HUKUM/PRINSIP DASAR

STRATIGRAFI
STRATIGRAFI

Strati (sternere,stratum,strata) = lapisan

Grafi (graphicus) = gambaran
Gambaran lapisan = ilmu yang mempelajari
gambaran lapisan-lapisan batuan
Suatu ilmu yang mempelajari gambaran
serta hubungan antar lapisan batuan dan
dengan batuan lainnya dalam ruang dan
waktu geologi
Gambaran tentang bermacam jenis
batuan dan strukturnya adalah mengikuti
aturan atau pengertian mengenai
hubungan dan kejadian geologinya.
Dalam hal ini adalah letak antara tubuh
batuan, dan sifat hubungannya yang
menyangkut umur, urutan kejadian, dan
sejarah pembentukannya.
hubungan antar lapisan :
- hubungan lateral
- hubungan vertikal

hubungan lateral :
pelamparan lapisan batuan yang mencerminkan
pola perubahan yang dipengaruhi keadaan
cekungan aspek ruang

hubungan vertikal :
hubungan yg mencerminkan kedudukan satu
perlapisan terhadap perlapisan di atas/di
bawahnya aspek waktu
SUPERPOSISI (Steno, 1669).
modified statement :

Law of Superposition : The younger strata at

the top in an undisturbed sequence of
sedimentary rocks (Anthony 1955)

" DALAM KEADAAN NORMAL, SUATU LAPISAN BATUAN

YANG LETAKNYA DIATAS SATUAN LAPISAN YANG LAIN,
SELALU BERUMUR LEBIH MUDA DARIPADA LAPISAN
BATUAN DIBAWAHNYA .
 In an undisturbed rock sequence, the bottom layer of
rock is older than the layer above it, or
The younger strata at the top in an undisturbed
sequence of sedimentary rocks.
Undisturbed strata
Undisturbed strata
Disturbed strata
Disturbed strata
Disturbed strata
Penekanan pada :

- waktu diterjemahkan hubungan yang

bersifat fisik, antar perlapisan

- strata/lapisan, bukan batuan

- kondisi normal, belum mengalami

gangguan
Syncline & Anticline
Plunging Folds
Domes
HORIZONTALITY-KEDATARAN
(Steno, 1669)

Modified statement :

Law of horizontality : Sedimentary strata are

laid down nearly horizontally and are
essentially parallel to the surface upon which
they accumulate (Anthony, 1955)
Lapisan-lapisan sedimen diendapkan mendekati
horisontal dan pada dasarnya sejajar dengan
bidang permukaan dimana lapisan sedimen
tersebut diendapkan
 Akumulasi lapisan-lapisan sedimen adalah
secara vertikal.

Susunan lapisan yang kedudukannya tidak

horisontal berarti telah mengalami
proses geologi lain setelah pengendapannya.
Bidang perlapisan
ORIGINAL CONTINUITY-
KESINAMBUNGAN (Steno, 1669)

Modified statement :
Law of Original continuity : The original continuity
of water-laid sedimentary strata is terminated only
by pinching out against the basin of deposition, at
the time of their deposition (Anthony, 1955)

Lapisan sedimen diendapkan secara menerus dan

bersinambungan (continuity), sampai batas cekungan
sedimentasinya
Lapisan sedimen tidak mungkin terpotong
secara tiba-tiba, dan berubah menjadi batuan
lain dalam keadaan normal
Pada dasarnya hasil suatu pengendapan yakni
bidang perlapisan, akan menerus walaupun
tidak kasat mata.

Pemancungan : - ketidakselarasan
- erosi
- morfologi
 Berhentinya perlapisan akibat ketidakselarasan

Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks
Law of Original Continuity
Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi
Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi
FAUNAL SUCCESSION
urutan fauna (Abbe, 1777)

Fossils differ according to their geological

ages; fossils in lower formations are unlike
those in higher beds (Schenk, 1940, op.cit.,
p. 1753). Fossils faunas and floras succeed
one another in a definite and determinable
order (Anthony, op.cit.,p.89)
Prinsip ini yang mendasari konsep
biostratigrafi yang berkembang menjadi
chronostratigrafi
LAW of FAUNAL SUCCESSION
Fossils occur in a definite, invariable sequence in the geologic
record.
STRATA IDENTIFIED BY FOSSILS
(Smith, 1816)
The practicability of thus distinguishing so great a variety of
materials in the earth, as successively terminate at the surface being
admitted, and their courses delineated in the large map of the Strata
just published; I may now confidently proceed with a general
account of those organized fossils which I found imbedded in each
Stratum, and which first enable me more particularly to distinguish
one Stratum from another (Smith 1816,p.2)
Similar strata contain similar fossils (smith,1817)
Strata can be distinguished by their characteristic fossils
(Woodford 1935, op. cit., p.5-6; Schenck 1940, p. 1754-1755)
Menjelaskan bahwa para ahli geologi pada awalnya menaruh
minat yang sangat besar pada batuan, lapisan serta hubungan
lapisan di lapangan. Pada perkembangannya manusia mulai
tertarik pada urutan lapisan dengan isi fosilnya.
 UNIFORMITARIANISM
(HUTTON, 1785)
In examining things present, we have data from which
to reason with regards to that which is to happen
hereafter. Therefore, upon the superposition that the
operations of nature are equable and steady, we find, in
natural appearances, means for concluding a certain
portion of time to have necessarily elapsed in the
production of these events of which we see the effects
(HUTTON, p.217)
Walaupun kita ketahui bahwa setiap zaman mempunyai
ciri yang tertentu, misalnya Zaman Perm umumnya
panas berbeda dengan zaman sebelumnya, Karbon
yang bersifat lembab, namun proses yang membentuk
semua gejala geologi dapat dikatakan sama.
 HUTTONS DOCTRINE OF UNIFORMITY
( Playfair, 1802 )

Amid all the revolutions of the globe the economy of

Nature has been uniform, and her laws are the only thing
that have resisted the general movement. The rivers and
the rock, the seas, and the continents have been changed
in all their parts; but the laws which describe those
changes, and the rules to which they are subject, have
remained invariably the same
The present is the key to the past
No vestiges of the beginning, no vestiges of the end
Everything changes, only the law of changes does not
change
Perubahan terjadi sangat lambat perubahan besar
Proses di bumi terjadi secara berulang ulang siklus
Bermacam jenis batuan
 Uniformitarianism
MODIFIED STATEMENT
The present is the key to the past"

The processes (plate tectonics, mountain

building, erosion) we see today are believed to
have been occurring since the Earth was
?
formed.
Law of Cross-cutting Relationship
The thing doing the cutting is younger than the thing
being cut.

Find out the cross-cutting

relationship!
Law of Cross-cutting Relationship

How many cross-cutting relationships are there?

 Law of Inclusions
The included rock is older than the rock around it

1. State the principle of inclusions

2. In the above diagrams list the strata, their order of occurrence
from oldest to youngest
3. What is the nature of the contact A-A ?
4. What is the nature of the contact B-B ?
 FACIES ( Greesly, 1836)
The term facies designate the differences, whatever
they may be between formations of the same age; the
differences may be either in petrography composition,
resulting the nature of the substances deposited, or
paleontology differences, resulting from the living
condition of the animal and plant fossils.
Facies are then definitely the different kinds of deposits,
sedimentary or other, which can be produced
simultaneously, at a given geological moment, just as is
the case at the present time. One the speaks of the
various facies of the formation as one would speak of
the different deposits of modern time.
Greesly mulai melihat fosil sebagai bagian dari batuan,
tidak berdiri sendiri sebagaimana peneliti sebelumnya.
River

Deep
Deep
marine
Shallow marine
marine
Deep
Shallow marine
Beach
marine

Shallow
River Beach
marine

Comparison of sediment deposited

 WALTHER LAW HUKUM WALTHER
( Walther, 1894 )
In other words facies that occur in a conformable
vertical core sequences were formed in laterally
adjacent depositional environment.

It is especially important to note as Middletown (

1973 ) pointed out, that Walthers Law applies only
to succession without major erosion or non
depositional breaks. Therefore it is extremely
important to recognize such erosion or non
depositional breaks in vertical sequences.
 Fasies yang pada dasarnya berarti perbedaan ciri
paleontologi dan batuan pada umur yang sama, dalam
prektek pengenalannya di lapangan sulit dikerjakan
pada daerah tropis. Hal ini karena terbatasnya
bentang singkapan. Oleh karena itu pemakaian hukum
Walther ini menolong kita dalam menafsirkan
perubahan fasies yang bersifat lateral dan perubahan
ciri paleontologi dan batuan dalam susunan vertikal.
Tetapi pengertian bahwa perubahan vertikal adalah
sama dengan perubahan fasies adalah pengertian yang
salah, karena susunan vertikal menunjukkan urutan
waktu yang berbeda (superposisi), yang tidak sesuai
dengan pengertian fasies menurut Greesly.
 Walthers Law

Time T2000 Time T0

 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT
SATUAN LITHOSTRATIGRAFI ( Powell, 1888 )

The discrimination between rock stratigraphic

units is essential for the classification and
nomenclature of sedimentary rocks.
Perkembangan stratigrafi selanjutnya menunjukkan
pandangan manusia terhadap hal yang bersifat
praktis, terapan. Ahli pertama dalam hal stratigrafi
yang mengajukan pentingnya terapan adalah
Powell ( 1888 ). Direktur USA Geological Survey di
Amerika.
Jabaran lebih lanjut dapat dibaca pada bab Sandi
Stratigrafi Indonesia.
Lithostratigraphy

A Sand Nonmarine Member X

B Sand Shale Z

Units are defined by lithology

Rock Units vary in space and time
Boundaries are subjective
 Chronostratigraphy

Unconformity and correlative conformity

Downlap surface and correlative conformity
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3

Units based on physically observable stratal surfaces

Units vary in space only
Represent natural stratigraphic divisions (genetically related)
Lithostratigraphy and Chronostratigraphy
Hypothetical Cross Section

Alluvial Plain Foreshore/Upper Shoreface

Coastal Plain Shoreface/Shelf
Correlation Styles
Lithostratigraphic Correlation

Chronostratigraphic Correlation
 STRATRIGRAFI
CEKUNGAN SUMATRA UTARA Contoh Kolom
Stratigrafi :

Potensi BAONG Fm (U-Baong,

M-Baong, L-Baong),
KEUTAPANG FM, &
BELUMAI FM,
sebagai rservoir migas
Contoh Kolom Stratigrafi :

KOLOM
STRATIGRAFI
REGIONAL
CEKUNGAN
SUMATERA
SELATAN
Regional Stratigraphy of Contoh Kolom
Stratigrafi :
the South Sumatra Basin
Contoh Kolom Stratigrafi :

RINGKASAN PLAY
STRATIGRAFI
REGIONAL
CEKUNGAN JAWA
BARAT UTARA
 Stratigraphy of East Java Basin
Contoh Kolom
Stratigrafi :

dominated
Clastic
dominated
Carbonate
 Contoh Kolom Stratigrafi :
KUTAI
KUTAI BASIN
BASIN STRATIGRAPHIC
STRATIGRAPHIC CHART
COLUMN

FORAM-ZONE
PLANKTONIK
Chrono-Stratigraphy Lithostratigraphy Global Relative Change of
Coastal Onlap
M.Yrs System Series Barito Kutai Tarakan (Vail et al., 1977)
W E W EW E Landward Basinward
N 23 0.8
Quarternary Pleistocene Handil Dua Attaka Bunyu N 22
1.65 1.65
cene N 21 3.0
Plio-

Late E L
3.50 N 20
Sepinggan Lst 4.2
N 19

TB 3
Kampung Baru Tarakan N 18
5.20 5.5
Dahor N 17
NEOGENE

Domaring N 16

Balikpapan
Tabul N 15

Group
10.20 N 14 10.20 10.2
Meruo
Middle

Meliat N 13
Miocene

N 12 12.5
Meliat Ss
Warukin N 11

TB 2
13.8
Latih N 10
N9
15.5
Pulau Balang N8
16.20 16.5
Naintupo N7
Bebulu N6
Early

Tuballar

Klinjau
20.00
N5 20.00 21.0
T E R T I A R Y

22.0

TB 1
N4

25.20 25.5
Late

26.5
Oligocene

P 22
Pamaluan
Berai Mesaloi 28.4
Marah
P 21
30.00 30.00 30.0
Late Early

P 20
P 19 33.0

TA 4
Seilor
Atan Beds
PALEOGENE

P 18
36.00 36.0
P 17
37.0
P 16
38.0
Sujau P 15
39.40 39.40 39.4
P 14

?
Eocene

P 13
Middle

Sembakung

TA 3
Batu Ayau P 12 42.5
? ? ?
? P 11
44.0

Tanjung
P 10
48.5
49.00 ? P9 49.00
Early

Keham Halo P8

TA 2
P7

54.00 P6
? P5
Paleo-

Late
cene

P4

P3
109.50 109.5
+++++ ++++ +++++
PRE-TERTIARY +++++ +++++ +++++ From IPA, 1998
TARAKAN BASIN STRATIGRAPHIC CHART Contoh Kolom Stratigrafi :
Maturnuwun