IKATAN DAN STRUKTUR LEWIS

(BONDING AND LEWIS

STRUCTURE)
Ikatan

Ikatan adalah penggabungan dua atom membentuk susunan

yang stabil
Pembentukan ikatan dapat terjadi antara dua atom yang sama
atau berbeda. Proses ini dapat terjadi karena diperoleh energi
yang lebih rendah dan kestabilan yang lebih tinggi.
Pembentukan ikatan dua atau lebih atom membentuk molekul
unsur atau senyawa.

Contohnya gas hidrogen (H2) terbentuk dari penggabungan dua

atom hidrogen dan metana (CH4), terbentuk dari penggabungan
atom karbon dengan empat atom hidrogen.
1. Melalui pembentukan ikatan, unsur-unsur memperoleh
susunan elektron valensi yang terisi penuh.
2. Melalui pembentukan ikatan, atom-atom memperoleh
susunan elektron seperti gas mulia.

Unsur periode pertama seperti hidrogen dapat menampung dua

elektron seperti gas helium. Unsur-unsur periode kedua stabil
dengan 8 elektron pada kulit terluar seperti neon. Unsur-unsur
yang memiliki 8 elektron valensi dikatan memenuhi kaidah
oktet.

There are two different kinds of bonding: ionic bonding

and covalent bonding.
Ikatan ion terbentuk melalui transfer elektron dari unsur satu
ke unsur yang lain.
Ikatan kovelan terbentuk melalui penggunaan elektron
bersama di antara dua unsur yang berikatan.

Ikatan ionik umumnya terjadi antara unsur-unsur di sebelah

kiri tabel periodik (IA dan IIA) dengan unsur-unsur di sebelah
kanan tabel periodic (VIA dan VIIA), kecuali gas mulia yang
jarang membentuk ikatan dengan unsur lain. Ikatan yang
dihasilkan terjadi antara ion positif dan negatif yang terikat
sangat kuat melalui gaya elektrostatik.

Label each bond in the following compounds as ionic or

covalent.
a. F2 b. LiBr c. CH3CH3 d. NaNH2
The transfer of electrons forms stable salts composed of
cations and anions
Covalent bonding, occurs with elements like carbon in the
middle of the periodic table, which would otherwise have to gain
or lose several electrons to form an ion with a complete valence
shell. A covalent bond is a two-electron bond, and a compound
with covalent bonds is called a molecule.
Second-row elements can have no more than eight valence
electrons around them. For neutral molecules, two
consequences result.
• Atoms with one, two, three, or four valence
electrons form one, two, three, or four bonds,
respectively, in neutral molecules.
• Atoms with five or more valence electrons form
enough bonds to give an octet. This results in the
following simple equation:
Contohnya, B mempunyai 3 elektron valensi sehingga membentuk
3 ikatan seperti pada BF3. N mempunyai 5 elektron valensi,
sehingga membentuk 3 ikatan (8-5) = 3 ikatan, seperti pada NH3.

How many covalent bonds are predicted for each atom?

a. O b. Al c. Br d. Si
Lewis Structures
Lewis structures are electron dot representations for molecules.
There are three general rules for drawing Lewis structures.
1. Draw only the valence electrons.
2. Give every second-row element no more than eight
electrons.
3. Give each hydrogen two electrons.
A Procedure for Drawing Lewis Structures
Step [1] Arrange atoms next to each other that you think
are bonded together.
• Always place hydrogen atoms and halogen atoms on the periphery because H
and X (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) form only one bond each.

• As a fi rst approximation, place no more atoms around an atom than the

number of bonds it usually forms.
Step [2] Count the electrons.
• Count the number of valence electrons from all atoms.
• Add one electron for each negative charge.
• Subtract one electron for each positive charge.
• This sum gives the total number of electrons that must
be used in drawing the Lewis structure.

Step [3] Arrange the electrons around the atoms.

• Place a bond between every two atoms, giving two
electrons to each H and no more than eight to any
second-row atom.
• Use all remaining electrons to fill octets with lone pairs.
• If all valence electrons are used and an atom does
not have an octet, form multiple bonds
Example: Draw a Lewis structure for methane, CH4.

Solution
Step [1] Arrange the atoms.
• Place C in the center and 4 H’s on the periphery.
• Note that C is surrounded by four atoms, its usual
number.

Step [2] Count the electrons.

Step [3] Add the bonds and lone pairs.

Adding four two-electron bonds around carbon uses all eight valence
electrons, and so there are no lone pairs. To check whether a Lewis
structure is valid, we must answer YES to three questions:
• Have all the electrons been used?
• Is each H surrounded by two electrons?
• Is each second-row element surrounded by no more than eight
electrons?
The answer to all three questions is YES, so the Lewis structure
drawn for CH4 is valid.
Latihan:

Gambarlah struktur Lewis untuk:

a. CH4O b. CH3CH3 c. CH5N d. CH3- e. CH3Cl

f. CH3OH g. CH5O+ h. C2H3O2-

Formal Charge
Formal charge is the charge assigned to individual atoms in a
Lewis structure
By calculating formal charge, we determine how the number of
electrons around a particular atom compares to its number of
valence electrons
An atom “owns” all of its unshared electrons and half of its
shared electrons
Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Elements in Groups 2A and 3A

Elements in the Third Row