BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar Belakang

Analisa struktur merupakan ilmu untuk menentukan efek dari beban pada struktur fisik
dan komponennya. Adapun cabang pemakaiannya meliputi analisis bangunan, jembatan,
perkakas, mesin, tanah, dll. Analisis struktur menggabungkan bidang mekanika teknik, teknik
material dan matematika teknik untuk menghitung deformasi struktur, kekuatan internal,
tekanan, reaksi tumpuan, percepatan, dan stabilitas. Hasil analisis tersebut digunakan untuk
memverifikasi kekuatan struktur yang akan maupun telah dibangun. Dengan demikian analisis
struktur merupakan bagian penting dari desain rekayasa struktur.

1.2. Rumusan Masalah

Apa yang dimaksud Analisa Struktur dan bagian-bagiannya.

1.3. Tujuan
Makalah ini dibuat untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas mata kuliah Analisis Struktur II
pada Jurusan Teknik Sipil.

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 BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

Metode konsisten deformasi adalah salah satu teknik analisis struktur statis tak tentu. Metode
ini sering juga disebut metode gaya atau metode fleksibilitas. Berikut ini disajikan prosedur
yang menjelaskan konsep metode ini untuk menganalisis struktur statis tak tentu berderajat
ketidaktentuan satu atau dua.

 Menentukan derajat ketidaktentuan

Derajat ketidaktentuan struktur ditentukan oleh banyaknya reaksi yang tak diketahui (r),
dikurangi banyaknya persamaan keseimbangan statis (e). Sebagai contoh, perhatikan portal
pada gambar berikut. Banyaknya reaksi eksternal yang tak diketahui ( r ), adalah 5 yaitu X A,
YA, MA, XB dan YB. Banyaknya persamaan keseimbangan statis (e) adalah 3 yaitu ( Fx = 0,
Fy = 0 and M = 0). Dengan demikian derajat ketidaktentuan struktur ( n ) tersebut dihitung
sebagai berikut:

n=r-e
=5-3
=2

Gambar 1 – Struktur portal statis tak tentu

Pada gambar 2, portal didukung oleh perletakan jepit pada kedua perletakannya dan pada
batang horizontal dihubungkan oleh sendi. Karena momen pada sendi sama dengan nol, maka
dengan menggunakan syarat keseimbangan di kanan dan kiri sendi akan diperoleh tambahan
persamaan keseimbangan. Persamaan yang diperoleh dari kondisi ini diberi simbul ek. Pada
model struktur ini reaksi yang tidak diketahui (r) sebanyak 6, banyaknya persamaan statik
adalah sebanyak 3 persamaan. Dari kondisi sendi penghubung diperloleh satu kondisi lagi
yaitu ek = 1, sehingga derajat ketidaktentuan (n) menjadi :

2
n = r - (e + ec)
= 6 - (3 + 1)
=2

Figure 2 - Indeterminate frame structure with hinge

 Memilih redundan

Penentuan redundan pada prinsipnya mengubah model struktur statis tak tentu menjadi statis
tertentu dengan menganggap sebagian reaksi perletakan sebagai redundan. Dengan demikian
perlu memilih reaksi perletakan sebanyak derajat ketidaktentuan (n) sebagai redundan. Pilihan
redundan dapat ditentukan dengan bebas sesuai dengan keinginan. Walaupun demikian
pemilihan redundan sebaiknya mempertimbangkan kemudahan yang diberikan apabila
redundan itu dipilih. Perhatikan gambar 1. XB dan YB dapat dipilih sebagai redundan.
Alternatif lainnya adalah XB dan MA sebagai redundan. Cobalah tentukan alternatif lainnya!
Apabila reaksi yang dianggap redundan telah ditentukan, bagaimanakah model struktur
tersebut setelah beberapa reaksi dianggap redundan?

 Hapus reaksi perletakan pada redundan

Hapus reaksi perletakan (restraint) yang terkait dengan redundan terpilih pada struktur statis
tak tentu untuk mendapatkan model struktur statis tertentu. Model statis tertentu ini harus
stabil dan berupa sistem struktur yang logis dan dapat diterima.

 Sket garis elastis model struktur

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Sket garis elastis atau garis lendutan model struktur statis tertentu akibat beban luar, dan
tandai deformasi yang terjadi pada reaksi perletakan yang dihapus (restraint)(lih. gambar 3).

Figure 3(a) - Primary structure Figure 3(b) - Primary structure deflected shape

 Hitung deformasi pada redundan

Hitung deformasi yang berhubungan dengan redundan, misalnya rotasi pada perletakan A (
A0) dan translasi/pergeseran pada perletakan B ( B0). Semua ini dapat dihitung dengan
menggunakan metode yang sudah dipelajari sebelumnya seperti : metode kerja virtual berikut
:
(a) Gambar diagram momen (M0), untuk model struktur statis tertentu dengan beban luar
(lih. Gambar 4(a)(i)). Gambar diagram momen juga dapat dihitung dengan metode
superposisi seperti ditinjukkan oleh gambar 4(a)(ii). Hal ini dapat menyederhanakan
perhitung integral untuk menghitung A0 dan B0.

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 Figure 4(a)(i) - Moment diagram of primary
Figure 4(a)(ii) - Moment diagram by superposition
structure
(b) Berikan beban satuan pada lokasi redundan yang terkait. Ingat untuk redundan berupa
momen, berikan momen satuan. Kalau redundan di A berupa momen, berikan beban
satuan berupa momen di A ( MA= 1 ft-k. Selanjutnya sket garis defleksi atau garis
elastisnya. Berikan notasi deformasi pada setiap reaksi yang dihilangkan ( fba untuk
translasi di titik B dan faa untuk rotasi di titik A). Gambar diagram momen untuk model
statis tertentu akibat beban satuan, liahat gambar 4(b).

Figure 4(b)(i) - Moment diagram with MA = 1 ft-k Figure 4(b)(ii) - Deflected shape with MA = 1 ft-k
(c) Hitung rotasi , A0, pada perletakan A dengan persamaan berikut:

(d) Berikan beban satuan pada redundan berikutnya, misalnya gaya satuan XB = 1 k pada
perletakan B. Sket garis elastisnya, kemudian berikan label setiap deformasi yang terjadi

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 pada setiap reaksi yang dihilangkan.Kemudian gambar diagram momen untuk model
struktur statis tertentu dengan beban satuan tersebut. Lihat gambar 4(c).

Figure 4(c)(i) - Moment diagram with XB = 1 k Figure 4(c)(ii) - Deflected shape with XB = 1 k
(e) Hitung translasi, B0, pada perletakan B menggunakan persamaan berikut:

(f) Hitung deformasi model struktur statis tertentu akibat redundan MA (Gambar 4(b)) atau
redundan XB (Gambar 4(c)). Ini semua dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan
persamaan berikut:

Persamaan diatas akan menghasilkan koefisien-koefisien faa, fab, fba, dan fbb. Koefisien
fij menyatakan koefisien yang berkaitan dengan redundan i, yang ditimbulkan
oleh satu satuan beban redundan j.

 Tulis persamaan konsisten deformasi

Tulis persamaan deformasi konsisten yang berkaitan dengan redundan. Dalam hal ini :
(a) Rotasi di perletakan A = 0 karena perletakan A adalah jepit.

(1)
(b) Translasi pada perletakan B = 0 karena perletakan di B adalah sendi sehingga tidak
boleh terjadi translasi horizontal.

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 (2)

 Menyelesaikan persamaan deformasi

Selesaikan persamaan (1) dan (2) pada tahap sebelumnya untuk mengetahui redundan yang
tidak diketahui MA dan XB. Ingat bahwa jika nilai MA dan XB positif, ini berarti bahwa arah
gaya yang diasumsikan pada awal perhitungan ( gambar 4(b) dan 4(c) adalah benar. Jika
negatif, ini berarti arah yang sebenarnya berlawanan dengan yang diasumsikan pada awal
perhitungan.

 Menentukan Reaksi Perletakan

Reaksi perletakan XA, YA dan YB dari model struktur statis tak tentu dapat ditentukan
dengan memberikan nilai MA dan XB dengan arah sesuai dengan arah sebenarnya,
kemudian gunakan syarat kesetimbangan untuk membuat persamaan kesetimbangan. ( Fx =
0, Fy = 0 and M = 0).

 Gambar diagram M, D, N untuk struktur statis tak tentu

Begitu semua reaksi perletakan dapat ditentukan, diagram gaya normal, lintang dan momen
dapat digambarkan. Berdasarkan data ini, sket garis elastis dapat diperkirakan.

Contoh 1:

Gunakan metoda deformasi konsisten (MDK) untuk menghitung reaksi perletakan, diagram
M, D, dan N model struktur dengan pembeban seperti gambar berikut. Modulus elastisitas
balok adalah E dan momen inersia penampang balok(I) konstan sepanjang balok.

Gambar 1 – Balok diatas dua perletakan

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  Menentukan derajat ketidaktentuan

n= r-e = 4-3 = 1 (r = 4, e = 3).

 Pilih redundan dan hilangkan reaksi perletakan ybs(restraint)

Pada contoh ini reaksi yang dihilangkan adalah RB, dengan demikian struktur dasarnya
menjadi :

Figure 2 - Primary structure

 Hitung reaksi perletakan dan diagram momennya

Pada sistem struktur statis tertentu ini akan terjadi deformasi pada B sebesar B0 sebagai
akibat beban luar yang bekerja pada struktur.

Figure 3 - Support reactions

Diagram momen akibat beban luar pada struktur ini adalah sbb:

Figure 4 - M0 - Moment diagram due to applied loads

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  Hitung deformasi pada redundan

Berikan beban satuan pada B, kemudian hitung deformasi vertikal pada titik B (fbb).

Figure 5 - Primary structure with unit load applied and resulting deflected shape

Figure 6 - Moment diagram mb with YB = 1 k

Hitung translasi vertikal yang terkait dengan redundan YB pada perletakan B dengan
persamaan berikut.

Hitung deformasi pada redundan, B0.

No. A/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI (h) pada diagram mb(ft-k) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A01 1/3 x 20 x -400/EI = -2666.67/EI 15 -40000/EI
A02 1/2 x 20 x -120/EI = -1200/EI 13.33 -16000/EI
A03 20 x -36/EI = -720/EI 10 -7200/EI
A04 1/2 x 6 x -36/EI = -108/EI 0 0
Total = Q( B0) = -63200/EI

Dengan demikian, dengan Q = 1 k ;

Q( B0) = -63200 (k2-ft3)/EI
3
B0 = -63200 (k-ft )/EI

Menghitung koefisien fleksibilitas (fbb)dengan menentukan deformasi model struktur statis

tertentu akibat beban satuan pada redundan YB = 1 k

No. A/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI (h) pd mb diagram mb (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI

A11 1/2 x 20 x 20/EI = 200/EI 2/3 x 20 = 13.33 2666.67/EI
Total = Q(fbb) = 2666.67/EI

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Dengan Q = 1 k ;diperoleh
Q(fbb) = 2666.67 (k2-ft3)/EI
fbb = 2666.67 (k-ft3)/EI

 Tulis persamaan deformasi konsisten

Persamaan deformasi konsisten yang terkait dengan redundan YB pada perletakan B adalah :

B0 + fbb * YB = 0 (1)

Persamaan ini sama dengan 0 karena sendi tidak mengijinkan terjadinya translasi vertikal.

 Selesaikan persamaan deformasi konsisten

Gunakan persamaan (1), untuk menghitung YB:

-63200 (k-ft3)/EI + 2666.67 (k-ft3)/EI * YB = 0

YB = 23.7

Kalikan beban satuan Q pada YB dengan 23,7 untuk mendapatkan reaksi yang sebenarnya.
Jika hasilnya positif, ini berarti reaksinya searah dengan arah beban satuan, demikian juga
sebaliknya.

 Tentukan reaksi perletakannya

Berikan nilai hasil perhitungan YB bersama-sama dengan beban luar aslinya.Hitung reaksi
perletakan yang belum diketahui dengan persamaan kesetimbangan. ( Fx = 0, Fy = 0 dan
M = 0).

Gambar 7 – Balok dengan reaksi perletakan

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  Gambar diagram M, D, N

Geser:

Gamabr 8 – Diagram gaya lintang

Momen:

Gamabre 9 – Diagram M

Garis elastis:

Gambar 10 –Bentuk garis elatis

Consistent Deformations - Force Method

Indeterminate Beam with Moment Reaction as
Redundant

problem statement

Using the method of consistent deformations, determine the reactions, moments and shears
under the loading conditions shown. The modulus of elasticity (E) and the moment of inertia
(I) are constant for the entire beam.

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Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

 determine the degree of indeterminacy

The structure is statically indeterminate to the first degree (r = 4, e = 3, n = r-e = 4-3 = 1).

 select redundant and remove restraint

To solve for this single degree of indeterminacy, the structure has to be reduced to a statically
determinate and stable structure. This is done by removing a redundant support.

In this example, the moment reaction at support A is selected as a redundant to remove in

order to obtain a primary determinate structure.

Figure 2 - Primary structure

 determine reactions and draw moment diagram for the primary

structure

Calculate the support reactions of the primary structure.

The resulting system, ( A0 indicates the resulting deflection or deformation at the location of
the removed redundant for the primary structure).

Figure 3 - Support reactions

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Determine the moment diagram M0 due to the applied loads on the primary structure.

In this example, the cantilever method is used to develop the moment diagram. (See a Virtual
Work Cantilever Example for a complete description of this step)

Figure 4 - M0 - Moment diagram due to applied loads

 calculate deformation at redundant

Using the virtual work method, calculate the rotational translation of support A that
correponds to the redundant MA. Remove all loads an apply a unit moment in the direction of
the redundant, draw the moment diagram, ma, and sketch the deflected shape due to the unit
moment.

The resulting system, (faa is the deformation caused by the unit load).

Figure 5 - Primary structure with unit load applied and resulting deflected shape

Figure 6 - Moment diagram ma with MA = 1 ft-k

Calculate the rotational translation corresponding to the redundant MA at support A using the
following equation:

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Calculate the deformation at the redundant, A0. Use the method of virtual work, calculate
the areas on the M0 diagram and multiply each area by the corresponding heights, hi,
measured at the centroid of this area on the ma diagram:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on ma diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A01 2/3 x 20 x 100/EI = 1333.33/EI -1/2 -666.67/EI
A02 1/2 x 20 x -36/EI = -360/EI -1/3 120/EI
A03 1/2 x 6 x -36/EI = -108/EI 0 0
Total = Q( A0) = -546.67/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 ft-k;

Q( A0) = -546.67 (k2-ft3)/EI
2
A0 = -546.67 (k-ft )/EI

Calculate the flexibility coefficient, faa, by determining the deformation of the primary
structure when subjected to the redundant load, MA = 1 ft-k.

Again, using the method of virtual work, calculate the areas on the ma diagram and multiply
by the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of each area:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on ma diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A11 1/2 x 20 x -1/EI = -10/EI -2/3 6.67/EI
Total = Q(faa) = 6.67/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 ft-k;

Q(faa) = 6.67 (k2-ft3)/EI
faa = 6.67 (k-ft2)/EI

 write consistent deformation equation

The consistent deformation equation that corresponds to the redundant MA (the moment
reaction at support A) is:

A0 + faa * MA = 0 (1)

This equation is set equal to zero since the fixed support at A does not allow any rotation.

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  solve consistent deformation equation

Using equation (1), solve for MA:

-546.67 (k-ft2)/EI + 6.67 (k-ft2)/EI * MA = 0

MA = 82

Multiply the unit moment, Q, at MA by 82 to get the final reaction. The positive answer
indicates that the reaction is in the direction of the applied unit moment.

 determine support reactions

Impose the value of the calculated MA along with the other applied loads on the original
structure. Calculate the remaining reactions using the three static equilibrium equations, ( Fx
= 0, Fy = 0 and M = 0).

Figure 7 - Beam with support reactions

 draw moment, shear, and axial load diagrams

Shear:

Figure 8 - Final shear diagram

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Moment:

Figure 9 - Final moment diagram

Deflected Shape:

Figure 10 - Deflected shape

Consistent Deformations - Force Method

Once Statically Indeterminate Frame with Horizontal
Reaction as Redundant

problem statement

Using the method of consistent deformations, determine the reactions, draw moment, shear,
and axial load diagrams for the frame in the accompanying figure. The modulus of elasticity
(E) and the moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire structure.

16
Figure 1 - Frame structure to analyze

 determine the degree of indeterminacy

The structure is statically indeterminate to the first degree (r=4, e=3, n = r-e = 4-3 = 1).

 select redundants and remove restraints

To solve for this single degree of indeterminacy, the structure has to be reduced to a statically
determinate and stable structure. This is done by removing a redundant support.

In this example, the horizontal reaction at support D is selected as a redundant to remove in

order to obtain a primary determinate structure.

Figure 2 - Primary determinate structure

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  determine reactions and draw moment diagram for the primary
structure

Calculate the support reactions of the primary structure.

Figure 3 - Support reactions

Determine the moment diagram M0 due to the applied loads on the primary structure.

Figure 4 - Mo - Moment diagram of primary structure

note: colors represent one method of dividing the area in the moment diagram to be used in
the visual integration.

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  sketch deflected shape

Sketch an approximate deflected shape for the primary structure, (see Fig. 4). Label the
deflection that occurs in the direction of the redundant at the released support.

Figure 5 - Deflected shape

 calculate deformations at redundants

Using the virtual work method, calculate the horizontal translation of support D that
corresponds to the redundant XD. Remove all loads and apply a unit force in the direction of
the redundant, draw the moment diagram, md, and sketch the deflected shape due to this unit
load.

Figure 6(a) - Primary structure with unit load applied

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Figure 6(b) - Moment diagram md with XD = 1 k

Figure 6(c) - Deflected shape with XD = 1 k

Calculate the translation, D0, at Support D using the following equation:

Using the method of virtual work, calculate areas on the M0 diagram and multiply each area
by the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of this area on the md diagram:

Area Height (h) on md diagram (k- Ai*hi (k2-

Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI
No. ft) ft3)/EI
1/2 x 15 x 206.25/EI =
A01 2/3 x -7.5 = -5 -7734.375/EI
1546.875/EI
1/2 x 15 x 206.25/EI =
A02 2/3 x -15 = -10 -15468.75/EI
1546.875/EI
A03 1/2 x 15 x 112.5/EI = 843.75/EI 5/6 x -15 = -12.5 -10546.875/EI
A04 1/2 x 15 x 112.5/EI = 843.75/EI 2/3 x -15 = -10 -8437.5/EI
A05 2/3 x 15 x 28.125/EI = 281.25/EI 1/2 x -15 = -7.5 -2109.375/EI
Total = Q( D0) = -44296.875/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q( D0) = -44296.875 (k2-ft3)/EI
3
D0 = -44296.875 (k-ft )/EI

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Calculate the flexibility coefficient, fdd, by determining the deformations of the primary
structure when subjected to the redundant load, XD = 1 k.

Again, using the method of virtual work, calculate areas on the md diagram and multiply by
the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of the area:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on md diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A11 1/2 x 30 x -15/EI = -225/EI 2/3 x -15 = -10 2250/EI
A12 1/2 x 15 x -15/EI = -112.5/EI 2/3 x -15 = -10 1125/EI
fdd = 3375/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q(fdd) = 3375 (k2-ft3)/EI
fdd = 3375 (k-ft3)/EI

 write consistent deformation equations

The consistent deformation equation that corresponds to the redundant X1 (the horizontal
reaction at support D) is:

D0 + fdd * X1 = 0 (1)

This equation is set equal to zero since the pinned support at D does not allow any translation
in the direction of the redundant, i.e., in the horizontal direction.

 solve consistent deformation equation

Using equation (1), solve for X1:

-44,296.875 (k-ft3)/EI + 3375/EI (k-ft3)/EI* XD = 0

X1 = 13.125

Multiply the unit load, Q, at XD by 13.125 to get the final reaction. The positive answer
indicates that the reaction is in the direction of the applied unit load.

 determine support reactions

Impose the value of the calculated support reaction at X1 corresponding to the redundant XD,
along with the other applied loads on the original structure. Calculate the remaining reactions
using the three static equilibrium equations, ( Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and M = 0).

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Figure 7 - Frame with support reactions

 draw moment, shear, and axial load diagrams

All reactions are now known and are used to draw the complete shear and moment diagrams
for the structure.

Shear:

Figure 8 - Final shear diagram

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Moment:

Figure 9 - Final moment diagram

Axial Load:

Figure 10 - Final axial load diagram

Deflected Shape:

Figure 11 - Deflected shape

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Once Statically Indeterminate Frame with Vertical
Reaction as Redundant

problem statement

Using the method of consistent deformations, determine the reactions, draw moment, shear,
and axial load diagrams for the frame in the accompanying figure. The modulus of elasticity
(E) and the moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire structure.

Figure 1 - Frame structure to analyze

 determine the degree of indeterminacy

The structure is statically indeterminate to the first degree(r=4, e=3, n = r-e = 4-3 = 1).

 select redundants and remove restraints

To solve for this single degree of indeterminacy, the structure has to be reduced to a statically
determinate and stable structure. This is done by removing a redundant support.

In this example, the vertical reaction at support D is selected as a redundant to remove in

order to obtain a primary determinate structure.

24
Figure 2 - Primary determinate structure

 determine reactions and draw moment diagram for the primary

structure

Calculate the support reactions of the primary structure.

Figure 3 - Support reactions

Determine the moment diagram M0 due to the applied loads on the primary structure.

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Figure 4 - Mo - Moment diagram of primary structure

 sketch deflected shape

Sketch an approximate deflected shape for the primary structure, (see Fig. 4). Label the
deflection that occurs in the direction of the redundant at the released support.

Figure 5 - Deflected shape of primary structure

 calculate deformation at redundant

Using the virtual work method, calculate the vertical translation of support D that
corresponds to the redundant YD. Remove all loads and apply a unit force in the direction of
the redundant, draw the moment diagram, md, and sketch the deflected shape due to this unit
load.

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Figure 6(a) - Primary structure with unit load applied

Figure 6(b) - Moment diagram md with YD = 1 k

Figure 6(c) - Deflected shape with YD = 1 k

Calculate the translation, D0 (see Fig. 5), at Support D using the following equation:

Using the method of virtual work, calculate areas on the M0 diagram and multiply each area
by the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of this area on the md diagram:

27
 Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on md diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A01 15 x -300/EI = -4500/EI 30 -135000/EI
A02 1/3 x 15 x -112.5/EI = -562.5/EI 30 -16875/EI
A03 1/2 x 15 x -300/EI = -2250/EI 5/6 x 30 = 25 -56250/EI
Total = Q( D0) = -208125/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k ;
Q( D0) = -208125 (k2-ft3)/EI
3
D0 = -208125 (k-ft )/EI

Calculate the flexibility coefficient, fdd, by determining the deformations of the primary
structure when subjected to the redundant load, YD = 1 k .

Again, using the method of virtual work, calculate areas on the md diagram and multiply by
the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of the area:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on md diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A11 15 x 30/EI = 450/EI 30 13500/EI
A12 1/2 x 30 x 30/EI = 450/EI 2/3 x 30 = 20 9000/EI
Total = Q(fdd) = 22500/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k ;
Q(fdd) = 22500 (k2-ft3)/EI
fdd = 22500 (k-ft3)/EI

 write consistent deformation equations

The consistent deformation equation that corresponds to the redundant YD (the vertical
reaction at support D) is:

D0 + fdd* YD = 0 (1)

This equation is set equal to zero since the pinned support at D does not allow any translation
in the direction of the redundant, i.e., in the vertical direction.

 solve consistent deformation equations

Using equation (1), solve for YD:

-208,125 (k-ft3)/EI + 22,500 (k-ft3)/EI* YD = 0

YD = 9.25
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Multiply the unit load, Q, at YD by 9.25 to get the final reaction. The positive answer
indicates that this reaction is in the direction of the applied unit load.

 determine support reactions

Impose the value of the calculated support reaction at YD along with the other applied loads
on the original structure. Calculate the remaining reactions using the three static equilibrium
equations, ( Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and M = 0).

Figure 7 - Frame with support reactions

 draw moment, shear, and axial load diagrams

All reactions are now known and are used to draw the complete shear and moment diagrams
for the structure.

Shear:

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Figure 8 - Final shear diagram

Moment:

Figure 9 - Final moment diagram

Axial Load:

Figure 10 - Final axial load diagram

Deflected Shape:

Figure 11 - Deflected shape

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Twice Statically Indeterminate Frame with Horizontal
and Vertical Reactions as Redundants

problem statement

Using the method of consistent deformations, determine the reactions, draw moment, shear,
and axial load diagrams for the frame in the accompanying figure. The modulus of elasticity
(E) and the moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire structure.

Figure 1 - Frame structure to analyze

 determine the degree of indeterminacy

The structure is statically indeterminate to the second degree (r=5, e=3, n = r-e = 5-3 = 2).

 select redundants and remove restraints

To solve for two degrees of indeterminacy, the structure has to be reduced to a statically
determinate and stable structure. This is done by removing two redundant supports.

In this example, the horizontal and vertical reactions at support D are selected as the
redundants to remove in order to obtain a primary determinate structure.

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Figure 2 - Primary determinate structure

 determine reactions and draw moment diagram for the primary

structure

Calculate the support reactions of the primary structure.

Figure 3 - Support reactions

Determine the moment diagram M0 due to the applied loads on the primary structure.

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Figure 4 - Mo - Moment diagram of primary structure

 sketch deflected shape

Sketch an approximate deflected shape for the primary structure, (see Fig. 4). Label the
deflection that occurs in the direction of each redundant at the released support.

Figure 5 - Deflected shape of primary structure

 calculate deformations at redundants

Using the virtual work method, calculate the vertical translation of support D that
corresponds to the redundants X1 and X2. Remove all loads and apply a unit force in the
direction of each redundant, draw the moment diagram, m, and sketch the deflected shape
due to the unit load.

For the redundant X1 acting in the direction of the reaction XD:

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Figure 6(a) - Primary structure with unit load applied at X1

Figure 6(b) - Moment diagram m1 with X1 = 1 k

Figure 6(c) - Deflected shape with X1 = 1 k

Calculate the horizontal translation corresponding to the redundant X1, D1, at support D
using the virtual work equation:

Using the method of virtual work, calculate areas on the M0 diagram and multiply each area
by the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of this area on the m1 diagram:

34
 Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on m1 diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A01 15 x -300/EI = -4500/EI 1/2 x 15 = 7.5 -33750/EI
A02 1/3 x 15 x -112.5/EI = -562.5/EI 3/4 x 15 = 11.25 -6328.125/EI
A03 1/2 x 15 x -300/EI = -2250/EI 0 0/EI
Total = Q( D1) = -40078.125/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q( D1) = -40078.125 (k2-ft3)/EI
3
D1 = -40078.125 (k-ft )/EI

For the redundant X2 acting in the direction of the reaction YD:

Figure 7(a) - Primary structure with unit load applied at X2

Figure 7(b) - Moment diagram m2 with X2 = 1 k

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Figure 7(c) - Deflected shape with X2 = 1 k

Calculate the horizontal translation corresponding to the redundant X2, D2, at support D.

Again, using the method of virtual work, calculate areas on the M0 diagram and multiply each
area by the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of this area on the m2 diagram:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on m2 diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A01 15 x -300/EI = -4500/EI 30 -135000/EI
A02 1/3 x 15 x -112.5/EI = -562.5/EI 30 -16875/EI
A03 1/2 x 15 x -300/EI = -2250/EI 5/6 x 30 = 25 -56250/EI
Total = Q( D2) = -208125/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q( D2) = -208125 (k2-ft3)/EI
3
D2 = -208125 (k-ft )/EI

Calculate the flexibility coefficients, fdd, by determining the deformations of the primary
structure when subjected to the redundant loads.

Again, using the method of virtual work, calculate areas on the m diagrams and multiply by
the corresponding heights, hi, measured at the centroid of each area:

For f11, the coefficient at X1 due to the load applied at X1:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on m1 diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A11 1/2 x 15 x 15/EI = 112.5/EI 2/3 x 15 = 10 1125/EI
Total = Q(f11) = 1125/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q(f11) = 1125 (k2-ft3)/EI
f11 = 1125 (k-ft3)/EI

For f12, the coefficient at X1 due to the load applied at X2:

36
 Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on m2 diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A11 1/2 x 15 x 15/EI = 112.5/EI 30 3375/EI
Total = Q(f12) = 3375/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q(f12) = 3375 (k2-ft3)/EI
f12 = 3375 (k-ft3)/EI

For f22, the coefficient at X2 due to the load applied at X2:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on m2 diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A21 15 x 30/EI = 450/EI 30 13500/EI
A22 1/2 x 30 x 30/EI = 450/EI 2/3 x 30 = 20 9000/EI
Total = Q(f22) = 122500/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q(f22) = 122500 (k2-ft3)/EI
f22 = 122500 (k-ft3)/EI

For f21, the coefficient at X2 due to the load applied at X1:

Area No. Area/EI (A) (k-ft2)/EI Height (h) on m1 diagram (k-ft) Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI
A21 15 x 30/EI = 450/EI 1/2 x 15 = 7.5 3375/EI
A22 1/2 x 30 x 30/EI = 450/EI 0 0/EI
Total = Q(f21) = 3375/EI

Therefore, with Q = 1 k;
Q(f21) = 3375 (k2-ft3)/EI
f21 = 3375 (k-ft3)/EI

note: f12 and f21 will always have the same result

 write consistent deformation equations

The consistent deformation equations are:

D1 + f11* X1 + f21* X2 = 0 (1)

D2 + f12* X1 + f22* X2 = 0 (2)

These equations are set equal to zero since the pinned support at D does not allow translation
in the direction of the redundants.

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  solve consistent deformation equations

Using equation (1) and (2), simultaneously solve for X1 and X2:

-40,078.125 (k-ft3)/EI + 1125(k-ft3)/EI * X1 + 3375(k-ft3)/EI* X2 = 0 (1)

-208,125 (k-ft3)/EI + 3375 (k-ft3)/EI* X1 + 22,500 (k-ft3)/EI* X2 = 0 (2)
X1 = 14.32
X2 = 7.10

The answers imply that the applied unit loads need to be multiplied, respectively, by the
corresponding result in order to obtain the final reactions.

The positive answers indicate that the reactions are in the same direction as the applied unit
loads.

 determine support reactions

Impose the new, correct values of XD and YD, along with the other applied loads on the
original structure. Calculate the remaining reactions using the three static equilibrium
equations, ( Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and M = 0).

Figure 8 - Frame with support reactions

 draw moment, shear, and axial load diagrams

All reactions are now known and are used to draw the complete shear and moment diagrams
for the structure.

38
Shear:

Figure 9 - Final shear diagram

Moment:

Figure 10 - Final moment diagram

Axial Load:

39
Figure 11 - Final axial load diagram

Deflected Shape:

Figure 12 - Deflected shape

Consistent Deformations - Force Method

Indeterminate Truss

problem statement

Using the method of consistent deformations, determine the vertical and horizontal reactions
at A and E and the resulting member loads for the truss in the accompanying figure.

The member properties are A = 2 in2 and E = 29x103 ksi.

40
Figure 1 - Truss structure to analyze

 determine the degree of indeterminacy

The structure is indeterminate to the first degree (r=4, e=3, n=r-n=4-3=1).

 select redundant and remove restraint

To solve for the single degree of indeterminacy, the structure has to be reduced to a statically
determinate and stable structure. This is done by removing a redundant support.

In this example, the horizontal reaction at support E is selected as a redundant to remove in

order to obtain a primary determinate structure.

Figure 2 - Primary determinate structure

 determine reactions and member forces

Calculate the support reactions of the primary structure, then determine the individual
member forces by using either the method of sections, or the method of joints.

41
Figure 3 - Support reactions and member forces

 calculate deformation at redundant

Use the virtual work method, calculate the horizontal translation of support E that
corresponds to the removed redundant XE. Remove all loads and apply a unit force in the
direction of the redundant.

Figure 4 - Primary structure with unit load applied

Calculate the member forces due to the unit load.

Figure 5 - Member forces due to unit load

Since the horizontal translation at E is equal to zero in the original structure, the horizontal
translation of the released structure at support E must be countered by a force at E which
causes an equal translation in the opposite direction.

Since the member forces are known in the released structure, and the virtual structure with a
unit load applied at E, the deflection at support E ( E0) caused by the applied loads on the
released structure is determined by the following equation.

where m is equal to the number of members, n is the force in the member due to the virtual
load, N is the force in the member due to the applied loads, L is the length, A is the area, and
E represents Young's Modulus of Elasticity.

42
The force required to counter this deflection is found by determining the deflection caused by
a unit load in the positive direction at the removed support, and multiplying this answer by
the unknown support reaction.

 write consistent deformation equation

The consistent deformation euqation that correspondes to the redundant XE (the horizontal
reaction at support E) is:

E0 + fee*XE = 0 (1)

where E0 is the deflection at E of the primary structure, fee is the deflection of the released
structure at E caused by the unit load, and XE is the value of the unknown redundant at E.

 solve consistent deformation equations

The deflection of the released structure under applied loads, E0.

note: for trusses, only the members which are subjected to the unit load need to be included

nNL/AE (k2-
Member n(k) N(k) L(ft)
ft)/AE
AB 1 -25.83 4 -103.33/AE
BC 1 -25.83 4 -103.33/AE
CD 1 -44.167 4 -176.67/AE
DE 1 -44.167 4 -176.67/AE
Total = E0 = -560/AE

The deflection of the released structure at E caused by the unit load, fee.

nNL/AE (k2-
Member n (k) N (k) L(ft)
ft)/AE
AB 1 1 4 4/AE
BC 1 1 4 4/AE
CD 1 1 4 4/AE
DE 1 1 4 4/AE
Total = fee = 16/AE

Using equation (1), solve for XE:

43
-560 (ft2-k)/AE + 16 (ft2-k)/AE*XE = 0
XE = 35

Multiply the unit load by this value to get the final reaction. The positive answer indicates
that the reaction is in the direction of the applied unit load.

 determine support reactions

Impose the value of the calculated XE along with the other applied loads on the original truss.
Calculate the remaining reactions using the trhee static equilibrium equations, ( Fx = 0, Fy
= 0 and M = 0).

Figure 6 - Truss with resultant support reactions

The resulting member forces are now determined by using the method of sections, or method
of joints. However, a much easier method is to use superposition and add the effects caused
by the redundant load on the released structure.

In this example, the 35 k load will cause only the top chord of the truss to experience a 35 k
tensile load in each member. This result can be added to those found in figure 3 above. The
final results,

Figure 8 - Truss with final member forces

Deflections - Method of Virtual Work

Rotation of a Beam - Cantilever

problem statement

44
Using the same structure as used in the Beam Deflection examples, determine the rotation at
A of the beam shown in the figure below using the Cantilever Method. The modulus of
elasticity (E) and the moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire beam.

Note: The colors of the loads and moments are used to help indicate the contribution of
each force to the deflection or rotation being calculated. The moment diagrams show
the moments induced by a load using the same color as the load.

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

 calculate the support reactions

Calculate the support reactions (caused by the applied loads) using the following
relationships:

Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.

The resulting system,

Figure 2 - Beam structure with support reactions

 draw moment diagrams (M) for the structure under applied "real"
loads

45
Using the cantilever method, fix the structure at joint B and draw the resulting moment
diagram induced by the applied "real" loads.

Plot the moment diagram for each applied load separately, i.e., by parts. The final results can
then be obtained by utilizing the method of superposition i.e., by summing the contribution of
each individual load to the displacement being calculated. This method is applicable since the
structure is assumed to be elastic and the deflections are small.

Note: The centroid of each area is indicated by the numbered arrow and dot.

i) Moment diagram due to the 56 ft-k concentrated moment at A,

Figure 3 - Moment diagram due to 56 ft-k moment

ii) Moment diagram due to the 2 k/ft applied load,

Figure 4 - Moment diagram due to 2 k/ft applied load

iii) Moment diagram due to the 21 k support reaction at A,

Figure 5 - Moment diagram due to 21 k support reaction

iv) Moment diagram due to the 6k applied load at end C

Figure 6 - Moment diagram due to 6 k applied load

Notice that the resultant moment diagram (figure 3 above) is the sum of these four diagrams.

46
Figure 7 - Resultant moment diagram

 apply virtual load

Apply the virtual load at the point of interest in the desired direction. In this case, we want to
know the rotation at point A. Therefore, apply a unit moment at point A in the positive
(clockwise) direction.

Figure 8 - Beam with virtual unit load applied

 solve the support reactions due to the virtual load

Following the same procedure used previously, calculate the support reactions (caused by the
virtual load) using the following relationships:

Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.

The resulting system,

Figure 9 - Support reactions due to virtual unit load

 draw virtual moment diagram (m)

47
Determine the moment diagram due to the virtual load using the same method as used to find
the moment diagrams for the applied loads.

Moment diagram due to the virtual load by using the cantilever method and fixing the
structure at joint B.

Figure 10 - Moment diagram due to virtual unit load

 calculate areas and centroids

Once the "real" moment diagrams are determined, calculate the area enclosed by each
moment diagram and determine the location of the centroid of each of these areas.

Location of centroid
Area No. Area/EI (ft2-k/EI)
from support (ft)
1. -56x20/EI=-1120/EI X1 = 1/2x20 = 10
2. 1/3x20x-400/EI=-2666.67/EI X2 = 3/4x20 = 15
3. 1/2x20x420/EI=4200/EI X3 = 2/3x20 = 13.33
4. 1/2x6x-36/EI=-108/EI X4 = 1/3x6 = 2

 determine heights of virtual moment diagram at centroids

Determine the values - heights (hi) - on the virtual moment diagram (m) at the centroids of the
moments due to the real loads. This is needed to carry out the integration by using the
equation given in the introduction,

Heights (hi) and locations by the cantilever method.

Figure 11 - Heights on virtual moment diagram

48
  integrate

Integrate the equation by using the visual integration approach.

Multiply the areas of the "real" moment diagram by the heights found in the virtual moment
diagram and add them together.

Area Area (a) Height (h)

2 Ai*hi (ft3-k2/EI)
No. from M diagram (ft -k/EI) from m diagram (ft-k)
1. -1120/EI 1 -1120/EI
1. -1120/EI -1/2 560/EI
2. -2666.67/EI 1 -2666.67/EI
2. -2666.67/EI -3/4 2000/EI
3. 4200/EI 1 4200/EI
3. 4200/EI -2/3 -2800/EI
4. -108/EI 0 0/EI
Total 173.33/EI

Since EI is constant throughout the structure, the total rotation at A equals +173.33 ft3-
k2/EI.

The positive sign indicates that the rotation is in the same direction as the unit moment
applied at A - therefore the rotation is in the clockwise direction.

If values of E and I are specified, the vertical deflection at C in inches can be

determined. For example, let E = 29,000 ksi, I = 144 in4, and Q = 1 ft-k, then

49
 BAB III
PENUTUP

3.1. Kesimpulan
Analisa struktur merupakan ilmu untuk menentukan efek dari beban pada struktur fisik
dan komponennya. Adapun cabang pemakaiannya meliputi analisis bangunan, jembatan,
perkakas, mesin, tanah, dll. Analisis struktur menggabungkan bidang mekanika teknik, teknik
material dan matematika teknik untuk menghitung deformasi struktur, kekuatan internal,
tekanan, reaksi tumpuan, percepatan, dan stabilitas. Hasil analisis tersebut digunakan untuk
memverifikasi kekuatan struktur yang akan maupun telah dibangun. Dengan demikian analisis
struktur merupakan bagian penting dari desain rekayasa struktur.

50