TUGAS TERMODINAMIKA

KELOMPOK IV
Nama Anggota Kelompok :
1) Arya Dharma
2) Aulia
3) Enda Hutabarat
4) Michael Joy
5) Yos Pawer Ambarita

SOAL DAN PENYELESAIAN
1.1) What is the value of g, and what are its units in a system in which the second,
the foot, and the pound mass are defined as in Sec. 1.2, and the unit of force is
the poundal, defined as the force required to give l (lbm) an acceleration of
l(ft)(s)
-2

Penyelesaian :
F =
m.a
g
c

1 N =
1 kg. m/s
2
g
c

1
4,448
lbf =
1
0,454
lbm.
1
0,304
It/s
2
g
c

0,225 lbf =
2,2 lbm. 3,29 It/s
2
g
c

g
c
= 32,2
lbm.It
s
2


1.2) Electric current is the fundamental electrical dimension in SI; its unit is the
ampere (A). Determine units for the following quantities, as combinations
fundamental SI units.
(a) Electric power; (b) Electric charge; (c) Electric potential difference;
(d) Electric resistance; (e) Electric capacitance.

Penyelesaian :
(a) Daya Listrik
Daya listrik didefinisikan sebagai laju hantaran energi listrik dalam sirkuit
listrik. Satuan SI daya listrik adalah watt yang menyatakan banyaknya
tenaga listrik yang mengalir per satuan waktu (Joule/detik).
Daya listrik : P =
W
t
= I
2.
R
(b) Muatan Listrik
Coulomb, dilambangkan dengan C, adalah satuan SI untuk muatan listrik,
dan didefinisikan dalam ampere: 1 coulomb adalah banyaknya muatan
listrik yang dibawa oleh arus sebesar 1 ampere mengalir selama 1 detik.
Muatan listrik : Q = I.t
(c) Beda Potensial
Volt (V) adalah satuan turunan di dalam Standar Internasional (SI) untuk
mengukur perbedaan tegangan listrik atau beda potensial. 1 Volt berarti
beda tegangan yang diperlukan untuk membuat arus tepat sebesar
1 ampere di dalam suatu rangkaian dengan resistensi 1 ohm.
Beda potensial : V = I.R
(d) Hambatan Listrik
Ohm (lambang: ) adalah satuan SI dari impedansi listrik, atau dalam
kasus arus searah, hambatan listrik. Nama satuan ini berasal dari
ilmuwan Georg Ohm. Satu ohm (yang diukur oleh alat ohm-meter) adalah
hambatan listrik pembawa arus yang menghasilkan perbedaan tegangan
satuvolt ketika arus satu ampere melewatinya.
Hambatan listrik : R =
V
I

(e) Kapasitansi Listrik
Kapasitansi atau kapasitans adalah ukuran jumlah muatan listrik yang
disimpan (atau dipisahkan) untuk sebuah potensial listrik yang telah
ditentukan. Bentuk paling umum dari piranti penyimpanan muatan adalah
sebuah kapasitor dua lempeng/pelat/keping. Jika muatan di
lempeng/pelat/keping adalah +Q dan Q, dan V adalah tegangan listrik
antar lempeng/pelat/keping.
Kapasitansi listrik : C =

V
=
I.t
I.R

1.3) Liquidlvapor saturation pressure P
sat
is often represented as a function of
temperature by an equation of the form:
log
10
P
sat
/torr = a -

t/
o
C

Here, parameters a, b, and c are substance-specific constants. Suppose it is
required torepresent P
sat
by the equivalent equation:
log
10
P
sat
/kPa = a -

t/K

Show how the parameters in the two equations are related.

1.4) At what absolute temperature do the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales
give the same numerical value? What is the value?
Penyelesaian :
Celcius : Fahrenheit = 5 : 9 (+32)
Celcius = Fahrenheit
5 = 9 (+32) (kedua ruas dikalikan dengan x)
5x = 9x + 32 ....(1)
-4x = 32
x = -8
substitusi nilai x=-8 ke persamaan (1)
5(-8) = 9(-8) + 32
-40 = -40
Jadi Celcius dan Fahrenheit menunjukkan angka yang sama pada temperatur
absolut -40.

1.5) Pressures up to 3000 bar are measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston
diameter is 4 rnm. What is the approximate mass in kg of the weights required?
Penyelesaian :
Dik : P = 3000 bar
D = 4 mm
Dit : m = .....?
Jawab :
P = 3000 bar x
1 x 10
5
N/m
2
1 bar
= 3000 x 10
5
N/m
2

D = 4 mm x
1 m
1000 mm
= 4 x 10
-3
m
A =
1
4
D
2

=
1
4
(3,14) (4 x 10
-3
m)
2

= 12,56 x 10
-6
m
2


P =
F
A
F = P . A
= (3000 x 10
5
N/m
2
) (12,56 x 10
-6
m
2
)
= 3768 N

F = m.g (g = 9,8 m/s
2
)
m =
F
g
=
3768 N
9,8 m/s
2

= 384,49 kg

1.6) Pressures up to 3000 atm are measured with a dead-weight gauge. The piston
diameter is 0.17 (in). What is the approximate mass in (lb,) of the weights
required?
Penyelesaian :
Dik : P = 3000 atm
D = 0,17 inch
Dit : m (dalam lbm) = ....?
Jawab :
1 inch = 2,54 cm
D = 0,17 inch x
2,54 cm
1 inch
x
1 m
100 cm
= 0,4318 x 10
-2
m
P = 3000 atm x
1 bar
0,986923
x
10
5

Pa
1 bar
= 3039,75 x 10
5
Pa
A =
1
4
D
2

=
1
4
(3,14) (0,4318 x 10
-2
m)
2

= 0,146 x 10
-4
m
2

P =
F
A
F = P . A
= (3039,75 x 10
5
N/m
2
) (0,146 x 10
-4
m
2
)
= 4438,035 N

F = m.g (g = 9,8 m/s
2
)
m =
F
g
=
4438,035 N
9,8 m/s
2

= 452,86 kg

m = 452,86 kg x
2,20462 lbm
1 kg
= 998,38 lbm

1.7) The reading on a mercury manometer at 298.15 K (25C) (open to the
atmosphere at one end) is 56.38 cm. The local acceleration of gravity is 9.832
m.s
-2
. Atmospheric pressure is 101,78 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in kPa
being measured? The density of mercury at 298.15 K (25C) is 13.534 g.cm
-3
.
Penyelesaian :
Dik : h = 56,38 cm
g = 9,832 m/s
2

P
atm
= 101,78 kPa
= 13,543 gr/cm
3

Dit : P
abs
(dalam kPa) = ....?

Jawab :
= 13,543 gr/cm
3
x
10
6
cm
3
1 m
3
x
1 kg
1000 gr
= 13,543 x 10
3
kg/m
3

h = 56,38 cm x
1 m
100 cm
= 56,38 x 10
-2
m
P
gauge
.g.h
= (13,543 x 10
3
kg/m
3
) (9,832 m/s
2
) (56,38 x 10
-2
m)
= 75072,66 Pa
P
gauge
= 75072,66 Pa x
1 kPa
1000 Pa
= 75,07266 kPa
P
abs
= P
gauge
+ P
atm

= 75,07266 kPa + 101,78 kPa = 176,85266 kPa

1.8) The reading on a mercury manometer at 70 (
o
F) (open to the atmosphere at one
end) is 25,62 (in). The local acceleration of gravity is 32,243 ft.s
-2
.
Atmospheric pressure is 29,86 (inHg). What is the absolute pressure in Psia
being measured? The density of mercury at 70 (F) is 13.534 g.cm
-3
.
Penyelesaian :
Dik : h = 25,62 in
g = 32,243 ft/s
2

P
atm
= 28,86 inHg
= 13,543 g/cm
3

Dit : P
abs
(dalam Psia) = ....?
Jawab :
g = 32,243 ft/s
2
x
0,304 m
1 It
= 9,802 m/s
2

h = 25,62 in x
2,54 cm
1 in
x
1 m
100 cm
= 65,07 x 10
-2
m
= 13,543 g/cm
3
x
10
6
cm
3
1 m
3
x
1 kg
1000 gr
= 13,543 x 10
3
kg/m
3

P
gauge
.g.h
= (13,543 x 10
3
kg/m
3
) (9,802 m/s
2
) (65,07 x 10
-2
m)
= 86379,4 Pa
P
atm
= 29,86 inHg x
1 Psia
2,0360 inHg
= 14,666 Psia
P
gauge
= 86361,8 Pa x
1 Psia
6894,76 Pa
= 12,5257 Psia
P
abs
= P
atm
+ P
gauge

= (14,666 + 12,5257) Psia
= 27,19 Psia

1.9) Liquids that boil at relatively low temperatures are often stored as liquids under
their vapor pressures, which at ambient temperature can be quite large. Thus, n-
butane stored as a liquid/vapor system is at a pressure of 2.581 bar for a
temperature of 300 K. Largescale storage (>50 m
3
) of this kind is sometimes
done in spherical tanks. Suggest two reasons why.
Penyelesaian :
Tangki bola (spherical tanks) banyak digunakan untuk menyimpan cairan yang
mudah mendidih pada suhu yang relatif rendah, karena :
1) Tekanan dalam tangki bola didesain berada di bawah tekanan uap cairan
pengisi.
2) Tangki bola menawarkan volume maksimum untuk luas permukaan yang
kecil dan memiliki ketebalan 1 kali ketebalan tangki silinder dengan
diameter yang sama

1.10) The first accurate measurements of the properties of high-pressure gases were
made by E. H. Amagat in France between 1869 and 1893. Before developing
the dead-weight gauge, he worked in a mine shaft, and used a mercury
manometer for measurements of pressure to more than 400 bar. Estimate the
height of manometer required.
Dik : P = 400 bar
g = 9,8 m/s
2

= 13,5 gr/cm
3

Dit : h = ....?
Jawab :
P = 400 bar x
10
5
Pa
1 bar
= 4 x 10
7
Pa
= 13,5 gr/cm
3
x
10
6
cm
3
1 m
3
x
1 kg
1000 gr
= 13,5 x 10
3
kg/m
3

P .g.h
h =

=
4 x 10
7
Pa
(13,5 x 10
3
kg/m
3
) (9,8 m/s
2
)


= 0,03023 x 10
4
m
= 302,3 m

1.11) An instrument to measure the acceleration of gravity on Mars is constructed of
a spring from which is suspended a mass of 0.40 kg. At a place on earth where
the local acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m.s
-2
, the spring extends 1.08 cm. When
the instrument package is landed on Mars, it radios the information that the
spring is extended 0.40 cm. What is the Martian acceleration of gravity?
Penyelesaian :
Dik : m = 0,4 kg
g
bumi
= 9,8 m/s
2

x
bumi
= 1,08 cm
x
mars
= 0,4 cm
Dit : g
mars
= ....?
Jawab :
Pada Bumi x
bumi
= 1,08 cm x
1 m
100 cm
= 1,08 x 10
-2
m
F = m.g
bumi
= K. x
bumi

(0,4 kg)( 9,8 m/s
2
) = K. 1,08 x 10
-2
m
K = 3,6296 x 10
2
kg/s
2

Pada Mars x
bumi
= 0,4 cm x
1 m
100 cm
= 0,4 x 10
-2
m
F = m. g
mars
= K. x
mars

(0,4 kg) g
mars
= (3,6296 x 10
2
kg/s
2
) (0,4 x 10
-2
m)
g
mars
= 3,629 m/s
2
1.12) The variation of fluid pressure with height is described by the differential
equation:
Here, is specific density and g is the local acceleration of gravity. For an ideal
gas, = MP/RT, where M is molar mass and R is the universal gas constant.
Modeling the atmosphere as an isothermal column of ideal gas at 283.15 K (l0
C), estimate the ambient pressure in Denver, where z = l (mile) relative to sea
level. For air, take M = 29 g mol
-1
; values of R are given in App. A.
Penyelesaian :
Dik : z = 1 mile
T = 10
o
C
M = 29 g/mol
R = 82,06
cm
3
.atm
mol.K

g = 9,8 m/s
2

Dit : P
Denver
= ....?
Jawab :
T = 10
o
C + 273,15

= 283,15 K
z = 1 mile x
5280 It
1 mile
x
1 m
3,2808 It
x
100 cm
1 m
= 1609,36 x 10
2
cm
g = 9,8 m/s
2
x
100 cm
1 m
= 980 cm/s
2


dP
dz
= - g .....(1)
=
M.P
R.T
.....(2)
substitusi pers (2) ke pers (1) :

dP
dz
= -
M.P
R.T
g

1
P
dP
P
1
= -
M.g
R.T
dz
z
0

ln P
1
P
= -
M.g
R.T
z
ln
P
1
= -
M.g
R.T
z
ln P = -
M.g
R.T
z

P = e
-
M.g
R.T
z
..... (1)
-
M.g
R.T
z = -
29 g/mol.980 cm/s
2
82,06
cm
3
.atm
mol.K
.283,15 K
1609,36 x 10
2
cm = - 0,196 .....(2)
Substitusi pers (2) ke pers (1) :
P = e
-
M.g
R.T
z

P = e

= 0,822 atm
1.13) A group of engineer has landed on the moon, and they wish to determine the
mass of some rocks. They have a spring scale calibrated to read pounds mass of
at a location where the acceleration of gravity is 32,186 (ft)(s)
-2
. One of the
moon rocks gives a reading of 18,76 on this scale. What is its mass? What is its
weight on the moon? Take g (moon) = 5,32 (ft)(s)
-2
.
Penyelesaian :
Dik : g
bumi
= 32,186 (ft)(s)
-2

g
bulan
= 5,32 (ft)(s)
-2

l
bulan
= 18,76
Dit : m = ....?
w
bulan
= ....?
Jawab :
m
bulan
= m
bumi


k. l
bulan
g
bulan

=

g
bumi

l
bumi
=
l
bulan
g
bulan
g
bumi

=
18,76
5,32 (It)(s)
-2
32,186 (ft)(s)
-2

= 113,498
m l
bumi
lbm
= 113,498 lbm
W
dibulan
= m . g
bulan

= 113,498 lb
m
. 5,32 ft s
-2

= 603,809 lb
f


1.14) A 70 W outdoor security light burns, on average, 10 hours a day. A new bulb
costs $5.00, and the lifetime is about 1000 hours. If electricity costs $0.10 per
kWh, what is the yearly price of "security," per light?
Penyelesaian :
Dik : P = 70 W
t = 10 jam/hari
cost
bulb
= 5 dollar/1000 jam
cost
elec
= 0,1 dollar/kWh
Dit : cost
total
per tahun = ....?
Jawab :
cost
bulb
per tahun = cost
bulb
. t . 365 hari
= (5 dollar/1000 jam)(10 jam/hari)(365 hari)
= 18,25 dollar
cost
elec
per tahun = cost
elec
. P . t . 365 hari
= (0,1 dollar/kW.jam)(0,07 kW)(10
jam/hari)(365 hari)
= 25,55 dollar
cost
total
per tahun = cost
bulb
per tahun + cost
elec
per tahun
= (18,25 + 25,55) dollar
= 43,8 dollar

1.15) A gas is confined in a 1,25(ft)-diameter cylinder by a piston, on which rests a
weight. The mass of the piston and weight together is 250 (lbm). The local
acceleration of gravity is 32,169 (ft)(s
-2
), and atmospheric pressure is 30,12 (in
Hg).
(a) What is the force in lbf exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the piston,
and the weight, assuming no friction between the piston and cylinder?
(b) What is the pressure of the gas in kPa?
(c) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it expands, pushing the piston and
weight upward. If the piston and weight are raised 1,7 ft, what is the work
done by the gas in (ft lbf)? What is the change in potential energy of the
piston and weight?
Penyelesaian :
Dik : D = 1,25 ft
m = 250 lbm
g = 32,169 ft.s
-2

P
atm
= 30,12 in Hg
Dit : a) F = ..?
b) P = ..? dalam kPa
c) w ...? dan Ep ..? jika x 1,7 It
Jawab :
A =
1
4
D
2

=
1
4
(3,14) (1,25 ft)
2

= 1,227

m
2

a) F = p
atm
. A + m.g
p
atm
= 30,12 inHg x
1 psia
2,0360 inHg
x
6,89476.10
4
dyncm
-2
1 psia
x
2,088610
-3
lbI It
-2
1 dyn cm
-2

= 2130,35 lb
f
ft
-2

F = 2130,35 lb
f
ft
-2
. 1,226 ft
2
+ 250 lb
m
. 32,169 ft s
-2

F = 10,1726 x 10
3
lb
f
b) P =
F
A
=
10,1726.10
3
1,2265 It
2

= 8,294. 10
3
lb
f
ft
-2

P = 8,294. 10
3
lb
f
ft
-2

-

-

-

-

P = 57,595 psia
c) w F. l
= 10,1726 x 10
3
lb
f
. 1,7 ft
= 17,2934

lb
f
ft
Ep m.g.l
= 250 lb
m
. 32,169 ft.s
-2
. 1,7 ft
= 13,671. 10
3
lb
f
ft

1.16) A gas is confined in a 0.47-m-diameter cylinder by a piston, on which rests a
weight. The mass of the piston and weight together is 150 kg. The local
acceleration of gravity is 9.813 m sP2, and atmospheric pressure is 101.57 kPa.
(a) What is the force in newtons exerted on the gas by the atmosphere, the
piston, and the weight, assuming no friction between the piston and
cylinder?
(b) What is the pressure of the gas in kPa?
(c) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it expands, pushing the piston and
weight upward. If the piston and weight are raised 0.83 m, what is the work
done by the gas in kJ? What is the change in potential energy of the piston
and weight?
Dik : D = 0,47 m A = 0,1734 m
2

m = 150 kg
g = 9,813 ms
-2

p
atm
= 101,57 kPa
Dit : a) F = ..?
b) P = ..? dalam kPa
c) w ...? dan Ep ..? jika x 0,83 m
Jawab : A =
1
4
D
2

=
1
4
(3,14) (0,47 m)
2

= 0,1734

m
2

a) F = P
atm
. A + m.g
F = 101,57. 10
3
Pa . 0,1734 m
2
+ 150 kg . 9,813 ms
-2

F = 19,08395. 10
3
N
b) P =
F
A
=
19,08395. 10
3
N
0,1734 m
2
= 110,057 kPa
c) w F. x
= 19,08395. 10
3
N. 0,83 m
= 15,8396 kJ
Ep m.g.x 150 kg . 9,813 ms
-2
. 0,83 m = 1,2217 kJ

1.17) Verify that the SI unit of kinetic and potential energy is the joule.
Penyelesaian :
E
k
= E
P
mv
2
= m.g.h
(kg)(m/s)
2
= kg.m/s
2
.m
kg.m
2
/s
2
= kg.m
2
/s
2

Joule = Joule

1.18) An automobile having a mass of 1250 kg is traveling at 40 m.s
-1
. What is its
kinetic energy in kJ? How much work must be done to bring it to a stop?
Penyelesaian :
Dik : m = 1250 kg
v = 40 m.s
-1

Dit : E
k
= ....?
W = ....?
Jawab :
E
k
= mv
2
= (1250 kg)( 40 m/s)
2

= 1000000 J = 1000 kJ
W = E
k
= 1000 kJ