HUKUM/PRINSIP DASAR

STRATIGRAFI
Stratigraphy
• The study of strata (layers) of rocks with an eye
toward interpreting the geologic history of the
region

• Closely tied to dating methods

• Uses a variety of methods - fossils, stable isotopes,

paleomagnetics, sedimentary cycles - to correlate
and distinguish layers

• Very important for oil exploration and mining

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Basin Analysis
 Use stratigraphic methods to work out
sequence and timing of deposition of
rocks
• usually sedimentary
 Synthesis of data from multiple disciplines
• sedimentology to determine environment of
deposition
• paleontology to get time

 Used to be main objective

• Petroleum industry 3
Correlation
Correlation is determining
that rocks are the same
formation (may mean rocks
are the same age)

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CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY

Geochronological units

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STRATIGRAFI

 Strati (sternere,stratum,strata) = lapisan

 Grafi (graphicus) = gambaran
 Gambaran lapisan = ilmu yang mempelajari
gambaran lapisan-lapisan batuan
 Suatu ilmu yang mempelajari gambaran
serta hubungan antar lapisan batuan dan
dengan batuan lainnya dalam ruang dan
waktu geologi
Gambaran tentang bermacam jenis
batuan dan strukturnya adalah mengikuti
aturan atau pengertian mengenai
hubungan dan kejadian geologinya.
Dalam hal ini adalah letak antara tubuh
batuan, dan sifat hubungannya yang
menyangkut umur, urutan kejadian, dan
sejarah pembentukannya.
hubungan antar lapisan :
- hubungan lateral
- hubungan vertikal

hubungan lateral :
pelamparan lapisan batuan yang mencerminkan
pola perubahan yang dipengaruhi keadaan
cekungan  aspek ruang

hubungan vertikal :
hubungan yg mencerminkan kedudukan satu
perlapisan terhadap perlapisan di atas/di
bawahnya  aspek waktu
SUPERPOSISI (Steno, 1669).
modified statement :

Law of Superposition : The younger strata at

the top in an undisturbed sequence of
sedimentary rocks (Anthony 1955)

" DALAM KEADAAN NORMAL, SUATU LAPISAN BATUAN

YANG LETAKNYA DIATAS SATUAN LAPISAN YANG LAIN,
SELALU BERUMUR LEBIH MUDA DARIPADA LAPISAN
BATUAN DIBAWAHNYA .
 In an undisturbed rock sequence, the bottom layer of
rock is older than the layer above it, or
 The younger strata at the top in an undisturbed
sequence of sedimentary rocks.
Undisturbed strata
Undisturbed strata
Disturbed strata
Disturbed strata
Disturbed strata
Penekanan pada :

- waktu diterjemahkan hubungan yang

bersifat fisik, antar perlapisan

- strata/lapisan, bukan batuan

- kondisi normal, belum mengalami

gangguan
Syncline & Anticline
Plunging Folds
Domes
HORIZONTALITY-KEDATARAN
(Steno, 1669)

 Modified statement :

 Law of horizontality : Sedimentary strata are

laid down nearly horizontally and are
essentially parallel to the surface upon which
they accumulate (Anthony, 1955)
 Lapisan-lapisan sedimen diendapkan mendekati
horisontal dan pada dasarnya sejajar dengan
bidang permukaan dimana lapisan sedimen
tersebut diendapkan
 Akumulasi lapisan-lapisan sedimen adalah
secara vertikal.

 Susunan lapisan yang kedudukannya tidak

horisontal berarti telah mengalami
proses geologi lain setelah pengendapannya.
Bidang perlapisan
ORIGINAL CONTINUITY-
KESINAMBUNGAN (Steno, 1669)

 Modified statement :
 Law of Original continuity : The original continuity
of water-laid sedimentary strata is terminated only
by pinching out against the basin of deposition, at
the time of their deposition (Anthony, 1955)

Lapisan sedimen diendapkan secara menerus dan

bersinambungan (continuity), sampai batas cekungan
sedimentasinya
Lapisan sedimen tidak mungkin terpotong
secara tiba-tiba, dan berubah menjadi batuan
lain dalam keadaan normal
Pada dasarnya hasil suatu pengendapan yakni
bidang perlapisan, akan menerus walaupun
tidak kasat mata.

Pemancungan : - ketidakselarasan
- erosi
- morfologi
 Berhentinya perlapisan akibat ketidakselarasan

Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks
Law of Original Continuity
Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi
Berhentinya perlapisan akibat erosi/morfologi
FAUNAL SUCCESSION
urutan fauna (Abbe, 1777)

 Fossils differ according to their geological

ages; fossils in lower formations are unlike
those in higher beds (Schenk, 1940, op.cit.,
p. 1753). Fossils faunas and floras succeed
one another in a definite and determinable
order (Anthony, op.cit.,p.89)
 Prinsip ini yang mendasari konsep
biostratigrafi yang berkembang menjadi
chronostratigrafi
Principle of Faunal Succession:
Sedimentary rock strata are observed to contain fossilized flora and
fauna, and that these fossil forms succeed each other in a specific,
reliable order that can be identified over wide distances.
LAW of FAUNAL SUCCESSION
 Fossils occur in a definite, invariable sequence in the geologic
record.
Overlapping ranges within an Oppel
zone
Biostratigraphy: the characterization
and correlation of rock units on the basis
of their fossil content.
Stratigraphic paleontology: the study
of fossils and their distributions in
various geologic formations.
STRATA IDENTIFIED BY FOSSILS
(Smith, 1816)
 The practicability of thus distinguishing so great a variety of
materials in the earth, as successively terminate at the surface being
admitted, and their courses delineated in the large map of the Strata
just published; I may now confidently proceed with a general
account of those organized fossils which I found imbedded in each
Stratum, and which first enable me more particularly to distinguish
one Stratum from another (Smith 1816,p.2)
 “Similar strata contain similar fossils” (smith,1817)
 Strata can be distinguished by their characteristic fossils
(Woodford 1935, op. cit., p.5-6; Schenck 1940, p. 1754-1755)
 Menjelaskan bahwa para ahli geologi pada awalnya menaruh
minat yang sangat besar pada batuan, lapisan serta hubungan
lapisan di lapangan. Pada perkembangannya manusia mulai
tertarik pada urutan lapisan dengan isi fosilnya.
Biocorrelation: the correlation of lithostratigraphic units on the basis of their
fossil contents.
Correlation on the basis of taxon-range and
interval biozones