07 - Cladistik Dan Filogenetik - Taksonomi Tumbuhan Tinggi
07 - Cladistik Dan Filogenetik - Taksonomi Tumbuhan Tinggi
Linnaeus Darwin
Species: A B C D A
E
F B
E
C
Time
F
D
Time
Internal nodes =
ancestral taxa
Filogeni
Monophyletic group Paraphyletic group Polyphyletic group
Berisi nenek moyang dan Berisi beberapa nenek Berisi dua atau lebih turunan
semua turunannya saat ini Moyang dan beberapa Yang berbeda nenek moyang
turunannya
A B C D A B C D A B C D
Outgroups
Contoh…
Outgroup
Ingroup
Recovered
phylogeny
True phylogeny
True phylogeny:
Homoplasy Malawi cichlids
monophyletic
Recovered
phylogeny
Similar characters (e.g., morphological, behavioral,
molecular, etc. traits or features) suggest relatedness…
Wasps
[Hymenoptera]
But, not all similarity derives from common ancestry!
Mantisfly
[Neuroptera]
Fig. 25.11
Ingroup vs. Outgroup
Outgroup = a species (or group) known to have an older
most recent common ancestor with the ingroup than the
ingroup’s most recent common ancestor
Fig. 25.11
Ingroup vs. Outgroup
An outgroup helps identify shared ancestral and shared
derived characters (unique to a clade)
Fig. 25.11
EVOLUSI
Cretaceous mass
extinction
Extinction of >90% of
species
Reconstructing evolutionary history
Molecular
Characters nucleotide bases A, C, T, G