IKATAN DAN STRUKTUR LEWIS

(BONDING AND LEWIS

STRUCTURE)
Ikatan

Ikatan adalah penggabungan dua atom

membentuk susunan yang stabil
Pembentukan ikatan dapat terjadi antara dua atom
yang sama atau berbeda. Proses ini dapat terjadi
karena diperoleh energi yang lebih rendah dan
kestabilan yang lebih tinggi. Pembentukan
ikatan dua atau lebih atom membentuk molekul
unsur atau senyawa.
Contohnya gas hidrogen (H2) terbentuk dari
penggabungan dua atom hidrogen dan metana
(CH4), terbentuk dari penggabungan atom karbon
dengan empat atom hidrogen.
1. Melalui pembentukan ikatan, unsur-unsur
memperoleh susunan elektron valensi yang
terisi penuh.
2. Melalui pembentukan ikatan, atom-atom
memperoleh susunan elektron seperti gas mulia.

Unsur periode pertama seperti hidrogen dapat

menampung dua elektron seperti gas helium.
Unsur-unsur periode kedua stabil dengan 8
elektron pada kulit terluar seperti neon. Unsur-
unsur yang memiliki 8 elektron valensi dikatan
memenuhi kaidah oktet.

There are two different kinds of bonding: ionic

bonding and covalent bonding.
Ikatan ion terbentuk melalui transfer elektron
dari unsur satu ke unsur yang lain.
Ikatan kovelan terbentuk melalui penggunaan
elektron bersama di antara dua unsur yang
berikatan.
Ikatan ionik umumnya terjadi antara unsur-unsur
di sebelah kiri tabel periodik (IA dan IIA) dengan
unsur-unsur di sebelah kanan tabel periodic (VIA
dan VIIA), kecuali gas mulia yang jarang
membentuk ikatan dengan unsur lain. Ikatan yang
dihasilkan terjadi antara ion positif dan negatif
yang terikat sangat kuat melalui gaya
elektrostatik.
Label each bond in the following compounds as
ionic or covalent.
a. F2 b. LiBr c. CH3CH3 d. NaNH2
The transfer of electrons forms stable salts
composed of cations and anions
Covalent bonding, occurs with elements like
carbon in the middle of the periodic table, which
would otherwise have to gain or lose several
electrons to form an ion with a complete valence
shell. A covalent bond is a two-electron bond,
and a compound with covalent bonds is called a
molecule.
Second-row elements can have no more
than eight valence electrons around them.
For neutral molecules, two consequences result.
• Atoms with one, two, three, or four
valence
electrons form one, two, three, or four
bonds,
respectively, in neutral molecules.
• Atoms with five or more valence electrons
form
enough bonds to give an octet. This results in
the
following simple equation:
Contohnya, B mempunyai 3 elektron valensi
sehingga membentuk 3 ikatan seperti pada BF3. N
mempunyai 5 elektron valensi, sehingga membentuk
3 ikatan (8-5) = 3 ikatan, seperti pada NH3.

How many covalent bonds are predicted for each

atom?
a. O b. Al c. Br d. Si
Lewis Structures
Lewis structures are electron dot
representations for molecules. There are three
general rules for drawing Lewis structures.
1. Draw only the valence electrons.
2. Give every second-row element no more than
eight
electrons.
3. Give each hydrogen two electrons.
rocedure for Drawing Lewis Structures
Step [1] Arrange atoms next to each other that
you think
• Always place
arehydrogen
bonded atoms and halogen atoms on the
together.
periphery because H and X (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) form only one
bond each.

• As a fi rst approximation, place no more atoms around an

atom than the number of bonds it usually forms.
Step [2] Count the electrons.
• Count the number of valence electrons from all
atoms.
• Add one electron for each negative charge.
• Subtract one electron for each positive charge.
• This sum gives the total number of electrons that
must
be used
Step in drawing
[3] Arrange thethe Lewis structure.
electrons around the
atoms.
• Place a bond between every two atoms, giving two
electrons to each H and no more than eight to any
second-row atom.
• Use all remaining electrons to fill octets with lone
pairs.
• If all valence electrons are used and an atom does
not have an octet, form multiple bonds
ample: Draw a Lewis structure for methane, CH4.

Solution
Step [1] Arrange the atoms.
• Place C in the center and 4 H’s on the periphery.
• Note that C is surrounded by four atoms, its usual
number.

Step [2] Count the electrons.

tep [3] Add the bonds and lone pairs.

Adding four two-electron bonds around carbon uses all

eight valence electrons, and so there are no lone pairs.
To check whether a Lewis structure is valid, we must
answer YES to three questions:
• Have all the electrons been used?
• Is each H surrounded by two electrons?
• Is each second-row element surrounded by no more
than eight electrons?
The answer to all three questions is YES, so the Lewis
structure drawn for CH4 is valid.
Latihan:

Gambarlah struktur Lewis untuk:

a. CH4O b. CH3CH3 c. CH5N d. CH3- e. CH3Cl

f. CH3OH g. CH5O+ h. C2H3O2-

Formal Charge
Formal charge is the charge assigned to
individual atoms in a Lewis structure
By calculating formal charge, we determine how
the number of electrons around a particular atom
compares to its number of valence electrons
An atom “owns” all of its unshared electrons
and half of its shared electrons
xceptions to the Octet Rule

Elements in Groups 2A and 3A

Elements in the Third Row