not In (f): as long as means
busy, could you help me with this because.
work?
Inasmuch as (g) Inasmuch as the two government In (g): inasmuch as
leadera could not reach an agreement, means because.
the posibilities for peace are still Inasmuch as is usually

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 remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words: Therefore and Consequently.
Contoh:
(a) Ali failed the test because he didn't
study
(b) Ali didn't study. Therefore, he
failed the test.
(c) Ali didn't study. Consequently, he
failed the test.
(d) Ali didn't study. Therefore, he
failed the test.
(e) Ali didn't study. he, therefore,
failed the test.
(f) Ali didn't study. He failed the test,
therefore.
POSITIONS OF A TRANSITION:
transition+S+V (+reat of sentence)
S+transitions+V (+ rest of sentence)
S+V(+rest of sentence)+ transition
(g) Ali didn't study, so he failed the
test.
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found only in formal
writing and speech.
(a), (b), and (c) have the same
meaning. Therefore and consequently
mean "as a result". In grammar, they
are called transitions (or conjunctive
adverbs) Transitions connect the ideas
between two sentences.
A transition occurs in the second of
two related sentences. Notice the
patterns and punctuation in the
examples. A period (NOT a comma) is
used at the end of the first sentence.
The transition has several possible
position in the second sentence. The
transition is set off from the rest of the
sentence by commas.
COMPARE: A transition (eg,
therefore) has different possible
positions within the second sentence
of a pair. A conjunction (e.g.so) has
only one possible position: between
the two sentences. So cannot move
around in the second sentence as
 therefore can.

Catatan:

Beberapa adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1. Menghilangkan subject dari dependent clause dan verb (be).

Contloh:

a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While Isaw walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b. MODIFYING PHRASES : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2. Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subject dan ubahlah verb
dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk-ing.

Contloh:

c. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

d. MODIFYING PHRASE : . Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi modifying Phrase hanya bila subject dari
adverb claus dan subject dari main clause adalah sama..

Contoh:

1. a. CHANGE POSSIBLE : While I was sitting in class. I fell asleep.

While sitting in class, I fell asleep.

b. CHANGE POSSIBLE : While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep.

While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.

c. NO CHANGE POSSIBLE : While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I

fell asleep.2
2
While lecturing to this class. I fell asleep. "means" While I was lecturing to the class, I fell

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 d. NO CHANGE POSSIBLE : While we were walking home, a frog hopped
across the road in front of us.

(a) CLAUSE: Since Mary came to this
country, she has made many friends
(b) PHRASE: Since coming to this
country, Mary has made many friends.
(c) CLAUSE: After he (had) finished
his home work, he went to bed.
(d) PHRASE: After finishing his home and After he had finished.
work, he went to bed.
(e) PHRASE: After having finished
his home work, he went to bed.
Adverb clauses beginning with after,
before,while, and since can be
changed to modifying phrases.
In (c): There is not difference in
meaning between After he finished
In (d) and (e): There is no difference
in meaning between After finishing
and After having finished.

(f) PHRASE: He went to bed after A modifying phrase may follow the
finishing his home work. main clause,as in (f).

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa)

yang berhubungan. Biasanya di buat dengan menggunakan conjunctions:

if, even if = sekalipun/sungguhan, unless=if…not,

in the even that = seandainya/sekiranya, or in even that.

in case = jikalau, provided (that) or providing (that) = asalkan, on condition that =

dengan syarat.

Ifonly = seandainya, suppose (that) or supposing (that) =

sekiranya/seandainya/jikalau, etc.

Contoh:

1. If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.

asleep."

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2. She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.

3. Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover
such a loss.

4. In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
5. The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off
at once.

6. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all
the necessary informations.

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 BAB III
PENUTUP

A. KESMPULAN
Dari hasil pembahasan diatas maka dapat ditarik beberapa kesimpulan,
yaitu:
1. Clause adalah kelompok kata yang mengandung subject dan predicate.
Clause mungkin berupa sentence (dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu
kalimat: independent clause) atau seperti sentence (tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri: dependent clause) yang berada di dalam complex sentence.
2. Nouns clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Atau dengan
kata lain noun clause juga digunakan atau memiliki fungsi yang sama
sebagai noun (kata benda).
3. Adjective Clause adalah Dependent Clause yang memodifikasi atau
merubah kata benda. Tepatnya menggambarkan, memperkenalkan, atau
memberikan informasi lebih lanjut tentang suatu kata benda (noun).
4. Adverb clauses adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adverbia. Adverb
clause adalah dependent clause (klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri)
yang mengindikasikan bagaimana, kapan, dimana, kenapa, atau dalam
kondisi apa sesuatu terjadi atau bahkan bisa juga untuk mengekspresikan
contrast (perbedaan).

B. SARAN
Adapun Saran penulis sehubungan dengan bahasan makalah ini, kepada
rekan-rekan mahasiswa agar lebih meningkatkan, menggali dan mengkaji lebih
dalam tentang bagaimana pengertian sebuah kalimat, bagian- bagiannya dan
jenis kalimat.

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 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Mas’ud, Fuad. 2010. Essentials of English Geammer a practical guide.

Yogyakarta: BPFE-YOGYAKARTA

Clauses: the Essential Building-Blocks.

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/clauses.htm. Accessed on March 7,
2013.
Clause. http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/clauseterm.htm. Accessed on March 7,
2013.

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