PENAAKULAN MATEMATIK

MTES3023
4. Aplikasi penaakulan Dalam Sukatan
dan Geometri
Minggu 11

FLORENCE TEO TZE CHIN

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 HASIL PEMBELAJARAN KURSUS:

1. Menjustifikasi prosedur matematik melalui

penaakulan matematik dalam bidang Sukatan dan
Geometri.
(C5, A4, PLO1, PLO3, CTPS5)

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 4. APLIKASI PENAAKULAN DALAM
SUKATAN DAN GEOMETRIK2J T1J IBB 2
Poligon Cembung dan Bulatan
Mengesahkan perkaitan yang wujud
- di antara segitiga sama kaki dan segitiga
sama sisi
- antara segiempat sama, segiempat tepat,
rombus, segiempat selari, trapezoid dan
lelayang

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 4. APLIKASI PENAAKULAN DALAM
SUKATAN DAN GEOMETRIK2J T1J IBB 2
Prisma, Piramid, Kon, Silinder dan Sfera
membanding beza prisma, piramid, kon,
silinder dan sfera
mengesahkan bentangan bagi prisma,
piramid, kon dan silinder
mengesahkan perkaitan yang wujud antara
kubus, kuboid dan prisma

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Model Van Hiele dalam pembelajaran Geometri
-5 peringkat hirarki memahami ruang
1. Visualisasi penggambaran rupa bentuk ciri
- Dapat kelompokkan serupa
2. Analisis melihat kelompok/kategori,
- ada perbandingan
- Dapat perihalkan ciri-ciri suatu bentuk
3. Deduksi secara tidak formal- berfikir ciri-ciri bentuk
hubungan - menaakul
- Dapat memperihalkan hubungan antara ciri-ciri
geometri sesuatu bentuk.
4. Deduksi-hubungan antara ciri-ciri bentuk - hukum
- dapat sistem deduksi aksiom geometri
5. Ketegasan (rigor)- sistem deduksi aksiom geometri
- dapat membanding beza sistem aksiom berbeza
(Fokus pada 3 peringkat pertama model Van Hiele)
SEGI TIGA

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Segitiga sama kaki dan Segitiga sama sisi

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Segitiga sama kaki dan Segitiga sama sisi

Segi tiga sama kaki Segi tiga sama sisi

- 2 sisi kongruen /
sama panjang
- 1 sisi tapak (base) - 3 sisi sama kongruen/
- 2 sudut pada tapak panjang
konguen/ sama - 3 sudut kongruen/
besar ukuran sama besar
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Theorem #8:Base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent.
Isosceles triangles
T E
P
Z

G
D
Q V M

Corollary #8-1:The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle

bisects the base.

Corollary #8-2:
The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is x
perpendicular to the base.

In other words: The median, altitude and angle bisector from the vertex of
an isosceles triangle are all the same segment.
Corollary #8-3:Every equilateral triangle is equiangular.

Equilateral Triangles
B B B
Or Or

A C A C A C

A C A B B C

A B C
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Aim: What theorems apply to isosceles and equilateral
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triangles?
K
Do Now:
Given:
AKC is isosceles with KA KC
KB bisects AKC A
C
B
Prove:
A C
Statements Reasons
1) KA KC 1) Given

2) KB bisects AKC 2) Given

3) AKB CKB 3) Def. angle bisector

4) KB KB 4) Reflexive Postulate

5) AKB CKB 5) S.A.S. Postulate

6) A C Geometry Lesson:
6)
Isosceles and Equilateral
Triangle Theorems
C.P.C.T.C.
EX: ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
If the following pairs of segments are congruent, which
angles are congruent.
L

1) LD LK Ans: D K
2) QL QT Ans : QTL QLT Q

3) QT FT Ans : TQF TFQ D K

F T
4) FL TL Ans : LFT LTF

GEOMETRY LESSON:
ISOSCELES AND EQUILATERAL 12
TRIANGLE THEOREMS
 V
EX: PROOF W/ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
Given:
Isosceles VRK with VR VK T A

M is the midpoint of RK R
M
K
TMR AMK
Prove:
MT MA
Statements Reasons
1) VR VK 1) Given

2) R K 2) Base 's of isosc. 's are .

3) M is the midpoint of RK 3) Given
4) MR MK 4) Def. Of midpoint

5) TMR AMK 5) Given

6) TMR AMK 6) A.S.A. Postulate

7) MT MA 7) C.P.C.T.C
GEOMETRY LESSON:
ISOSCELES AND EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE THEOREMS
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PROOFS W/ISOSCELES TRIANGLES D
1) Given:
Isosceles RDV with RD RV R T
Isosceles TDV with TD TV
Prove:
RDT RVT M V
2) Given:
Isosceles MGD with MG MD
GHTD , x y y x
Prove:
MHT is isosceles
G D
H T
A
3) Given:
Isosceles ALE with AL AE
QL NE , PQ AL, PN AE Q N
Prove:
QPL NPE L P E
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ALGEBRA W/ISOSCELES TRIANGLES
4) Isosceles ABC has AB CB. If AB 7 x 2,
and CB 4 x 20, determine AB and CB.

5) Isosceles ABC has AB AC. If AB 8 x 8,

AC 6 x 38, and BC 3x 24 determine AB,
AC and BC.

GEOMETRY LESSON:
ISOSCELES AND EQUILATERAL 15
TRIANGLE THEOREMS
SEGI EMPAT

16
 Trapezium
Kite

Parallelogram

NAMES
Properties of
Quadrilaterals
Rhombus

Rectangle
Square
 Trapezium
Kite

SIDES
1 pair of
parallel sides
2 pairs of 2 pairs of
equal sides parallel sides
and opposite
sides equal.

Parallelogram
Sides

Rhombus

2 pairs of 2 pairs of
parallel sides parallel sides
and all 2 pairs of and opposite
sides equal. parallel sides sides equal.
and all
sides equal.
Rectangle
Square
 Trapezium
Kite

One opposite Opposite

pair of equal angles are
angles equal.

Parallelogram
ANGLE
Angles

Rhombus
S

Opposite All angles are

angles are right angles
equal. All angles are (90o)
right angles
(90o)
Rectangle
Square
 Trapezium
Kite Diagonals
bisect

Diagonals
cross at
right angles
DIAG Parallelogram

ONAL
Diagonals
Diagonals
Rhombus
S equal

Diagonals bisect

Diagonals bisect Rectangle

at right angles Square
at right angles
 Trapezium
Kite

Parallelogram
Sides, angles
ALLand
THREE
diagonals
Rhombus

Rectangle
Square
 Trapezium
Kite

Parallelogram
REF
Reflective
Symmetry
Rhombus SYMM

Rectangle
Square
 Trapezium
Kite

Order 2

Parallelogram
ROT
Rotational
Symmetry
Rhombus SYMM

Order 2 Order 2

Order 4 Rectangle
Square
 General Trapezium Isosceles Trapezium

One pair of
equal sides
and two pairs
of equal
angles.

TRAP
EZIU
Angles
Right-angled Trapezium
Right-angled Trapezium
M1
 General Trapezium Isosceles Trapezium

Diagonals of
equal length

TRAP
EZIU
Diagonals
Right-angled Trapezium
Right-angled Trapezium
M2
 General Trapezium Isosceles Trapezium

TRAP
EZIU
Reflective
Symmetry Right-angled Trapezium
Right-angled Trapezium
M3
 Trapezium
Kite

Parallelogram
Properties of

Rhombus
Quadrilaterals
WORKSHEET
1

Rectangle
Square
Name Sides Angles Diagonals

WORKSHEET 2
 THEOREM

The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.

 THEOREM

The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

 THEOREM 5-14

Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects two angles of the

rhombus.
 THEOREM 5-15

The midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right angle is equidistant

from the three vertices.
 THEOREM 5-16

If an angle of a parallelogram is a right angle, then the

parallelogram is a rectangle.
 THEOREM 5-17

If two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are congruent,

then the parallelogram is a rhombus.
PROVE PART A OF THE PROPERTIES OF A KITE THEOREM

Given: ABCD is a kite. Prove: AC bisects DAB

and DCB
D

A C

B
4 . 5 : P R O V I N G Q U A D R I L AT E R A L P R O P S
 PROPERTIES OF A PARALLELOGRAM THEOREM

Prove part a.
Given: ABCD is a parallelogram.
Prove: ABC CDA

B C

A D
9/24/2017 4 . 5 : P R O V I N G Q U A D R I L AT E R A L P R O P S
DEFINISI PEPEJAL
Objek tiga dimensi (3D)

lebar, kedalaman dan

tinggi.

Contoh: sfera, kubus,

piramid dan silinder.

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HURAIKAN CIRI BENTUK 3 DIMENSI

Face -
Muka rata
Permukaan
rata bentuk
pepejal

Edge- sisi
Garis yang
dikongsi dua
muka

Vertex - bucu
Titik pertemuan di kongsi beberapa sisi
connect the edges
KUBUS
SILINDE
R
KON
PIRAMI
D
PRISMA
Bentuk muka sisi bucu bentangan Bentuk
3-D 2-D

kubus
kuboid
kon
silinder
Pirami
d
Prisma
Sfera
KUBUS
 IA KUBUS.
ADA 6 MUKA
SEMUA MUKA SEGI EMPAT
SAMA
ADA 8 BUCU
ADA 12 SISI SAMA PANJANG
KUBOID
 IA KUBOID
ADA 6 MUKA
TIDAK SEMUA MUKA SAMA
SAIZE.
ADA 8 BUCU
ADA 12 SISI
 IT HAS 1 CURVED
FACES
IT HAS NO CORNER
AND NO EDGES
IA SFERA
PERBEZAAN ANTARA 2 PEPEJAL
 PERBEZAAN KUBUS DAN
KUBOID

Semua muka kubus adalah sama teatpi

semua muka kuboid tidak sama
PERBEZAAN ANTARA 2 PEPEJAL
PERBEZAAN SILINDER DAN PIRAMID

Cylinder has curve face but pyramid do not

has curve face.
Pyramid has 5 flat face but cylinder has 2
flat face only.
Pyramid has corner but cylinder do not has
corner.
Pyramid has 8 edge but cylinder has 2 edge
only.
PERBEZAAN ANTARA 2 PEPEJAL
 PERBEZAAN KON DAN SFERA

Cone have one flat face but sphere do not

have flat face
Cone has corner but sphere do not has
corner.
Cone has edge but sphere do not has edge.
Sphere has curve face but cone do not has
curve face.
 Tetrahedron:
3 segi tiga pada bucu: 3*60 = 180 darjah

Ochtahedron:
4 segi tiga pada bucu: 4*60 = 240 darjah

Icosahedron:
5 segi tiga pada bucu: 5*60 = 300 darjah

Cube:
3 segi empat sama pada bucu: 3*90 = 270 darjah

Dodecahedron:
3 pentagrams pada bucu: 3*108 = 324 darjah

BOLEH KAH ADA POLIHEDRA PLATONIK

YANG LAIN? KENAPA?
 LATIHAN

Latihan M11-1

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 ISL M11

1. Rumuskan bacaan rujukan berkaitan

2. Kenalpasti dan kumpulkan contoh-contoh bentuk 2D dan 3D
yang wujud di persekitaran
3. Banding bezakan definisi dan ciri-ciri pelbagai poligon dan
bulatan, prisma, piramid, kon, silinder dan sfera
4. Cari 3 soalan aras tinggi berkaitan pembuktian segi tiga dan
segi empat.
5. Bina kerangka straw prisma dan piramid atau dengan lain
bahan konkrit
6. Lukis perwakilan 2-dimensi bagi pelbagai prisma dan piramid
pada kertas bintik isometri. Contoh:

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 TUTORIAL M11

1. Bentang rumuskan ringkas bacaan rujukan berkaitan

2. Bentangkan contoh-contoh bentuk 2D dan 3D yang wujud di
persekitaran
3. Banding bezakan definisi dan ciri-ciri pelbagai poligon dan
bulatan, prisma, piramid, kon, silinder dan sfera
4. Bentang 3 soalan aras tinggi berkaitan pembuktian segi tiga
dan segi empat berserta penyelesaian
5. Tunjuk binaan kerangka straw prisma dan piramid atau dengan
lain bahan konkrit
6. Tunjukkan lukisan perwakilan 2-dimensi bagi pelbagai prisma
dan piramid pada kertas bintik isometri. Contoh:

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 RUJUKAN

Long, C. T., DeTemple, D. W., & Millman, R. S. (2015). Mathematical reasoning

for elementary teachers. Boston, MA: Pearso
Billstein, R., Libeskind, S., & Lott, J. (2013). A problem solving approach to
mathematics for elementary school teachers (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
http://www.google.com/url?url=http://mathstory.com/geometrylessons/Lesson
16_IsocelesAndEquilateralTriangles.ppt&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&v
ed=0CEMQFjAMahUKEwjYroPCxtPHAhVVC44KHVLqBCs&usg=AFQjC
NHCaI6LBk5rmDR2TRE-nAHXMqJC2w
https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/solid.html
http://www.greatmathsteachingideas.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/03/Making-3D-Shapes.pdf
https://www.nvnet.org/~price/S07A4DA97.9/Geometric%20Solids.pdf
http://new.math.uiuc.edu/public402/Hvidsten.pdf

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Terima Kasih

Pepejal
Archimedes

Pepejal
Platonik

Archimedian polyhedra