BASIC NDT

General Overview
NDT

By :
Ketut Arjawa
4-10 Dec 2014 by ketut arjawa - PT SCI-Training 1
NDT (Non Destructive Testing)

• Definisi : Pengujian/testing terhadap suatu

benda uji/material dengan tidak merusak
sifat fisik, kimia, maupun sifat mekanik
dari benda yang diuji

• Tools yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan

aplikasi dan method-nya, seperti, MT/PT,
UT, RT, EC dll

4-10 Dec 2014 by ketut arjawa - PT SCI-Training 2

DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
• Definisi : pengujian/testing yang dilakukan
menyebabkan rusaknya benda uji (terjadi
perubahan sifat fisik, mechanical atau
kimia)

• Contoh : Uji Mekanik (Uji Tarik, Uji

Bending, Uji Takik/Charpy Test, Uji Keras,
dll

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PENGGOLONGAN NDT :
• KONVENSIONAL NDT : MT, PT, RT, UT, EC,
VISUAL

• ADVANCE : TOFD, PHASE ARRAY, EC ARRAY,

EC/IRIS, LRUT, PULSE EDDY CURRENT,
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY, REMOTE VISUAL,

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 NDT Konvensional

• Penetrant Test (PT)

• Magnetic Particle Test (MT)
• Ultrasonic Test (UT)
• Radiography Test (RT)
• Eddy Current Test

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 MT/PT
MAGNETIC PARTICLE / PENETRANT TEST

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE
Apliaksi : Dapat mendeteksi cacat di permukaan (surface) dan sedikit
dibawah permukaan (sub surface)

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE

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MAGNETIC PARTICLE

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DYE PENETRANT
Apliaksi : Dapat mendeteksi cacat di permukaan (surface) saja, cacat
arus terbuka.

Prinsip : Dengan memanfaatkan daya kapileritas.

Cairan yang digunakan adalah :

Cleaner, Penetrant, Developer

Urutan penggunaan : Cleaner – Penetrant - Developer

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PRODUK CONSUMABLE
Penetrant :
• SKC-S (Cleaner)
• SKL-SP (Penetrant)
• SKD (Developer)

Magnetic Particle :
• WCP (White Contrast)
•7HF (Black Ink)

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 PERALATAN

Magnetic Particle :
• York (Permanent dan Electrical)
• Prod
• Coil
• Bar
• UV Lamp

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Dye Penetrant (PT)
Pengujian dengan menggunakan cairan Dye Penetrant untuk
mendeteksi ketidaksempurnaan/cacat material

Aplikasi :
Mendeteksi cacat
permukaan (surface)
pada material

Personel :
1 PT Level I (ASNT, PCN)
2. PT Level II (ASNT, PCN)

4-10 Dec 2014 by ketut arjawa - PT SCI-Training 17

Magnetic Particle (MT)
Pengujian dengan menggunakan metoda Magnetic
Particle untuk mendeteksi ketidaksempurnaan/cacat
material

Aplikasi :
Mendeteksi cacat permukaan
(surface) dan bawah
permukaan (sub-surface)

Personel :
1. MT Level I (ASNT, PCN)
2. MT level II (ASNT, PCN)

4-10 Dec 2014 by ketut arjawa - PT SCI-Training 18

 ULTRASONIC TEST

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Sound/wave : adalah proses perambatan gelombang
melalui suatu media/masa/specimen/material

Prinsip Kerja : Vibration / Getaran

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 Properties dari soundeaves :
A
• Velocity (in/sec)

λ = 1/T
• Frequency (Hz)
• wavelength (mm)

VELOCITY
•Velocity adalah kecepatan rambat gelombang
• Velocity tergantung pada : density, wave mode, material temp.

FREQUENCY

• Frequency adalah Jumlah Cycle dalam suatu periode atau

laju getaran
• Manusia dapat mendengar bunyi Frequency 20 - 20.000 Hz
•Gelobang Ultrasonic diatas 20.000 Hz
• Comersial UT Testing 100 KHz – 25 MHz

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 A WAVELENGTH

λ = 1/T

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 ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT
Basic Element :
1. Test Instruments
2. Transducer
3. Test Object

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TEST INSTRUMENT
Ultrasonic Test Instrument merupakan Komparator/pembanding oleh
sebab itu harus dilakukan kalibrasi

UT Instrument terdiri dari 6 basic sircuits :

1. Power Supply
2. Clock Circuit
3. Sweep Generator
4. Pulser
5. Receiver
6. Display

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TEST INSTRUMENT

Power Supply
Berfungsi untuk memberikan voltages yang yg diperlukan untuk
memfungsikan seluruh komponen yang ada.

Power Supply dapat dari sumber listrik langsung AC ke DC atau

sumber Battery ( Nickel Cadmium, lead gel, Litium)

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TEST INSTRUMENT

Clock Circuit
Clock sircuit berfungsi untuk membangkitkan/memulai
suatu rangkaian kejadian yang akan menghasilkan satu
periode getaran dalam untrasonic test.
Clock sircuit mengirim signal triger ke sweep generator
dan pulser
Trigger signal diulang-ulang sesuai dengan frequency
yang diberikan (Pulse Repetition rate)

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TEST INSTRUMENT

Sweep Generator
• Mendisplay sound travel time dalam scala horizontal
• RANGE control
• Pembacaan Read out

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TEST INSTRUMENT

Pulser
• Memancarkan Signal electrical ke transducer (initial
pulse (Main bang)
• Damping dan atau Pulse Energy mengatur initial pulse

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TEST INSTRUMENT
Receiver
• Menerima signal dari transducer
• Memproses dan amplify signal ke layar display
• Detector circuit yang dapat memerima signal dalam
beberapa types :
- Radio Frequency (RF)
- Vidio (- Full wave, half wave positive/negative)
• Gain Control

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TEST INSTRUMENT

Display
• Menampilkan visual disolay dari test signal
• Jenis Display :
- Convensional CRT
- Digitized Display

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TEST INSTRUMENT
Circuit Tambahan:
• Electronic DAC, TVG, TCG
• Monitor gate untuk Alarm
• Digital Thickness display
• Matematic Calculation
• RF waveform presentation

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ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT

Sensitivitas Alat UT terhadap ukuran

cacat dapat dikompensasi oleh
alat/system dengan beberapa method :
• DAC = Distance Amplitude Correction
•TCG = Time Corrected Gain
•STC = Sensitivity Time Control
Tanpa DAC

DAC

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ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER

• Transducer/Probe adalah alat untuk mengconvert energi ke

dalam bentuk lain (mekanik ke listrik dan sebaliknyalistrik ke
mekanik.
• Transducer merrupakan penghubung antara test object dan
test instrument
• Transducer dianalogikan seperti speaker atau micriphones

• Transducer dibuat dengan Cristal Piezoelectric

- Cristal akan bergetar bila diberi tegangan/voltage
- Cristal akan membangkitan tegangan jika da
deformasi

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ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER

DAMPING BLOCK

ELECTRODES CRYSTAL
PIEZOELECTRIC

WEAR PLATE

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ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER

Type Transducer :
1. Straighy Beam Transducer
• Single Crystal
• Dual Crystal
• Delay Line

2. Angle Beam Transducer

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ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER

Single Normal Probe Dual Probe Angle Probe

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SOUND BEAM GEOMETRY

• Sound beam merupakan area jangkauan

/pancaran ultrasonic signal dari tansducer :
• Sound Beam terdiri dari :
- Near Field (Fresnel Zone)
- Far Zone ( Fraunhofer Zone)
• Titik dimana berakhirnya near field disebut Yo
Point.

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SOUND BEAM GEOMETRY

D2 (mm) x f (MHz)
Near Field (mm) =
4 V (km/sec)

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SOUND BEAM GEOMETRY

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 ULTRASONIC TEST VARIABEL :

• Basic test Method

• Coupling Technique
• Wave Travel Mode
•Sound travel Geometry
• Data Presentation Method

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 ULTRASONIC TEST VARIABEL :

• Basic test Method

1. Thru - transmission technique
2. Pulse echo technique
3. Resonace Technique

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 ULTRASONIC TEST VARIABEL :
Coupling Technique :
• menggunakan couplant : water oil, celluluse,
greace
• Emmersion : uniform coupling, high speed
testing
• Surface condition : permukaan yang kasar
akan mengurangi test sensitivity

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 ULTRASONIC TEST VARIABEL :
Wave Travel Mode :
• Longitudinal
• Shear wave
• Surface wave (Rayleigh wave): eliptical motion
wave)
•Plate wave (lamb wave) : pada plat tipis (kurang
dari 3 λ)

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 ULTRASONIC TEST VARIABEL :
•Sound travel Geometry

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 ULTRASONIC TEST VARIABEL :
Data Presentation Method :

A-SCAN

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 ULTRASONIC TEST VARIABEL :
Data Presentation Method :

B-SCAN

C-SCAN

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ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT

CALIBRATION BLOCK

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ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT

EQUPMENT / TRANDUCER RESOLUTION

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ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT

EQUPMENT / TRANDUCER RESOLUTION

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 Jenis-jenis Cacat Las dan Ilustrasi Pulse Display

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 Jenis-jenis Cacat Las dan Ilustrasi Pulse Display

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 Jenis-jenis Cacat Las dan Ilustrasi Pulse Display

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 Jenis-jenis Cacat Las dan Ilustrasi Pulse Display

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 Jenis-jenis Cacat Las dan Ilustrasi Pulse Display

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ULTRASONIC EQUIPMENT

Sensitivitas Alat UT terhadap ukuran

cacat dapat dikompensasi oleh dengan
beberapa method :
• DAC = Distance Amplitude Correction
•TCG = Time Corrected Gain
•STC = Sensitivity Time Control Tanpa DAC

DAC

4-10 Dec 2014 by ketut arjawa - PT SCI-Training 55

Ultrasonic (UT)
Pengujian dengan menggunakan gelombang ultrasonic
untuk mendeteksi ketidaksempurnaan/cacat material
Aplikasi :
1. UT thickness : pengukuran
tebal
2. UT Flaw Detector : deteksi
cacat, pengukuran tebal
3. UT B-Scan : Pengukuran UT thickness gage
cacat, ketebalan dengan
penampilan cross sectional
4. UT C-Scan
Personel :
1. UT Level I (ASNT, PCN) UT Flaw & B- Scan
2. UT Level II (ASNT, PCN)
4-10 Dec 2014 by ketut arjawa - PT SCI-Training 56
 Radiographic Testing

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Radiographic
Radiographic
Testing
Testing
Radiography :
Adalah metode pemeriksaan tidak merusak untuk mendeteksi
adannya cacat baik pada : Steel, Concrete, Weld, Human body &
material lainnya dengan menggunakan sinar radiasi dan film
sebagai pencetak hasilnya.

Kelebihan Kekurangan
• Bisa diterapkan hampir untuk •Berbahaya diperlukan standard
semua jenis material safety yang tinggi
• Permanen record (film) • perlu skill operator
• Portable • limitasi terhadap ketebalan
• baik untuk internal & surface ( dibandingkan UT )
defects
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Radiographic
Radiographic
Testing
Testing
Philosophy

Light rays
X/ rays
Source

Test piece

Record

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Radiographic Testing
Philosophy

X - RAY  - RAY

X
e

e

Inti atom Inti atom

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Radiographic Testing
Philosophy

X - RAY  - RAY
Continue Discreet
i i

KV Mev
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Radiographic Testing
Radiation Protection

• Safety Procedure
• Exposure time
• Distance
• Shielding
• Survey meter
• Film badge
• Pen dos
• Sign board
• Yellow line

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Radiographic Testing
TERMS
• Sensitivity • Decay chart
• Density • Halftime
• Contrast (object & film) • Panoramic
• Back scatter • Collimator
• Penetrameter ( penny ) • Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)
• Source / film side • Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
• Densitometer • Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)
• Viewer • Finger print
• Cassette • Film mark ( usually chemical )
• Screen • Low / over density
• Exposure time • Low sensitivity
• Film cepat / lambat • Film’s Identifications
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Radiographic Testing
PENETRAMETERS / PENNY / IQI
DIN ASTM ASTM / ASME
DIN ASTM
X X
4T

1T

2T

FE 1 ISO 7 1 A T
6 ISO 12 B C D
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2014ISO 16 by ketut arjawa - PT SCI-Training 64
Radiographic Testing
SENSITIVITY CALCULATION

Wire penetrameter Hole penetrameter

S = d / t x 100 % S = 100 / t Txh/2

d = Smallest visible wire diameter

t = Object’s thickness
T = Penetrameter thickness ( hole type )
h = Smallest visible hole
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Radiographic Testing
IQI SELECTION

AWS D.1.1 : Table 6.4 / 6.5

ASME VIII & IX : ASME V Art. 2, Table T-233.1 &

& ANSI B 31.3 T-233.2

ANSI B 31.4 , 31.8 : API 1104

& API 1104

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Radiographic Testing
WELD DEFECTS
• Cracks ( hot, cold/delayed, crater crack/star crack )
• IP/LOP ( Incomplete Penetration / Lack Of Penetration )
• IF/LOF ( Incomplete Fusion / Lack Of Fusion )
• Slags ( Slag Inclusion, line , Wagon track )
• Porosity ( Cluster, piping, wormholes )
• Burn through
• Under cut
•

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WELD DEFECTS
Radiographic Testing

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Radiographic Testing
FILM INTERPRETATION

• Check viewer
• Check film identifications
• Check film quality :
• Density
• Sensitivity ( proper IQI, IQI location & number )
• Film defects
• Technique
• Examine weldment against Acceptance Criteria

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Radiographic Testing
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

AWS D1.1 : Sec. 6, Part C

Static - non tubular : 6.12.1 - Fig. 6.2 & 6.3
Cyclic - non tubular : 6.12.2 - Annex V
Tubular : 6.12.3 - Fig. 6.2 & 6.3
ASME VIII Div.1 : ASME VIII UW 51 (Full)
UW 52 (spot)
ASME IX : ASME IX QW 191.2
ANSI B 31.3 : Table 341.2
ANSI B 31.4 , 31.8: API 1104
& API 1104
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Radiographic Testing

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Radiographic Testing

Film interpretation Practice

• Interpret Films based on :

• AWS D.1.1
• ASME Sect. IX
• ASME Sect. VIII div. 1

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Radiografi (RT)
• Inspeksi dengan menggunakan sinar radioaktif
(Gamma ray atau X-ray) dan film sebagai pencetak
image

Aplikasi :
• Pemeriksaan cacat pada
material terutama pada
daerah las
Radiography Setting

Gamma Ray Camera B880

Crawler (pipeline Radiography) *
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Radiografi (RT)

Personel
1 (satu) Team Radiography terdiri dari :
• Operator Radiography (OR/Batan)/ ASNT Level 1
• Ahli Radiography (AR/Batan) / ASNT Level II
• Interpreter /RI (Radiographic Interpreter)
• Petugas Proteksi Radiasi (PPR)

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