KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah Yang Maha Esa atas berkat, rahmat dan
hidayah-Nyalah sehingga penulisan ini dapat terselasaikan. Acuan Perancangan
berjudul “Sekolah Luar Biasa dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur Perilaku di Kota
Kendari” ini disusun dengan maksud untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat guna
menyelesaikan studi pada Jurusan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Haluoleo.

Ucapan terimakasih kepada dosen pembimbing Ibu Siti Belinda Amri,

ST.MT dan Bapak Arief Saleh Sjamsu,ST.MT atas segala bimbingan dan
arahannya, serta berbagai pihak yang terlibat sehingga penulisan Acauan
Perancangan ini dapat selesai dengan segala kekurangan penulis.

Penulis menyadari bahwa acuan perancangan ini masih jauh dari sempurna,
oleh karena itu saran dari semua pihak yang bersifat membangun selalu
diharapkan demi kesempurnaan Acauan Perancangan ini serta pembelajaran bagi
penulis berikutnya.

Kendari, April 2021

Penulis

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 DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... i

DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ ii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. vi

DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................... 1

A. Latar Belakang ................................................................................................ 1
B. Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................... 3
C. Tujuan dan Sasaran Pembahasan .................................................................... 3
1. Tujuan Pembahasan ................................................................................ 3
2. Sasaran Pembahasan ............................................................................... 4
D. Batasan dan Lingkup Pembahasan ................................................................. 4
1. Batasan Pembahasan ............................................................................... 4
2. Lingkup Pembahasan .............................................................................. 4
E. Metode dan Sistematika Pembahasan ............................................................ 4
1. Metode Pembahasan ............................................................................... 4
2. Sistematika Pembahasan .......................................................................... 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .......................................................................... 6

A. Pengertian Judul .............................................................................................. 6
B. Tinjauan Sekolah Luar Biasa .......................................................................... 6
1. Pengertian Sekolah Luar Biasa ................................................................. 6
2. Standar Perancangan Sekolah Luar Biasa................................................ 8
C. Tinjauan Khusus Arsitektur Perilaku ............................................................. 14
1. Pengertian Arsitektur Perilaku ................................................................ 14
2. Perkembangan Arsitektur Perilaku ......................................................... 15
3. Prinsip – Prinsip Arsitektur Perilaku ...................................................... 17
4. Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Arsitektur Perilaku .................................... 18

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D. Teori Pendukung Arsitektur Perilaku (Behaviorisme)....................................19
1. Tinjauan Teori Behaviorisme ..................................................................19
2. Behaviorisme dalam Arsitektur ...............................................................21
E. Karakteristik Perilaku Penderita Ketunaan .................................................... 23
1. Tunanetra ( Ketunaan Tipe A ) .................................................................23
2. Tunanrungu ( Ketunaan Tipe B ) ..............................................................24
3. Tunagrahita ( Ketunaan Tipe C ) ..............................................................24
4. Tunadaksa ( Ketunaan Tipe D ) ................................................................24
5. Tunaganda ( Ketunaan Tipe E ) ................................................................25
F. Studi Banding................................................................................................. 26
1. SLB Dharma Asih, Pontianak ..................................................................26
2. Hazelwood School, Glasgow .................................................................. 29
3. Kantor Arsitek HMC................................................................................33
4. Resume Studi Banding .............................................................................39
G. Ide Rancangan .................................................................................................40

BAB III TINJAUAN TEMPAT PERENCANAAN ............................................ 42

A. Tinjauan Lokasi ............................................................................................ 42
1. Gambaran Umum Kota Kendari ............................................................ 42
2. Penyandang Disabilitas di Kota Kendari ................................................44
3. Penentuan Lokasi Perencanaan ...............................................................44
B. Tinjauan Khusus Lokasi Perencanaan .......................................................... 47
1. Tinjauan Kecamatan Kambu....................................................................47
2. Proyeksi Jumlah Penyandang Disabilitas ................................................48
C. Urgensi Pengadaan Proyek ........................................................................... 49

BAB IV PENDEKATAN ACUAN PERANCANGAN .......................................50

A. Titik Tolak Acuan Perancangan ......................................................................50
B. Pendekatan Makro Perancangan .....................................................................50
1. Penentuan Lokasi .....................................................................................50
2. Pemilihan Tapak ......................................................................................51
3. Pengolahan Tapak ....................................................................................51
C. Pendekatan Mikro Perancangan ......................................................................63
1. Kebutuhan Ruang.....................................................................................63
2. Pola Hubungan Ruang .............................................................................65

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 3. Organisasi Ruang .....................................................................................67
4. Besaran Ruang .........................................................................................67
D. Pendekatan Fisik dan Perlengkapan Bangunan ..............................................67
1. Bentuk Dasar Bangunan ..........................................................................67
2. Tampilan Bangunan .................................................................................68
3. Tata Massa Bangunan ..............................................................................69
4. Pengkondisian Ruang...............................................................................70
5. Sirkulasi dalam Bangunan .......................................................................74
6. Ruang Dalam ...........................................................................................75
7. Sistem Struktur dan Konstruksi Bangunan ..............................................83
8. Sistem Utilitas dan Kelengkapan Bangunan ............................................88
E. Tinjauan Penerapan Pendekatan Arsitektur Perilaku ......................................95
1. Warna .......................................................................................................95
2. Aspek Spasial ...........................................................................................98
3. Elemen Pembentuk Ruang .......................................................................98
4. Layout dan Zonasi Ruang ........................................................................98
5. Perabot .....................................................................................................98
6. Aksesibilitas .............................................................................................99

BAB V ACUAN PERANCANGAN ..................................................................100

A. Acuan Perancangan Makro ...........................................................................100
1. Penentuan Lokasi ...................................................................................100
2. Pemilihan Tapak ....................................................................................100
3. Pengolahan Tapak ..................................................................................103
B. Acuan Perancangan Mikro ............................................................................115
1. Kebutuhan Ruang...................................................................................115
2. Pola Hubungan Ruang ...........................................................................119
3. Organisasi Ruang ...................................................................................121
4. Besaran Ruang .......................................................................................122
C. Acuan Perancangan Fisik dan Perlengkapan Bangunan ...............................126
1. Konsep Bentuk Dasar ............................................................................126
2. Konsep Tata Massa Bangunan ...............................................................127
3. Konsep Tampilan Bangunan ..................................................................128
4. Konsep Pengkondisian Ruang ...............................................................129

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 5. Konsep Sirkulasi dalam Bangunan ........................................................133
6. Konsep Ruang Dalam ............................................................................135
7. Konsep Pendekatan Perilaku..................................................................136
8. Konsep Sistem Struktur dan Konstruksi Bangunan ...............................139
9. Konsep Utilitas dan Kelengkapan Bangunan ........................................140

BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .............................................................144

1. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................144
2. Saran ......................................................................................................144
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 145
LAMPIRAN .........................................................................................................147

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar II.1. Impilkasi arsitektur perilaku ............................................................17

Gambar II.3. Skema arsitektur membentuk perilaku manusia .............................21
Gambar II.4. Implikasi desain behaviorisme ........................................................22
Gambar II.5. Skema perilaku manusia membentuk arsitektur .............................22
Gambar II.6. Implikasi desain behaviorisme ........................................................22
Gambar II.7. Guiding block .................................................................................24
Gambar II.8. Railing ............................................................................................24
Gambar II.9. Railing pada toilet ..........................................................................25
Gambar II.10. Ramp ............................................................................................25
Gambar II.11. Standar Ramp ...............................................................................25
Gambar II.12. SLB Dharma Asih .........................................................................26
Gambar II.13. SLB Dharma Asih .........................................................................26
Gambar II.14. SLB Dharma Asih .........................................................................27
Gambar II.15. . Denah Lantai 1 ............................................................................28
Gambar II.16. . Denah Lantai 2 ............................................................................28
Gambar II.17. Hazelwood School ........................................................................29
Gambar II.18. Organisasi ruang Hazelwood School ............................................29
Gambar II.19. Pola ruang Hazelwood School ......................................................30
Gambar II.20. Koridor Hazelwood School ..........................................................30
Gambar II.21. Ruang kelas Hazelwood School ...................................................31
Gambar II.22. Ruang keterampilan Hazelwood School .......................................32
Gambar II.23. Siteplan Hazelwood School ..........................................................32
Gambar II.24. Denah Hazelwood School .............................................................32
Gambar II.25. Potongan Hazelwood School ........................................................33
Gambar II.26. Kantor Arsitek HMC .....................................................................33
Gambar II.27. Kantor Arsitek HMC .....................................................................33
Gambar II.28. Ruang Kerja Kantor Arsitek HMC ................................................34
Gambar II.29. Ruang Kerja Kantor Arsitek HMC ................................................34
Gambar II.30. Kantor Arsitek HMC .....................................................................35
Gambar II.31. Kantor Arsitek HMC .....................................................................35
Gambar II.32. Kantor Arsitek HMC .....................................................................37

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Gambar II.33. Kantor Arsitek HMC .....................................................................38
Gambar III.1. Peta Kota Kendari .........................................................................42
Gambar III.2. Persentase luas wilyah kota kendari menurut kecamatan .............43
Gambar III.3. Rencana pola ruang kota Kendari 2010-2030 ................................44
Gambar III.4. Peta administrasi Kecamatan Kambu ............................................47
Gambar III.5. Persentase luas wilayah kecamatan kambu ...................................47
Gambar IV.1. Pencapaian Frontal .........................................................................53
Gambar IV.2. Pencapaian tidak langsung .............................................................54
Gambar IV.3. Pencapaian tidak berputar ..............................................................54
Gambar IV.4. Pedestrian .......................................................................................55
Gambar IV.5. Perkerasan .....................................................................................59
Gambar IV.6. Jalan setapak ..................................................................................59
Gambar IV.7. Bangku Taman ..............................................................................59
Gambar IV.8. Lampu Taman ...............................................................................60
Gambar IV.9. SRP mobil .....................................................................................60
Gambar IV.10. Parkir disabilitas .........................................................................61
Gambar IV.11. SRP bus / truk .............................................................................61
Gambar IV.12. SRP sepeda motor .......................................................................61
Gambar IV.13. Parkir kendaraan 90˚ ...................................................................61
Gambar IV.14. Parkir kendaraan satu sisi 30˚,45˚, dan 60˚ .................................62
Gambar IV.15. Garis Sempadan ..........................................................................62
Gambar IV.16 Pola Ruang Memusat ....................................................................66
Gambar IV.17 Pola Ruang Terarah ......................................................................66
Gambar IV.18 Pola Ruang Bebas .........................................................................66
Gambar IV.19. Tata massa bangunan dengan bentuk terpusat .............................69
Gambar IV.20. Tata massa bangunan dengan bentuk linear.................................69
Gambar IV.21. Tata massa bangunan dengan bentuk radial.................................70
Gambar IV.22. Tata massa bangunan dengan bentuk cluster ...............................70
Gambar IV.23. Tata massa bangunan dengan bentuk grid ...................................70
Gambar IV.24. Pencahayaan alami ......................................................................71
Gambar IV.25. Up-Light ......................................................................................71
Gambar IV.26. Down Light .................................................................................71

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Gambar IV.27. Back Light ...................................................................................72
Gambar IV.28. Side Light ....................................................................................72
Gambar IV.29. Spot Light ....................................................................................72
Gambar IV.30. Flood Light .................................................................................72
Gambar IV.31. Penghawaan alami ......................................................................73
Gambar IV.32. AC central ...................................................................................73
Gambar IV.33. AC Split ......................................................................................74
Gambar IV.34. Exhaust Fan .................................................................................74
Gambar IV.35. Koridor .........................................................................................75
Gambar IV.36. Ramp ............................................................................................75
Gambar IV.37. Tegel ...........................................................................................76
Gambar IV.38. Keramik ......................................................................................76
Gambar IV.39. Teraso ..........................................................................................76
Gambar IV.40. Granit ..........................................................................................77
Gambar IV.41. Marmer ........................................................................................77
Gambar IV.42. Vynil ...........................................................................................77
Gambar IV.43. Parket Kayu .................................................................................78
Gambar IV.44. Karpet ..........................................................................................78
Gambar IV.45. Batu Bata .....................................................................................78
Gambar IV.46. Bata ringan ..................................................................................79
Gambar IV.47. Precast .........................................................................................79
Gambar IV.48.Partisi Gypsum board ...................................................................79
Gambar IV.49. Curtain Wall ................................................................................80
Gambar IV.50. Dinding GRC ..............................................................................80
Gambar IV.51. Tripleks .......................................................................................81
Gambar IV.52. Taekwood ....................................................................................81
Gambar IV.53.Multiplek ......................................................................................81
Gambar IV.54. Plafond Akustik ..........................................................................82
Gambar IV.55.Gypsum ........................................................................................82
Gambar IV.56. Kayu ............................................................................................82
Gambar IV.57. GRC .............................................................................................83
Gambar IV.58. Bentuk modul struktur .................................................................84

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Gambar IV.59. Pondasi Menerus .........................................................................84
Gambar IV.60. Pondasi Foot Plat ........................................................................85
Gambar IV.61.Pondasi Sumuran .........................................................................85
Gambar IV.62. Tiang Pancang .............................................................................85
Gambar IV.63. Struktur rangka ruang .................................................................86
Gambar IV.64. Struktur rangka ruang .................................................................86
Gambar IV.65. Space frame .................................................................................87
Gambar IV.66. Shell ............................................................................................88
Gambar IV.67. Folded plate .................................................................................88
Gambar IV.68. Fire alarm ....................................................................................93
Gambar IV.69. Sprinkle .......................................................................................93
Gambar IV.70. Smoke Detector ...........................................................................93
Gambar IV.71. Fire estinguisher ..........................................................................94
Gambar IV.72. Hydrant .......................................................................................94
Gambar IV.73. CCTV ..........................................................................................94
Gambar IV.74. Warna hangat ...............................................................................96
Gambar IV.75. Warna dingin ................................................................................97
Gambar V.1. Lokasi terpilih ..............................................................................100
Gambar V.2 .Alternatif site ................................................................................101
Gambar V.3. Alternatif 1 ...................................................................................101
Gambar V.4. Alternatif 2 ...................................................................................102
Gambar V.5. Eksisting tapak ..............................................................................103
Gambar V.6. Eksisting tapak .............................................................................103
Gambar V.7. Orientasi Bangunan terhadap Matahari .........................................104
Gambar V.8. Orientasi Bangunan terhadap Matahari .........................................105
Gambar V.9. Orientasi Bangunan terhadap arah angin ......................................105
Gambar V.10. Orientasi Bangunan terhadap arah angin ....................................106
Gambar V.11. Analisis kebisingan terhadap tapak .............................................106
Gambar V.12. Analisis kebisingan terhadap tapak .............................................107
Gambar V.13. Analisis utilitas terhadap tapak ...................................................107

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Gambar V.14. Analisis view terhadap tapak ........................................................108
Gambar V.15. Analisis view terhadap tapak ........................................................108
Gambar V.16. Analisis view terhadap tapak ........................................................109
Gambar V.17. Analisis view terhadap tapak ........................................................109
Gambar V.18. Analisis Sirkulasi..........................................................................110
Gambar V.19. Analisis Sirkulasi..........................................................................111
Gambar V.20. Analisis Soft Material ...................................................................111
Gambar V.21. Analisis Hard Material .................................................................112
Gambar V.22. Analisis fasilitas parkir .................................................................113
Gambar V.23. Analisis fasilitas parkir .................................................................113
Gambar V.24. Analisis garis sempadan ...............................................................114
Gambar V.25. Pola hubungan ruang pengelola ...................................................119
Gambar V.26. Pola hubungan ruang kelas ...........................................................120
Gambar V.27. Pola hubungan ruang pembelajaran khusus .................................120
Gambar V.28. Pola hubungan ruang keterampilan ..............................................120
Gambar V.29. Pola hubungan ruang pembelajaran .............................................120
Gambar V.30. Pola hubungan ruang penunjang ..................................................121
Gambar V.31. Organisasi ruang pengelola ..........................................................121
Gambar V.32. Organisasi ruang pembelajaran ....................................................121
Gambar V.33. Organisasi ruang penunjang .........................................................122
Gambar V.34. Bentuk Dasar ................................................................................126
Gambar V.35. Tata Massa ....................................................................................127
Gambar V.36. Tata Massa ....................................................................................127
Gambar V.37. Tampilan Bangunan .....................................................................128
Gambar V.38. Tampilan Bangunan .....................................................................128
Gambar V.39. Pencahayaan Alami ......................................................................129
Gambar V.40. Lampu fluorescent TL5 ................................................................130
Gambar V.41. Lampu fluorescent ........................................................................130
Gambar V.42. Lampu LED ..................................................................................130
Gambar V.43. Luminer Downlight ......................................................................131
Gambar V.44. Luminer filter cahaya ...................................................................131

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Gambar V.45. Penghawaan Alami .......................................................................132
Gambar V.46. AC Split ........................................................................................132
Gambar IV.47. Exhaust Fan .................................................................................133
Gambar V.48. Sirkulasi Vertikal ..........................................................................133
Gambar V.49. Ramp ............................................................................................134
Gambar V.50. Ramp ............................................................................................134
Gambar V.51. Tangga ..........................................................................................135
Gambar V.52. Tangga ..........................................................................................135
Gambar V.53. Organisasi ruang linear .................................................................137
Gambar V.54. Warna ruang kelas ........................................................................137
Gambar V.55. Warna ruang keterampilan ...........................................................138
Gambar V.56. Sistem Struktur .............................................................................139
Gambar V.57. Skema air bersih ...........................................................................140
Gambar V.58. Skema pembuangan limbah cair...................................................140
Gambar V.59. Skema pembuangan limbah padat ................................................141
Gambar V.60. Instalasi listrik ..............................................................................141
Gambar V.61. Sistem persampahan .....................................................................142
Gambar V.62. Fire alarm .....................................................................................142
Gambar V.63. Tangga darurat ..............................................................................143
Gambar V.64. CCTV ...........................................................................................143

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel II.1. Luas lahan minimum SDLB, SMPLB, dan / atau

SMALB yang bergabung .......................................................................................8
Tabel II.2. Luas lantai bangunan minimum SDLB, SMPLB,
dan/atau SMALB yang bergabung .........................................................................9
Tabel II.3 Kelengkapan Sarana dan Prasarana SDLB, SMPLB,
dan SMALB ...........................................................................................................9
Tabel II.4. Perabot Ruang Bina Diri ....................................................................12
Tabel II.5 Ruang-Ruang Sekolah Dharma Asih ...................................................27
Tabel II.6. Resume Studi Banding .......................................................................39
Tabel III.1. Jumlah Penyandang Disabilitas ........................................................44
Tabel III.2 Arah pengembangan zonasi Kota Kendari ........................................45
Tabel III.3. Batas wilayah Kecamatan Kambu menurut Kelurahan .....................47
Tabel III.4. Luas wilayah Kecamatan Kambu menurut Kelurahan ......................48
Tabel III.5. Data Jumlah Peserta Didik SLB Kota Kendari ..................................48
Tabel III.6. Proyeksi Peserta Didik SLB Kota Kendari ........................................48
Tabel III.7. Data Jumlah Peserta Didik SLB Kota Kendari Berdasarkan
Jenis Ketunaan ......................................................................................................49
Tabel IV.1 Pohon .................................................................................................56
Tabel IV.2 Perdu ..................................................................................................56
Tabel IV.3 Bunga .................................................................................................57
Tabel IV.4 Ground Cover ....................................................................................58
Tabel IV.5. Sarana ruang kelas ............................................................................63
Tabel VI.6.Sarana perpustakaan ..........................................................................64
Tabel IV.7. Sarana ruang pengelola .....................................................................65
Tabel IV.8. Bentuk dasar bangunan .....................................................................68
Tabel IV.9. Karakteristik warna ...........................................................................96
Tabel V.1 Analisa Alternatif Site .......................................................................102
Tabel V.2. Soft Material ....................................................................................112
Tabel V.3 Hard Material ....................................................................................113
Tabel V.4 Kebutuhan Ruang ..............................................................................115
Tabel V.5 Output Kebutuhan Ruang Pengelola ..................................................118

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Tabel V.6 Output Kebutuhan Ruang Pembelajaran ............................................118
Tabel V.7 Output Kebutuhan Ruang Penunjang.................................................119
Tabel V.8. Besaran Ruang Pengelola..................................................................122
Tabel V.9. Besaran Ruang Pembelajaran............................................................123
Tabel V.10. Besaran Ruang Penunjang ..............................................................124
Tabel V.11. Besaran Ruang Parkir......................................................................125
Tabel V.12. Total Besaran Ruang .......................................................................125
Tabel V.13. Luas Lantai Dasar Bangunan ..........................................................125
Tabel V.14 Bahan dan Material ..........................................................................135
Tabel V.15. Perabot ............................................................................................138

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