PRINSIP DASAR

STRATIGRAFI

PRINSIP DASAR STRATIGRAFI

Gambaran tentang bermacam jenis
batuan dan strukturnya adalah mengikuti
aturan atau pengertian mengenai
hubungan dan kejadian geologinya.
Dalam hal ini adalah letak antara tubuh
batuan, dan sifat hubungannya yang
menyangkut umur, urutan kejadian, dan
sejarah pembentukannya.

BEBARAPA PRINSIP DASAR STRATIGRAFI

YANG PENTING :
1. HUKUM STENO
a. SUPERPOSISI
b. HORISONTALITAS/KEDATARAN
c. KESINAMBUNGAN
2 UNIFORMITARIANISME
3. HUKUM WALTHER
4. FASIES

HUKUM-HUKUM STENO
(1669)
a. SUPERPOSISI

Modified statement
Law of Superposition : The younger strata at the top in
an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks (Anthony,
1955)
" DALAM KEADAAN NORMAL, SUATU LAPISAN BATUAN YANG
LETAKNYA DIATAS SATUAN LAPISAN YANG LAIN, SELALU BERUMUR
LEBIH MUDA DARIPADA LAPISAN BATUAN DIBAWAHNYA .

In an undisturbed rock sequence, the bottom layer of rock

is older than the layer above it, or
The younger strata at the top in an undisturbed sequence of
sedimentary rocks.

Undisturbed strata

Disturbed strata

Disturbed strata

Penekanan pada :
- waktu diterjemahkan hubungan
yang bersifat fisik, antar perlapisan
- strata/lapisan, bukan batuan
- kondisi normal, belum mengalami
gangguan

b. HORISONTALITAS / KEDATARAN
Modified statement :
Law of Horizontality Sedimentary strata are laid down
nearly horizontally and are essentially parallel to the
surface upon which they accumulate (Anthony, 1955)
- Lapisan-lapisan sedimen diendapkan mendekati
horisontal dan
pada dasarnya sejajar dengan bidang permukaan dimana
lapisan sedimen tersebut diendapkan.
-Akumulasi lapisan-lapisan sedimen adalah secara vertikal.
- Susunan lapisan yang kedudukannya tidak horisontal
berarti
telah mengalami proses geologi lain setelah
pengendapannya.

c. KESINAMBUNGAN
Modified statement :
Law of Original continuity : The original continuity of
water-laid sedimentary strata is terminated only by
pinching out against the basin of deposition, at the time of
their deposition (Anthony, 1955)
Lapisan sedimen diendapkan secara menerus dan
bersinambungan (continuity), sampai batas cekungan
sedimentasinya
Lapisan sedimen tidak mungkin terpotong secara tiba-tiba,
dan berubah menjadi batuan lain dalam keadaan normal
Pada dasarnya hasil suatu pengendapan yakni bidang
perlapisan, akan menerus walaupun tidak kasat mata
Pemancungan : Ketidakselarasan, erosi, morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat ketidakselarasan

Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi

Berhentinya perlapisan akibat

UNIFORMITARIANISM (HUTTON., 1785):

Peneliti lain yang mempunyai sumbangan penting dalam stratigrafi
adalah JAMES HUTTON (1785).
Original statement
" In examining things present, we have data from which to reason
with regards to that which is to happen hereafter. Therefore, upon
the superposition that the operations on nature are equable and
steady, we rind, in natural appearances, means for concluding a
certain portion of time to have necessarily elapsed in the production
of these events of which we see the effects (Hutton, p.217)
Modified statement " The Present is the Key to the Past
Keterangan:
Walaupun kita ketahui bahwa setiap zaman mempunyai ciri yang
tertentu, misalnya ZAMAN PERM : umumnya beriklim panas, dan ini
berbeda dengan iklim zaman sebelumnya yaitu ZAMAN, KARBON :
dimana mempunyai iklim lebih bersifat lembab, namun prosesproses yang membentuk semua gejala Geologi dapat dikatakan
sama.
Proses di bumi terjadi secara berulang-ulang, membentuk suatu
SIKLUS.

 MODIFIED STATEMENT
The present is the key to the past"

The processes (plate tectonics, mountain

building, erosion) we see today are believed to
have been occurring since the Earth was formed.

HUTTONS DOCTRINE OF UNIFORMITY

( Playfair, 1802 )
No vestiges of the beginning, no vestiges of the
end
Everything changes, only the law of changes does
not change
Perubahan terjadi sangat lambat perubahan
besar
Proses di bumi terjadi secara berulang ulang
siklus
Bermacam jenis batuan

F A C I E S (Greeslv. 1836)
Pada tahun 1836 seorang ahli dari SWISS bernama A.
GREESLY menyebutkan caranya sendiri dalam mempelajari
batuan.
Modified statement
" The term facies designates the differences, whatever they
may be between formations of the same age; the differences
may be either in petrographic composition. resulting the nature
of the substances deposited, or paleontologic differnces,
resulting from the living conditions of the animal and plant
fossils ".
" FACIES are then difinitely the different kinds of deposite,
sedimentary or other, which can be produced simultaneously,
at a given geological moment, just as is the case at the present
time. One then speaks of the various facies of a formation as
one would speak of the different deposits of modern times ".
Keterangan .
Greesly mulai melihat fosil sebagai bagian batuan, tidak

River

Shallow
marine

Deep
Deep
marine
marine

Beach

Shallow
marine

River

Beach

Comparison of sediment deposited

Deep
marine

Shallow
marine

WALTHER LAW (Walther, 1894)

Modified statement
" In other words facies that occur in a conformable vertical core
sequence were formed in laterally adjacent depositional environment ".
Note
" It is specialty important to note as MIDDELTON (1973) pointed
out, that Walther's Law applies only to successions without major
erosional or non depositional breaks. There it is extremely important to
recognize such erosional or non depositional breaks in a vertical
sequence".
Keterangan
FASIES yg pada dasarnya berarti perbedaan ciri paleontologi dan
batuan pada umur yg sama, namun dalam praktek pengenalannya di
lapangan sulit dikerjakan pada daerah tropis. Hal ini karena
terbatasnya bentang singkapan. Oleh karena itu pemakaian Hukum
Walther ini menolong kita dalam menafsirkan perubahan fasies yg
bersifat lateral dan perubahan ciri paleontologi dan batuan dalam
susunan vertikal. Tetapi pengertian bahwa perubahan vertikal
adalah sama dgn perubahan fasies adalah pengertian yg salah,
karena susunan vertikal menunjukkan urutan waktu yg berbeda
(superposisi), yg tdk sesuai dgn pengertian facies menurut GREESLY.

Walthers Law

Time T2000

Time T0

Lithostratigraphy

A Sand

Nonmarine Member X

B Sand

Shale Z

Units are defined by lithology

Rock Units vary in space and time
Boundaries are subjective

Chronostratigraphy

Unconformity and correlative conformity

Downlap surface and correlative conformity
Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3

Units based on physically observable stratal surfaces

Units vary in space only
Represent natural stratigraphic divisions (genetically related)

Lithostratigraphy and
Chronostratigraphy
Hypothetical Cross Section

Alluvial Plain

Foreshore/Upper Shoreface

Coastal Plain

Shoreface/Shelf

Correlation Styles
Lithostratigraphic Correlation

Chronostratigraphic Correlation

B io s tr a tig r a p h y v s L it h o s tr a t ig r a p h y a n d C h r o n o s tr a tig r a p h y
H y p o t h e t ic a l M ic r o fo s s il S ig n a tu r e o f C y c lic D e p o s itio n
S P E C IE S D IS T R IB U T IO N C H A R T

TO TA L
ABUNDANCE
T O TA L
D IV E R S I T Y

# NEW
T E R T IA R Y R E W O R K E D
ABUNDANCE
FORAM /
AGE
M E S O Z O IC
U V IG E R IN A
NANNO
P E R E G R IN A
NANNOS
NANNOS
TO PS

PA LE O B AT H Y M ET RY
GAM MA
RAY

SEQ U EN CE
SC ALE

SM W

ACM E
ZO NE
M A X IM U M F L O O D IN G S U R F A C E

MFS

H ST

* L A D S. A B IE S

TST
LSW

* FA D D . TA M A L IS
TRO UGH
T RU NC ATE

C O N D E N S E D S E C T IO N

M FS

PEAK

SEQU ENCE
BO U ND RARY

PEAK

BFF

B A S IN W A R D S H IF T = S E Q U E N C E B O U N D A R Y

F L O O D IN G S U R FA C E

F L O O D IN G S U R FA C E

H ST

PAR AS EQ U E NC E
SCA LE
F L O O D IN G
SU R FA C E
F L O O D IN G S U R F A C E

D IS T A N C E
NOTE
D IA C H R O N O U S
A F T E R H A Q , 1991
M O D I F I E D B Y R F W 7 /0 2