AND
FBAO
2
Apa ke-khusus-an penanganan pasien gawat darurat ?
3
PASIEN TRAUMA/ NON TRAUMA
TERAPI DEFINITIF/
SPESIALISTIK
4
Life support
A ─B─ C─ D
Quick Diagnosis – Quick Treatment
Pasien obstruksi (A) atau apneu (B) akan mati dalam 3-5 menit
Pasien shock berat (C) akan mati dalam 1-2 jam
Pasien coma (D) akan mati dalam 1 minggu
5
Bagaimana mengamankan jalan nafas?
?
Bagaimana pendapat para ahli anestesiologi?
1.Intubasi oleh bukan ahli dapat timbulkan trauma
2.Resiko: hipoksia fatal/ secondary brain damage,
vagal reflex→ bradikardi berat, cardiac arrest
3.TIK naik hanya dapat dicegah dengan obat-obatan
4.Tidak semua fasilitas kesehatan dilengkapi peralatan untuk
intubasi trakea
6
Trauma wajah berat, dengan potensi obstruksi airway
Intubasi trakea ? Setuju
7
Obstruksi airway karena lidah terdorong ke
hipofaring, lebih sering terjadi.
Intubasi trakea ?
8
Pasien mati karena hipoksia, bukan karena tidak
terpasang endotrakeal tube (ETT)
9
Banyak Cara Mengamankan Jalan Nafas
1. Basic/ Manual
A. Chin Lift
B.Jaw Thrust 10
C. Head tilt – Chin lift
11
2. Airway (Alat Bantu Nafas) Dasar
14
Airway
Menilai jalan nafas
Look
•Agitasi (hipoksia)/ tampak bodoh (hiperkarbia)
•Sianosis
•Retraksi
•Accessory respiratory muscle
15
Listen
•Snoring
•Gurgling
•Stridor
•Hoarness
Feel
•Trachea location
16
17
18
19
Airway Definitive
Pipa dalam trakea dengan balon (cuff) yang dikembangkan.
3 macam:
•Orotrakeal (Intubasi Oral)
•Nasotrakeal (Intubasi Nasal)
•Surgical airway (Krikotiroidotomi/ trakeostomi)
20
21
OBJECTIVE
Clear and protected airway
Oxygenation
22
Basic Airway Manuever
1. Chin Lift
•Tidak boleh akibatkan hiperekstensi
leher.
•Aman untuk C-spine pada korban
trauma
23
2. Jaw Thrust
•Pegang pada angulus
mandibulae, dorong mandibula
ke depan (ventral ).
•Aman untuk C-spine pada
korban trauma
24
3. Head tilt – Chin lift
•Gabungan antara manuver Head tilt
dan Chin lift.
•Head tilt: meletakkan telapak tangan di
dahi, kepala diekstensikan.
•Pada pasien trauma: hati-hati cedera
pada C-spine.
26
Airway Dasar
1. Oropharyngeal Airway (OPA)
•Menahan lidah tidak jatuh ke
belakang .
•Fasilitas suction.
•Mencegah lidah/ ETT tergigit
27
Oropharyngeal Airway/Guedel
NO: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
28
How to measure the right size of
Oropharyngeal Airway
Komplikasi
– Obstruksi total
– Laringospasme
– Muntah
29
Cara Pemasangan Oropharyngeal Airway
Dimasukkan mulut dg lengkungan menghadap palatum.
Setelah masuk separuh panjangnya, putar 180° hingga lengkungan
menempel pada lengkungan lidah.
1.
2.
3.
30
2. Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)
31
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Komplikasi
Kerusakan mukosa nasal
Laryngospasme
32
Cara Pemasangan Nasopharyngeal Airway
Cara pemasangan: beri jelly pelicin, didorong memasuki
lubang hidung hingga ujung pipa terletak di orofaring. Arah ujungnya
datar menyusur dasar rongga hidung, arah menuju anak telinga
(tragus).
1.
2.
3.
33
3. Advanced Airway
34
Endotrakeal Tube (ETT)
Komplikasi
Hipoksia
Trauma
Muntah-aspirasi isi
lambung
Hipertensi
Disritmia jantung
Intubasi satu paru
Intubasi esofagus
Cardiac arrest akibat
vagal reflex
35
Persiapan Intubasi Endotrakeal
1. Alat:
A. Laryngoscope
Terdiri dari : Blade (bilah) dan Handle (gagang).
Pilih ukuran blade yg sesuai.
Dewasa : no 3 atau 4
Anak : no 2
Bayi : no 1
Pasang blade dengan handle
Cek lampu harus menyala terang.
36
Laryngoscope
37
Menyiapkan Laryngoscope
1. 2.
3. 4.
38
Memegang Laryngoscope
Memegang laryngoscope
selalu dengan tangan kiri
39
Melepas Laryngoscope
Memasang dan melepas
laryngoscope selalu dengan
sudut 45°
40
B. Endotrakeal Tube (ET)
Pilih ukuran yang sesuai: (ID: Internal Diameter)
Dewasa : ID 6.5 , 7 atau 7.5 Atau ± sebesar
kelingking kiri pasien
Anak : ID = 4 + (Umur : 4)
41
ETT dissposible (Low
Pressure High Volume)
42
C. Spuit 20 cc.
D. Stylet (bila perlu).
E. Handsgloves steril.
F. KY jelly.
G. Forcep Magill (bila perlu).
H. AMBU Bag dg kantung reservoir dihubungkan dengan
sumber oksigen.
43
2. Obat Emergency
- Sulfas Atropin (SA) dalam spuit
- Adrenaline dalam spuit.
3. Pasien
Informed consent mengenai tujuan dan resiko tindakan.
44
Persiapan Intubasi Endotrakeal
45
Langkah – langkah Intubasi Endotrakeal
Ventilasi tekanan positif dan Oksigenasi
Harus dilakukan sebelum intubasi.
Dada harus mengembang selama ventilasi diberikan.
Oksigenasi dengan oksigen 100% (10 L/menit).
Bila intubasi gagal (waktu >30 detik), lakukan ventilasi dan
oksigenasi ulang, bahaya hipoksia !!!
46
Posisi Tangan Saat Ventilasi Tekanan Positif
Ibu jari dan jari telunjuk
menekan face mask ke bawah
sambil mempertahankan sekat
yg tidak bocor antara face
mask dan penderita.
47
INTUBASI TRAKEA
48
POSITION OF THE TIP OF LARYNGOSCOPE BLADE
LIDAH
VALEKULA
EPIGLOTIS
Trakea
Esofagus !!!
Sniffing Position
Mambantu Visualisasi laring
49
ELEVASI LARINGOSKOP
Gunakan kekuatan tangan untuk mengangkat. Jangan diungkit
dg menggunakan gigi seri atas sebagai titik tumpu (awas
patah!!).
50
INTUBASI TRAKEA
51
INTUBASI TRAKEA
Plica Vocalis Epiglotis Trakea
52
BURP MANUEVER
Menekan kartilago krikoid ke bawah, atas, kanan
(Back, Up, Right Pressure= BURP)
Membantu visualisasi plika vokalis
Dilakukan oleh asisten yg membantu intubator
ADAM’S APPLE
BURP
THYROID
CRICOID
53
INTUBASI TRAKEA
G. H.Intubasi endobronkhial
54
TEKNIK INTUBASI TRAKEA
Buka mulut dengan tangan kanan, gerakan jari menyilang (ibu jari
menekan mandibula, jari telunjuk menekan maksila)
Pegang laringoskop dg tangan kiri, masukkan melalui sisi sebelah
kanan mulut, singkirkan lidah ke samping kiri
Cari epiglotis.
epiglotis Tempatkan ujung bilah laringoskop di valekula
(pertemuan epiglotis dan pangkal lidah)
Angkat epiglotis dg elevasi laringoskop ke atas (jangan menggunakan
gigi seri atas sbg tumpuan !!!) untuk melihat plika vokalis
Bila tidak terlihat, minta bantuan asisten utk lakukan BURP manuver
(Back, Up, Right Pressure) pada kartilago krikoid sampai terlihat plika
vokalis
Masukkan ETT, bimbing ujungnya masuk trakea sampai cuff ETT
melewati plika vokalis
Kembangkan cuff ETT secukupnya (sampai tidak ada kebocoran udara)
Pasang OPA
Sambungkan konektor ETT dg ambu bag. Beri ventilasi buatan. Cek
suara paru kanan = kiri, Awas intubasi endobronkial !!
Fiksasi ETT dengan plester
55
Teknik Oral
2
56
3
4
57
5
58
Teknik Nasal
1 2
59
3
4
60
5 61
MENCEGAH KOMPLIKASI
INTUBASI TRAKEA
63
3. Advanced Airway
B. Laryngeal Mask Airway
Keuntungan :
•Teknik pemasangan lebih mudah
•Trauma lebih sedikit
•Tidak membutuhkan laringoskop
65
AIRWAY MANAGEMENT MOVIE
66
AIRWAY ANATOMY BRONCHOSCOPY MOVIE
67
Foreign Body Airway
Obstruction
(FBAO)
Conscious Adult Choking
Steps Involved in Relief of FBAO ( Conscious)
1. To confirm that the victim is choking, ask: “Are you choking?”
If the victim is choking, he will not be able to Speak, Breathe or Cough.
•if the victim is making sound or moving air, encourage them to cough.
•If the victim is not making sound, or is turning color, intervene.
•Announce to the victim that you know the Heimlich Manuver and can help!
•Have someone activate emergency medical system - CALL 911.
70
•Stand behind the victim with your arms wrapped around the
victims chest.
•Feel for the victim's xiphoid process with your right hand.
71
Make a fist with your left hand and place it (THUMB IN) below the right hand.
•If the victim is making sound or moving air, encourage them to cough.
•If the victim is not making sound, or is turning color, intervene.
•Announce to the victim that you know the Heimlich Manuver and can help!
•Have someone activate emergency medical system - CALL 911.
76
•If you are alone, perform Heimlich Manuver first, then call 911, because children
need air !!!
•Stand behind the victim with your arms wrapped around the victims chest.
•Feel for the victim's xiphoid process with your left hand.
•Make a fist with your right hand and place it (THUMB IN)below the left hand.
77
Wrap the left hand over the right hand.
Give inward and upward thrusts towards the shoulder blades.
Repeat this until either the obstruction is removed, or the victim becomes
unconscious.
78
•If the victim becomes unconscious, assist them to the ground and
perform C.P.R.
•Place victim flat on his/her back with their head to your right, on
a hard surface.
81
With your left hand cupped in a "C" shape, grab the infant by the jaw
and rest the remainder of your arm across the infant's body.
•Lift the infant with your left hand and invert the victim so their body is resting across
the rescuer's left arm with the legs straddling your arm.
•Lower the victim's head.
82
•With the infant's back towards you, perform 5 back blows at
the level of the infant's shoulder blades with the heel of your
right hand.
84
•Take the left hand,and extend the middle 3 fingers. Place them on the
infant's chest with the index finger in the center of the chest at the
nipple-line.
•Raise the index finger and depress sternum 1 inch using the remaining 2
fingers.
•Perform 5 compresions (Chest Thrust)
85
•Look in the infant's mouth to see if the foreign body has been
displaced.
86
•If no air goes in, reposition the head and try again.
•If no response after 1 minute, call emergency medical system dial-911
•Return to victim and continue the Heimlich Manuver.
. Position the victim on his back and call “Help! Call 995”
. Push chin down and check mouth for foreign body object
. If foreign body is seen, If foreign body is seen, insert the index finger of
the other hand down along the inside of the cheek and deeply into the throat.
Use a hooking action to dislodge the foreign body and maneuver it out of
the mouth./ Take precaution not to force the foreign body deeper into the
throat. This maneuver is known as the finger sweep. 89
Finger Sweep
Check for Foreign Body – use Push chin
down
If foreign body is seen, insert the index
finger of the other hand down along the
inside of the cheek and deeply into the
throat.
9. If the chest does not rise again, give 30 chest thrusts. The hand position
for chest thrusts is the same as chest compression performed in CPR.
10. Repeat S/N 4 to 8 until there are 2 successful ventilations, and check the
breathing.
91
The Self-Administered Heimlich Maneuver
1. To treat one’s own complete FBAO, make a fist with one hand, place
the thumb side on the abdomen above the navel (2 fingers breadth) and
below the xiphoid process, grasp the fist with the other hand, and then
press inward and upward toward the diaphragm with a quick motion.
2. If unsuccessful, the victim can also press the upper abdomen over any
firm surface such as the back of a chair, side of table, or porch railing.
Several thrusts may be needed to clear the airway.
92
Chest Thrust
May be used as an alternative to Heimlich Maneuver. It is performed on
obese or pregnant victim.
93
3. Place your arms under the victim’s armpits to encircle the chest.
Place one fist with thumb side on the middle of the breastbone.
Grasp fist with the other hand and give successive quick backward
thrusts..
Deliver each thrust firmly and distinctly with the intent of relieving
the obstruction until the foreign body is expelled or the victim
becomes unconscious.
When the victim becomes unconscious, the rescuer should activate
emergency medical services by dialing 995 for an ambulance and
begin CPR.
94
Chest thrust administered to a conscious victim (standing) of
foreign body airway obstruction.
95
Chest thrust administered to an unconscious victim (lying) of
foreign body airway obstruction.
96
Thank you.....
97