SOUTHEAST ASIA

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 INDONESIA

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INDONESIA • Capital: Jakarta
• Stretches from Sabang to Merauke; sovereign state in Southeast Asia and
Oceania
• Comprises of 13,466 islands with 33 provinces and 1 Special Administrative
Region
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 INDONESIA

• Indonesia consists of hundreds of

distinct native ethnic and linguistic
groups.
• A shared identity has developed,
defined by a national language, ethnic
diversity, religious pluralism within a
majority Muslim population, and a
history of colonialism and rebellion
against it.

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 INDONESIAN
ARCHITECTURE

• Reflects the diversity

of cultural, historical and
geographic influences
• Invaders, colonizers, missionaries,
merchants and traders brought cultural
changes reflected by building styles
and techniques.

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RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES

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 RELIGION

• Architecture focuses on defining terms

that relate to their religions: Islam,
Buddhist, early Indonesia Hindu, and
Balinese Hindu.
• Forms adapted to accommodate pre-
existing Indonesian beliefs and customs
• Architectural heritage influences by
religious are commonly found in Java.

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 RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

• Uniquely Java styles of Hindu, Buddhist

and Islamic styles

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Borubodur,
Borobudur, Central Java Central
 CANDI

• Religious structures with large and

sophisticated, tower-like features
• Built in Java during the peak of
Indonesia’s Great Hindu-Buddhist
Kingdoms (18th-14th Century)
• The earliest surviving Hindu temples in
Java are at the Dieng Plateau, thought
to have originally numbered as many
as 400, only 8 remain today.

9 Complek Candi Arjuna

 CANDI

Dieng Plateau, Batur, Wonosobo, Central

Java
• Dieng structures - small and relatively
plain
• Considered largest and finest example
of Hindu architecture in Java.
• The name “Dieng” comes from Di Hyang
which means “Abode of the Gods”.

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 CANDI PRAMBANAN

Central Java, Indonesia.

• Largest Hindu temple site in Indonesia.
• Typical Hindu architecture
• Towering 47-metre-high (154 ft) central
building inside a large complex of
individual temples

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 CANDI PRAMBANAN

• Built of stone
• Raised on a basement and surmounted
by a stepped pyramidal roof
• Ornamented with relics
• Represents legendary Mount Meru,
which in Hindu-Buddhist mythology is
identified as the residence of the gods.

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 CANDI PRAMBANAN

• Built in the 10th century

• Dedicated to Shiva
• Rising above the center of the last of
these concentric squares are three
temples decorated with reliefs
illustrating the epic of the Ramayana,
dedicated to the great Hindu divinities
(Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma) and three
temples dedicated to the animals who
served them.

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An architectural model of the Prambanan temple complex; originally there were 240 temples in this
temple compound
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 CANDI BOROBUDUR

Central Java, Indonesia.

• Stepped pyramid resting on a base
shaped to represent a mandala
(geometric symbol of the universe.)
• Built in three tiers:
• a pyramidal base (kamadhatu)
• five concentric square terraces
(rupadhatu)
• the trunk of a cone with three
circular platforms and at the top,
a stupa (arupadhatu).
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 BOROBUDUR TEMPLE
COMPLEX

• Borobudur Temple
• Temple of the Countless Buddhas
• Largest Buddhist temple in the world
• Mendut Temple
• Buddha represented by a monolith
with two Bodhisattvas
• Pawon Temple
• A smaller temple
• Inner space does not reveal which
deity might have been the object of
worship.
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MAJAPAHIT EMPIRE

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 MAJAPAHIT PERIOD

• Indonesia’s Classical Era

• Majapahit builders used bricks
and vine sap and palm sugar as
mortar
• Majapahit temples
• Strong geometrical quality with a
sense of verticality achieved using
numerous horizontal lines often
with an almost art-deco sense of
streamlining and proportion

18 Majapahit Hindu Temple

 INDONESIAN MOSQUES

15th century
• Javanese Mosques
• Influenced by Hindu, Buddhist and Chinese architectural
influences
• Lacked the ubiquitous Islamic dome until the 19th century
• Tall timber, multi-level roofs like the pagodas of Balinese
Hindu temples still common today Sultan Suriansyah Mosque in Banjarmasin

19 Menara Kudus Mosque in Kudus

 INDONESIAN MOSQUES

19th Century
• Sultanates of Indonesian archipelago adopted and absorbed
foreign influences of Islamic architecture

Medan Grand Mosque

Bandah Aceh Baiturrahman Grand

20 Mosque
 INDONESIAN MOSQUES

• Gala Mosque, Tembayat

• Grand Mosque, Yogyakarta

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RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES

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 RUMAH ADAT

• The center of a web of customs, social

relations, traditional laws, taboos,
myths, and religions that bind the
villagers together.
• The house provides the focus for the
family and its community and local
activities of its residents.

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 RUMAH ADAT

Characteristics:
• Timber construction
• Varied and elaborate roof structures
• Longhouses on stilts
• Steep sloping roofs and heavy gables
• Built on stilts except for Java and Bali

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 RUMAH ADAT

• Ethnic groups in Indonesia are often

associated with their own distinctive
form of Rumah Adat.
• Villagers build their own homes, or a
community pools its resources for a
structure built under the direction of a
master builder or carpenter.

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 RUMAH JOGLO

• Joglo is a traditional house of Javanese

society, consisting of 2 main sections
namely Pendapa and Ndalem.
• In Kotagede, some joglo traditional
houses are more than 200 years old.

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 RUMAH GADANG

• Traditional Minangkabau house in the

province of West Sumatra.
• Bagonjong or Baanjuang House.
• Built on a plot of land belonging to a
parent family of a particular tribe or
group and is only owned and inherited
from and to the women of that group.

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 RUMAH LIMAS

• Traditional home in Palembang, South

Sumatra.
• Has a pyramid-shaped roof and a
terraced floor called Bengkilas and
only used for the benefit of the family
celebration
• Bari – “old” or “ancient”

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 RUMAH TONGKONAN

• Toraja tribe in South Sulawesi.

• Buffalo - important animal for the
Torajan people, shape of the rooftop
resemble the buffalo horns.
• buffalo horns that hang on the walls
symbolize status, courage, strength and
fighting spirit.
• Tongkonan means ‘to sit together’
facing the north, a direction considered
to be a source of life.

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 COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

• Dutch East Indies

• Favored masonry and brick for building
houses.
• Brought craftsmanship to Indonesia,
building canals with row houses but
failed
• Neoclassical and neo-gothic influenced
architecture, with the inclusion of
columns and verandahs.
• Prominent in the Catholic churches in
Java and its provinces. 30
 JAVANESE HOUSES
Indo-European homes
• Indonesian houses with European trims
In Early 20th Century
• European buildings with Indonesian
trims
• Practical measures from the earlier
Indo-European hybrids
End of 19th Century
• Influenced by international styles
• Includes train stations, business hotels,
factories and office blocks, hospitals
and education institutions 31
 BALI HOUSES

• Colonial rule not as extensive as in Java

• 1906, Dutch gained full control of the
island.
• Munduk, a town amongst plantations
established by the Dutch, is Bali's only
other significant group of colonial
architecture.
• Several mini mansions in the Balinese-
Dutch style still survive today.

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 JENGKI STYLE

• Jengki architecture - style of the post-

independence in 1950–1960.
• Opposed colonial style and the Indies
architecture
• Act of rejection as post-war response to
colonial style
• Represents to Indonesia’s search for
identity in architecture

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