Analisis Struktur III

4. Metode Fleksibilitas pada RANGKA BATANG (TRUSS)

1. Pada ilustrasi di atas, terdapat 4 buah reaksi tumpuan ( RAV , RAH , RCH , RDV ) dan
hanya ada 3 persamaan kesetimbangan (=
∑ M 0,= ∑ H 0 ) , sehingga
∑V 0,=
ada 1 buah kelebihan reaksi yang harus direduksi.
• Beban luar bekerja sebesar 15 kN vertikal ke bawah pada joint E.
• Terdapat 5 buah joint ( A, B, C, D, E ) dan mempunyai 2 persamaan
kesetimbangan = ( ∑V 0,= ∑ H 0 ) tiap jointnya, sehingga ada 10
persamaan dalam rangka batang tersebut.
• Terdapat 4 reaksi tumpuan dan 8 buah gaya batang yang belum
diketahui, sehingga ada 12 komponen gaya yang harus dihitung.

2. Ingatlah bahawa pada prinsipnya, apapun yang dilakukan pada struktur

haruslah dikondisikan agar struktur tersebut STATIS TERTENTU dan
STABIL/SEIMBANG. Agar seimbang dan stabil, 2 buah kelebihan reaksi/gaya
harus direduksi, sehingga struktur menjadi statis tertentu.

3. Reaksi tumpuan telah kelebihan 1, maka kelebihan yang satunya harus diambil
pada gaya batang. Sehingga diambil sebagai redundant adalah RCH sebagai R1
dan gaya batang BC sebagai R2.

Program Studi Teknik Sipil - UNIPA 15

Analisis Struktur III

4. Apabila reaksi RCH dihilangkan, maka akan terjadi displacement atau

perpindahan horosontal sebesar ∆1 di joint C. Dan apabila gaya batang BC
ditiadakan maka akan ada perpindahan pada celah CB sebesar ∆ 2 . Oleh karena
itu R1 dan R2 yang akan dihitung harus sedemikian sehingga perpindahan-
perpindahan tersebut = 0.

5. Langkah selanjutnya adalah menghitung Reaksi Tumpuan dan Gaya Batang

pada struktur terlepas tersebut akibat pengaruh Gaya Luar 15 kN, dan diberi
simbol N. Perhitungan reaksi tumpuan menggunakan persamaan kesetimbangan
biasa karena struktur sudah statis tertentu, sedangkan perhitungan gaya batang
menggunakan Metode of Joints ( Mekanika Teknik I).

6. Selanjutnya dihitung Reaksi Tumpuan dan Gaya Batang pada struktur terlepas
tersebut akibat pengaruh Gaya 1 satuan yang selaras dengan R1 (Gaya 1
satuan ini adalah pemisalan), dengan anggapan R2 = 0, dan diberi simbol n1.
Perhitungan reaksi tumpuan dan gaya batang sama seperti saat menghitung N.

Program Studi Teknik Sipil - UNIPA 16

Analisis Struktur III

7. Selanjutnya dihitung Reaksi Tumpuan dan Gaya Batang pada struktur terlepas
tersebut akibat pengaruh Gaya 1 satuan yang selaras dengan R2 (Gaya 1
satuan ini adalah pemisalan), dengan anggapan R1 = 0, dan diberi simbol n2.
Perhitungan reaksi tumpuan dan gaya batang sama seperti saat menghitung N.
Perlu diperhatikan bahwa pada perhitungan reaksi tumpuan akan mendapatkan
reaksi seluruh tumpuan akan = 0 karena gaya yang bekerja adalah gaya dalam
batang struktur.
8. Setelah perhitungan N, n1, n2, maka dapat ditentukan besarnya perpindahan
total yang terjadi pada joint C dan celah BC dengan menggunakan rumus :

9. Agar memudahkan perhitungan, dapat dibuat dalam tabel di bawah.

10. Akibat gaya 1 satuan pada joint C diperoleh defleksi horisontal sebesar f11
pada joint C dan gap sebesar f 21 pada celah BC. Besarnya defleksi tersebut
dihitung dengan persamaan berikut : (untuk semua batang) lalu lengkapi tabel
yang sudah ada.

Program Studi Teknik Sipil - UNIPA 17

Analisis Struktur III

11. Akibat gaya 1 satuan pada Batang BC diperoleh defleksi horisontal sebesar f12
pada joint C dan gap sebesar f 22 pada celah BC. Besarnya defleksi tersebut
dihitung dengan persamaan berikut : (untuk semua batang) lalu lengkapi tabel
yang sudah ada.

Program Studi Teknik Sipil - UNIPA 18

Analisis Struktur III

12. Selanjutnya menyelesaikan persamaan fleksibilitas seperti yang dilakukan pada

analisis balok yaitu :
{Q} + [ F ]{R} =
0 atau
 Q1   F11 F12   R1 
 +   = 0
Q2   F21 F22   R2 
Dengan menggunakan simbol lain, persamaan fleksibilitas dapat ditulis sebagai
berikut :

ATAU

Pada kasus tersebut diperoleh :

13. Selanjutnya dihitung gaya batang sesungguhnya yang terjadi pada sistem Truss
tersebut dengan menggunakan persamaan berikut untuk seluruh batang dan
disajikan dalam tabel. Gaya batang pada kolom P inilah merupakan gaya
batang yang sesungguhnya terjadi pada struktur akibat pengaruh beban 15 kN,
dan gaya batang ini dapat digunakan untuk analisis kebutuhan bahan dan
sebagainya.

Program Studi Teknik Sipil - UNIPA 19

 Moment Distribution Method
(Displacement Method)
1. Statically indeterminate beams and frames;
2. Developed by Hardy Cross, 1930;
3. One of the most notable advances in structural analysis;
4. Popular in the pre computer era, superseded by FEM;
5. Unknowns: member end moments;
6. Does not need to solve a system of equations;
7. Ignore axial deformation i.e. members are inextensible.

MAB
+
Clockwise moments acting on the member are considered positive

Moment Distribution Method

It is a method based on successive approximations – a repetitive process is
used for a number of times to achieve a desired degree of accuracy

A B C D

FEM AB FEM BA FEM BC FEM CB

A B C D
M B   ( FEM BA  FEM BC )

A B C D

The analysis steps of this method:

Assume all the joints of the structure as fixed and calculate Fixed End Moments
Unlock each joint in succession:
1
 M B   ( FEM BA  FEM BC )
M B1

A M B2
MB1_CO  COxMB1 B M B 2 _ CO C D

MB  M B1  MB2  DFBAM B  DFBC MB

Unlock each joint in succession:

The total moment of a joint induced by its artificial fixing will be balanced by an
equal and opposite moment for correction.
This moment will be distributed at the ends of the members meeting at that joint –
distribution factor (DF) of these members which is dependent on their stiffness.
The distributed moments will deform these members which will produce rotation of
the joint and induce moment at the other end of these members based on carry
over factors (CO).
Lock this joint and unlock the next joint - repeat the process mentioned above
The carry over moment will produce unbalanced joint moment – The above
process will be repeated for a number of times to minimise this unbalance.

Don’t forget the sign convention

2
 Member Stiffness Factor

4 EI P  KX
M 
l
(See previous lectures) K – Stiffness/Spring constant
4 EI
Stiffness : K  (Force to produce unit deformation)
l
(Moment to produce unit rotation)

M
M  -> carry over (CO) factor = +0.5
2
Beams with far end fixed: M in the pin induces 0.5M at the fixed
end.

Distribution Factor (DF) MA

A
Equilibrium at joint A: 2 M AD A
D B
M A   Mi M AB 1
A M AC
 M AB  M AC  M AD A
3
M A  K AB A  K AC A  K AD A
K A A  (K AB  K AC  K AD ) A C

Joint stiffness: 3
K A  K AB  K AC  K AD   K i 4 EI
i1 M 
l
M A  Ki 
M i  K i A  K i   M A Relative stiffness parameter (entire
K A   Ki  beam of the same E):

Ki I
Distribution factor: DFi  KR 
 Ki l 3
 Distribution Factor (DF)

Ki K AB
Distribution factor of DFi  DFC  1
internal joints:  Ki 0 K AB

C
A is fixed

K AB
DFA  0
  K AB
C is pinned

Example 1 (Continuous beam)

Member stiffness:

4 EI 4 E (120)(106 )  10 12
K AB  K BA    4 E (40)(106 )
l 3

4 E (240)(106 )  1012
K BC  K CB   4 E (60)(106 )
4

K BA 4 E (40)(106 )
Distribution factor: DFBA    0.4
K BA  K BC 4 E (40)(10 6 )  4 E (60)(106 )

K BC 4 E (60)(106 )
DFBC    0.6 DFBC  1  DFBA  1  0.4  0.6
K BA K BC 4 E (40)(106 )  4 E (60)(10 6 )

4 E (40)(106 ) 4 E (60)(106 )
DFAB  0 DFCB  0
  4 E ( 40)(106 )   4 E (60)(106 )

Note: The distribution factor at the fixed end = 0 as the stiffness of the wall is infinite.
4
 Distribution factor:

DFAB  0 DFBA  0.4 DFBC  0.6 DFCB  0

Fixed end moments: (table look up)

wL2 6000  (4) 2
FEM BC     8000 Nm
12 12

wL2 6000  (4) 2

FEM CB    8000 Nm
12 12

Unlock/release joint B
M B1 _ CO MB (apply correction moment) :
M B2
A C
M B   FEM BC  (8000)  8000 Nm
M B1
B M B 2 _ CO
Distribute MB at the member ends :
Carry over moments:
M B1  DFBA M B  0.4  8000  3200 Nm
M B1 _ CO  0.5M B1  0.5  3200  1600 Nm
M B 2  DFBC M B  0.6  8000  4800 Nm
M B 2 _ C 0  0.5M B 2  0.5  4800  2400 Nm

M B  8000 Nm

M B1  3200 Nm M B 2  4800 Nm

M B1 _ CO  1600 Nm M B 2 _ C 0  2400 Nm

Final member end moments :

M B1 _ CO MB M AB  M B1 _ CO  1600 Nm
M B2
A C
M B1
B M B 2 _ CO M BA  M B1  3200 Nm

M BC  FEM BC  M B 2  8000  4800  3200 Nm

M CB  FEM CB  M B 2 _ CO  8000  2400  10400 Nm

5
 Calculation in tabular form Distribution factor:
DFAB  0 DFBA  0.4

DFBC  0.6 DFCB  0

Fixed end moments :

FEM BC  8000 Nm

FEM CB  8000 Nm

Joint A B C 0.4X{-(-8000)}
= 3200
Member AB BA BC CB
0.6x{-(-8000)}
DF 0 0.4 0.6 0 = 4800
FEM -8000 8000
Distribution 3200 4800 Unlock joint B
CO 1600 2400
ΣM 1600 3200 -3200 10400

Sum B is in equilibrium

Bending moment diagram

Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4 0.6 0
FEM -8000 8000
Distribution 3200 4800
CO 1600 2400
ΣM 1600 3200 -3200 10400

Now, forget MDM and use STATICS for each span separately.
6
Bending moment diagram: span with distributed loads

2 3
Method 1: calculation of two member end shear forces
Method 2: calculation of one shear force
Method 3: calculation of one shear force

Bending moment diagram

7
 Example 2:
the same beam of Example 1 with C as a hinge

K BC
Distribution factor: DFAB  0 DFBA  0.4 DFBC  0.6 DFCB  1
0  K BC

Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4 0.6 1
FEM -8000 8000

720=1800*0.4 A B C 0.4X{-(-8000-4000)}
= 4800
0.6x{-(-8000-4000)}
Joint A B C
= 7200
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4 0.6 1.0
FEM -8000 8000
Distribution -8000 Unlock joint C
CO -4000 Lock joint C
Distribution 4800 7200 Unlock joint B
CO 2400 3600 Lock joint B

Distribution -3600 Unlock joint C

CO -1800 Lock joint C
Distribution 720 1080 Unlock joint B
CO 360 540 Lock joint B
Distribution -540 Unlock joint C
CO -270 Lock joint C
Distribution 108 162 Unlock joint B
CO 54 81 Lock joint B
8
 Contd. from A B C
previous page

Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4 0.6 1.0
CO 54 81
Distribution -81 Unlock joint C
CO -40.5 Lock joint C
Distribution 16.2 24.3 Unlock joint B
CO 8.1 12.15 Lock joint B

Distribution -12.15 Unlock joint C

CO -6,08 Lock joint C
Distribution 2.43 3.65 Unlock joint B
CO 1.22 1.83 Lock joint B
Distribution -1.83 Unlock joint C
CO -0.92 Lock joint C
Distribution 0.37 0.55 Unlock joint B
ΣM 2823.32 5647 -5647 0

A B C
Alternative approach

Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4 0.6 1.0
FEM -8000 8000
Distribution 3200 4800 -8000
CO 1600 -4000 2400
Distribution 1600 2400 -2400
CO 800 -1200 1200
Distribution 480 720 -1200
CO 240 -600 360
Distribution 240 360 -360
CO 120 -180 180
Distribution 72 108 -180
CO 36 -90 54
Distribution 36 54 -54
CO 18 -27 27
Joints are done at the same time. 9
Contd. from A B C
previous page

Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4 0.6 1.0
CO 18 -27 27
Distribution 10.8 16.2 -27
CO 5.4 -13.5 8.1
Distribution 5.4 8.1 -8.1
CO 2.7 -4.1 4.1
Distribution 1.6 2.5 -4.1
CO 0.8 -2.0 1.3
Distribution 0.8 1.2 -1.3
CO 0.4 -0.7 0.6
Distribution 0.3 0.4 -0.6
ΣM 2823.3 5646.9 -5646.9 0

A is fixed
Analysis of a beam
having free ends

The moment in the overhang

span having free end is known
– it doesn’t require distribution
(DF = 0)—forget AB after
putting a moment at B.
4 EI 4 E (300)(106 )(10 12 )
Member stiffness: K BC  K CB    300(106 ) E
l 4
4 E (240)(106 )(1012 )
K CD  K DC   320(106 ) E
3

Distribution factor: DFBA  0 DFBC  1

K CB 300(106 ) E
DFCB    0.484
K CB  K CD 300(106 ) E  320(106 ) E

DFCD  1  DFCB  1  0.484  0.516 DFDC  0

10
DFBA  0
DFBC  1

DFCB  0.484

DFCD  0.516

DFDC  0

Fixed end moments : wL2 1500  ( 4) 2

FEM BC     2000 Nm
12 12
wL2 1500  (4) 2
FEM CB    2000 Nm
12 12
FEM BA  M BA  Pl  2000  2  4000 Nm

Joint B C D
Member BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0 1 0.484 0.5166 0
FEM 4000 -2000 2000

-2000=-(4000-2000)N.m

11
 Plot bending moment diagram

Find support reactions

Recall (Slope Deflection Method)

P
w

A B C

w P

A V BA V BC B

M BA M BC M BA , M BC will depend on loads

Moment equilibrium of Node: B ( w, P etc.) and displacements at
M B  M BA  M BC  0 RB member ends (θ A, θ B , θ A etc.)
Node : B
Member end moment: +ve (clockwise) Joint/nodal moment: +ve (anti-clockwise)
12
 Stiffness Modification
It helps to reduce calculation effort – The stiffness of a span is modified
in some specific cases such as structures having simply supported ends,
symmetrical structure or symmetrical structure with anti-symmetric load.

symmetrical structure

1 Axis of anti-symmetry

3 symmetrical structure with anti-symmetric load

A unsymmetrical load in terms of symmetrical and anti-symmetric loads

Geometry must be symmetric.

13
 Structure having simply supported ends – stiffness modification

Standard case:
l
The picture can't be display ed.

The picture can't be

display ed.

The picture can't be display ed.

The picture can't

be display ed.

4 EI
M  M   0 .5 M
Modified case: (only BC) l
4 EI
B
l Stiffness : CO  0.5
M EI C l


3EI 3EI
M  Stiffness :
l l
Carry over factor (CO)  0
Note: The modified fixed end moment is to be used
(right column of the lookup table)

Solve the problem using modified stiffness for the simply supported end C

Member stiffness :

4 EI 4 E (120)(106 ) 10 12

K BA    E (160)(10 6 )
l 3

3E (240)(10 6 )  10 12
K BC   E (180)(10 6 )
4

Distribution factor: DFAB  0

K BA E (160)(10 6 )
DFBA    0.4706
K BA  K BC E (160)(10 6 )  E (180)(10 6 )

DFBC  1  DFBA  1  0.4706  0.5294 DFCB  1

Fixed end moment :

wL2 6000  (4) 2
FEM BC     12000 Nm
8 8
14
 Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
DF 0 0.4706 0.5294 1.0
FEM -12000
Distribution 5647.2 6352.8
CO 2823.6
ΣM 2823.6 5647.2 -5647.2 0.0

Conjugate beam method(1)

dV
 w  V   w dx
dx
d M M
       dx
dx EI  EI 

CBM: determine slope/deflection in beams using STATICS.

Theorem1: The slope at a point in the real beam is
numerically equal to the shear at that point in the
conjugate beam. V > 0: slope is anti-clockwise. 15
Conjugate beam method (2)

d2M
2
 w  M     w dx dx
dx
d 2v M  M 

dx 2 EI
 v     EI dx dx

Theorem2: The displacement at a point in the real

beam is numerically equal to the moment at that point
in the conjugate beam. M > 0: displacement is upward.

Conjugate beam method (3)

Slope (real beam) = shear in conjugate beam
Deflection(real beam) = moment in conjugate beam

B  B  0

M B'  VB'  0

Not included in exam. 16

 Conjugate beam method (4): Example

Force points upward due to

positive moment.

Stiffness modification – Symmetrical structure

Modified case: (for BC)

l
M
MA A

EI

B MB M C'  0 :VB' (L) 
EI
L(0.5L)  0

2 EI 2 EI ML
M  Stiffness :   VB' 
l l 2EI

Carry over factor (CO)  0

Note: The usual (standard) fixed end moment is to be used

17
 Stiffness modification – Symmetrical structure with anti-symmetrical load

Modified case: (for BC)

MA EI B MB
A
A B
6 EI 6 EI M C '  0 :VB' (L) 
M  Stiffness :
l l  0.5 M (0.5L) 5L  0.5 M (0.5L) L  0
Carry over factor (CO)  0 EI 6 EI 6
ML
  VB' 
6EI
Note: The usual (standard) fixed end moment is to be used

Solve the problem using modified stiffness (symmetry and simply supported end)

60 kN 40 kN 60 kN
Constant EI

A B C D
4m 5m 4m

axis of symmetry

3EI 3EI 2 EI 2 EI
Member stiffness : K BA    0.75 EI K BC    0.4 EI
l 4 l 5

Distribution factor: DFAB  1 K BA 0.75 EI

DFBA    0.6522
K BA  K BC 0.75EI  0.4 EI

DFBC  1  DFBA  1  0.6522  0.3478

3Pl 3  60  4
Fixed end moments : FEM BA    45 kNm Fix-pin
16 16
Pl 40  5
FEM BC     25 kNm Fix-fix
8 8 18
 60 kN 40 kN 60 kN

A B C D
4m 5m 4m

DFBC  0.3478 axis of symmetry

FEM BC  45 kNm
DFBA  0.6522
FEM BC  25 kNm

Joint A B
Member AB BA BC
DF 1 0.6522 0.3478
FEM 45 -25 0.6522x{-(45-25)}
Distribution -13.044 -6.956 = -13.044

CO 0.3478X{-(45-25)}
= -6.956
ΣM 0.0 31.956 -31.956

Bending moment diagram

19
 Analysis of Frames

Restrained in horizontal dir.

This frame has sidesway (Δ)

Needs additional calculations
Symmetric

These frames have no sidesway

Analysis follows the technique used for beams

Analyse the frame taking the support at A as fixed, and D and E as pin

Fixed end moments :

 wl 2
FEM BC   135 kNm
12
Constant EI
wl 2
FEM CB   135 kNm
12

4 EI 4 EI 3EI 3EI
Member stiffness : K AB  ; K BC  ; K CD  ; K CE 
5 6 5 4
4 EI / 5
Distribution factor: DFAB  0; DFBA   0.545; DFBC  1  0.545  0.455
4 EI / 5  4 EI / 6

4 EI / 6 3EI / 5
DFCB   0.330; DFCD   0.298
4 EI / 6  3EI / 5  3EI / 4 4 EI / 6  3EI / 5  3EI / 4

DFCE  1  0.330  0.298  0.372; DFDC  1; DFEC  1

20
 DFAB  0; DFBA  0.545; DFBC  0.455

DFCB  0.330; DFCD  0.298; DFCE  0.372

DFDC  1; DFEC  1

 wl 2
FEM BC   135 kNm; FEM CB  135 kNm
12

Draw bending moment diagram

w=45 kN/m
89.1 kNm 115 kNm
C
B

6m

By Cy
 M /C  0: B y
 130.683kN
By

By
x  2.904m
w

89.1 kNm 115 kNm

21
 The bending moment diagram:

Draw on the compression side

Analysis of frames having side sway

case a case b case c

Restrained frame Unrestrained frame

To determine side sway & internal moments at joints - principle of superposition

22
  


R

case: c΄
case: c

1a. Analyse the restrained frame (MDM)

1b. Calculate the restraining force R from the equilibrium

+
2a. Analyse the unrestrained frame (MDM) with '  R
2b. Calculate the restraining force R’ from the equilibrium  
 R' 
 R
 R'  :correction factor

 


R

case: c΄
case: c

1. The frame is prevented from side sway - artificial supports at some joints (C)
1a. Analyse the frame under this condition (moment distribution method)
1b. Calculate the restraining force R from the equilibrium
2. A force equal and opposite of R is applied for correction
2a. Apply an arbitrary side sway Δ΄ keeping the rotation of the joints (B, C) locked –
evaluate the member end moments (fixed end moments) at the column ends.
2b. Apply moment distribution to get the final member end moments (Δ΄ unchanged)
Calculate the force R΄ from the equilibrium
Multiply R/R΄ with Δ΄ (case: c΄) to get Δ (case: c) – similarly multiply member end
moments of case (c΄) with R/R΄ to get member end moments of case (c)
3. Superpose case (b) and case (c) to get the final results (case: a)

23
Example: Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown. EI is constant.

case: b
case: a

4EI
Member stiffness : K AB  K BC  K CD 
5
Distribution factor: DFAB  DFDC  0; DFBA  DFBC  DFCB  DFCD  0.5

Pb 2 a 16(4) 2 (1)
Fixed end moments : FEM BC   2
  10.24 kNm
l (5) 2
Pa12 b 16(1) 2 (4)
FEM CB    2.56 kNm
l2 (5) 2

5m 5m

B 2.88 5.78
 M / B  0 A   1.73kN
x
5 P R
1.32 2.72
 M /C  0 Dx  5  0.81kN

A FBD of the whole frame:

Ax Dx
FBD of AB/CD
 Fx  0: R  1.73 0.81  0.92kN 24
 R  0.92 kN
5m 5m
6 EI
case: c΄  
case: c l2

80  60
Ax  Dx   28 kN
5
100 kN.m is chosen arbitrarily

R  0.92 kN
5m 5m FBD of the whole frame: 6 EI
 
l2
 Fx  0 case: c΄
case: c
R'  28  28  56 kN

80  60
Ax  Dx   28 kN
5

(Moments caused by R’=56 kN) 25

 R  0.92 kN

 
case: b
case: a case: c

Case (b):

Case (c΄):

case: c΄
0.92
M AB  2.88   80  1.57 kNm
56.0
M BA  4.79 kNm; M BC  4.79 kNm; M CB  3.71kNm
R ' 56 kN
M CD  3.71kNm; M DC  2.63 kNm

Yet another example

A is a pin, use modified stiffness

3EI
K AB 
L
26
 6EI '
FEM CD  FEM DC  
L2CD
3EI '
FEM BA  
L2AB
2
FEM BA L 
 0.5  CD 
FEM CD  LAB 
Arbitrarily choose FEM_CD=-100 kNm
Case c’: unrestrained frame
2
L 
FEM BA  0.5  CD   (100)  88.88kNm
 LAB 

- +
REVIEW: FEM table

3EI
DFi 
Ki 2EI K
 Ki K L
L (Far end pin)
(Symmetric)

4EI
K
L
FEM table (Standard)

C0=0.5 except at far end pin where it is 0 27

 - +
REVIEW: FEM table

3EI
DFi 
Ki K
 Ki L
(Far end pin)

4EI
K
L
FEM table (Standard)

C0=0.5 except at far end pin where it is 0

28
 Multi-storied frames having side sway at different levels

Restrain side sway at the different levels - artificial supports at some joints
Apply moment distribution - calculate the restraining forces (R1, R2)
Apply arbitrary side sway at the different levels once at a time
Apply moment distributions – calculate the restraining forces (R΄1, R΄2, R΄΄1, R΄΄2)

C R1  C R1  R1  C R2  C R2  R2 C’, C’’ are correction factors

Solve the two equations to evaluate C  and C 
case (a)  case (b)  case (c)  C   case (d)  C 

29