TPU
Peserta mampu menangani penderita gawat darurat dengan baik dan benar
TPK
Peserta mampu : 1. Mengenal penderita gawat darurat 2. Mengetahui macam-macam penyebab kegawat daruratan 3. Memahami sistematika penanganan penderita gawat darurat 4. Mendiagnosa kegawatan jalan nafas / airway 5. Menangani kegawatan jalan nafas / airway 6. Mendiagnosa kegawatan nafas / breathing 7. Menangani kegawatan nafas / breathing 8. Memberikan terapi oksigen 9. Mendiagnosa gangguan sirkulasi 10. Menangani gangguan sirkulasi 11. Mendiagnosa gangguan kesadaran 12. Menangani gangguan kesadaran
Penderita Gawat Darurat Penderita yang oleh karena suatu penyebab (penyakit, tindakan, kecelakaan) bila tidak segera ditolong akan cacat, kehilangan anggota tubuh atau meninggal
Silent epidemic
Man-made disaster
Mass-casualties
Complex disaster
Complex disaster
Kerusuhan
Natural disaster
4 korban
Ratusan korban
SURVAI KESEHATAN RUMAH SAKIT (SKRT) 1986 DAN 1992 Kematian jantung Urutan 2 Kematian trauma Urutan 4 Kematian jantung di Jakarta 1991 2535 orang 1992 2746 orang 1993 2961 orang 1994 3255 orang 1995 1283 orang (sampai maret) Kematian kecelakaan lalu lintas di Indonesia 1991 10.621 orang 1992 9.819 orang 1993 10.038 orang 1994 11.004 orang 1995 9.251orang
USA : TRAUMA
Trauma penyebab kematian ketiga setelah cancer dan atheroselerosis
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Trauma Non trauma
Macam Kasus Trauma / kecelakaan lalu lintas Diare Malaria panas kejang ISPA batuk sesak Stroke tidak sadar TBC batuk darah sesak Jantung hipertensi, infark Obsgyn perdarahan, eklampsia Intoksikasi gigitan ular - peptisida
: 25 % : 75 %
Early Defibrillation
Early Advanced Life Support
SINDROMA IWR
CONCEPT ABCDE approach to evaluation / treatment Treat greatest threat to life first Definitive diagnosis not immediately important
INITIAL ASSESSMENT / MANAGEMENT Injury Primary survey and adjuncts Resuscitation Reevaluation Secondary survey and adjuncts Reevaluation Optimize patient status Transfer
Primary survey and resuscitation of vital functions are done simultaneously a team approach
(Primary survey)
Terapi suportif / resusitasi (life support) Stabilisasi Pem. Fisik sekunder (Secondary survey) Anamnesa Dari kepala s/d kaki (B1 s/d B6) Pemeriksaan penunjang Diagnosa Terapi defenitif
KONSEP ATLS Primary Survey A : Airway with C-spine control B : Breathing with ventilation C : Circulation with hemorrhage control D : Disability : neurologic status E : Exposure/environment with temperature control
Resuscitation Secondary Survey Head to toe evaluation and history
Reevaluation
Definitive care
KEY POINTS ACLS In the Primary Survey, focus on basic CPR and defibrillation
: Open the airway Breathing : Provide positive pressure ventilations Circulation : Give chest compressions Defibrillation: Shock ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT)
PENANGGULANGAN PENDERITA GAWAT DARURAT Basic General Emergency Life Support (GELS)
PPGD (Penanggulangan penderita gawat darurat) Dokter umum
PTC ACLS
ATLS HIGH RISK HIGH FREQUENCY HIGH SUCCESS PROCEDURE - PRIMARY PREVENTION - SECONDARY PREVENTION
: Basic life support (A, B, C, BRAIN) : Advance life support : Advance trauma life support (Trauma oriented L.S) : Advance cardiac life support (Cardiac oriented L.S.) : Neonatal life support : Pediatric life support : Obstetric life support
Perdarahan G.I.
PROTECTION FROM COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Water impermeable apron Gown Gloves Face mask Cap Eye protection / goggles Foot covers
A (AIRWAY)
TPU
Peserta mampu melakukan pengelolaan jalan nafas.
TPK
Peserta mampu : -Mendiagnosa sumbatan jalan nafas/airway -Mengetahui penyebab sumbatan jalan nafas/airway -Mengelola sumbatan jalan nafas - tanpa alat - dengan alat
PRIORITAS UTAMA
Airway Bebas dan terjaga Breathing / ventilation Adekuat Supplemen oxygen Adekuat
PRIMARY SURVEY
PRIMARY SURVEY
Suatu penyakit
Benda asing
Darah Muntahan Makanan dll
RELAKSASI OTOT
LIDAH
KLEP
MUNTAH REGURGITASI
ASPIRASI
MACAM SUMBATAN
LOOK SUMBATAN GERAK NAFAS NORMAL LISTEN FEEL
BEBAS
PARSIAL RINGAN
NORMAL
SEE SAW
PARSIAL BERAT
TOTAL
SEE SAW
PENGELOLAAN PERLU :
Sumbatan Total :
FRC (Functional Residual Capacity) : 2500 ml
: 375 ml
: 250 ml
Bila ada sumbatan total O2 dalam paru habis dalam : 375 / 250 : 1,5 menit
PENYEBAB SUMBATAN
Lidah
Epiglotis Benda asing / muntahan / darah / sekret Trauma jalan nafas
head tilt
chin lift
Dont do
Be careful
JAW THRUST
dianjurkan
Oro-pharyngeal tube
Perhatikan ukuran
1 OROFARINGEAL TUBE
NASOFARINGEAL TUBE
Definitive airway
Pada chocking : Back blows Abdominal thrust (Heimlich manuver) Thoracal thrust Cricothyroidotomy
CHOKING
Back blows Lima kali hentakan pada punggung, diantara dua scapula
CHOKING
Heimlich Abdominal trust
Korban : sadar
DEFINITIVE AIRWAY
Cuffed tube in trachea
Secure airway Ventilation Types : - Endotracheal intubation - Surgical airway - Cricothyrotomy - Tracheotomy
Membrana cricothyroid
Pada keadaan gawat darurat
- Tempat injeksi transtracheal obat emergency - Tempat untuk needle dan surgical cricothyroidotomi
DEFINITIVE AIRWAY
Indications
1. Apnea
2. Risk of aspiration
3. Insecure airway
4. Poor oxygenation
6. Bronchial toilet
ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
Laryngoscope dengan blade yang sesuai Tube dengan ukuran yang sesuai Jelly Anestetik lokal / spray Forceps magill Bite block / oropharyngeal airway Adhesive tape / tali Suction metal yang kauer Connectors Synringe (20 cc) Stylet Stetoscope End tidal CO2 monitor
INTUBASI
INTUBASI ENDOTRAKHEAL
Oksigenasi + ventilasi (5 menit)
Alat dan obat siap Harus berhasil kurang 30 detik Bila > 30 detik belum berhasil oksigenasi + ventilasi ulang Penolong tak kuat tahan nafas Saturasi O2 menurun Monitoring :
PEDIATRIC
Airway Anatomy
Craniofacial diproportion Large occiput cervical flexion Obligate nasal breather Narrow nasal passages Small oral cavity Large tongue Adeno tonsillar hypertrophy Horseshoe shaped epiglotis Larynx anterior cauded angle Trachea short
B (BREATHING)
TPU
Peserta mampu nafas/breathing menangani kegawatan
TPK
Peserta mampu : -Mendiagnosa kegawatan nafas -Mengetahui penyebab kegawatan nafas -Mengelola kegawatan nafas - tanpa alat - dengan alat
GANGGUAN VENTILASI
Penyebab Tindakan anestesi
Lokasi Sentral
GANGGUAN VENTILASI
(penderita masih bernafas)
Look / Lihat
Sianosis Status mental Asimetri dada Takhipnea Distensi vena leher Paralisis otot nafas
Listen / dengar
Keluhan: Tak bisa nafas! Stridor, wheeze atau hilang suara nafas
Feel / raba
Hawa ekspirasi Emfisema subkutan Krepitasi / tenderness / nyeri Deviasi trakhea
Adjuncts
Pulse oximeter CO2 detector Gas darah X-ray dada
.beberapa istilah
Hipoventilation Minute volume berkurang
Criteria
Mechanics : Respiratory rate/Min Vital capacity mml/kg Inspiratory force cm h2o
Normal
>35, <10 < 15 < 25 > 350 < 70 (mask O2) > 0,6 > 60
From: Pontoppidan,H.,Laver,M.B.,and Geffin,B,Acute respiratory failure in the surgical patient, in Welch.,C.E.(ed): Advances in surgery, volume 4,Chicago, Year. Book Medical Publishers,1970,p.163 After 15 minutes of 100% O2 Except in chronic hypercapnia
DASAR PEMBERIAN VENTILASI Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) Penderita tak bernafas Nafas buatan (controlled ventilation) Penderita masih bernafas / tak adekuat Nafas bantuan (assisted ventilation) Diberikan pada akhir ekspirasi Tekanan oropharing > 25 cm H2O udara masuk esophagus distensi lambung
Dengan Alat Safar airway Esophageal obturator airway Face mask / pocket mask Laryngeal mask Bag-valve-mask Bag-valve-tube Ventilator
Nafas buatan
Nafas berhenti
Nafas ada
SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN
1. Nasal cannula / prong Low flow system Flow O2 : 1-6 L/m FiO2 : 24-44% (1 L O2/M FiO2 4%) 2. Face mask Law flow system Flow O2 : 8-10 L/m FiO2 : 40-60 % 3. Face mask with oxygen reservoir Constant flow Flow O2 : 6-10 L/m FiO2 : 6L O2 / m + 60 % ((1 L O2/M FiO2 10%) 4. Venturi mask High gas flow Fixed oxygen concentration Flow O2 & FiO2 diatur 24 %, 28%, 35% dan 40%
Masker sederhana Dengan reservoir bag Flow O2 : 6-10 lpm FiO2 : 60%- 100%
BVM Dengan reservoir bag Flow O2 : 8-10 lpm FiO2 : 80%- 100%
BVM Dengan reservoir bag Flow O2 : 8-10 lpm FiO2 : 80%- 100%
Terapi oksigen
Komplikasi
Hipoksemia Stimulasi simpatis Cardiac arrest aritmia Hipertensi takhikardia
Batuk
Perlukaan Infeksi
TIK
C (Circulation)
TPU
Peserta mampu mengelola kegawatan sirkulasi.
TPK
Peserta mampu : -Mendiagnosa gangguan sirkulasi -Melakukan penanganan gangguan sirkulasi
C (Circulation)
Assessment of organ perfusion
- Level of conciousness
- Skin color and temperature
SHOCK
GANGGUAN SIRKULASI
Syok Disritmia
Henti jantung
dll
Recognize signs of inadequate perfusion and oxygenation Identify probable cause Restore perfusion Re-evaluate patient response Immediate involvement by specialists
CLINICAL SIGNS
1. Tachycardia 2. Vasoconstriction 3. cardiac output 4. Narrow pulse pressure 5. MAP 6. blood flow
Remember :
Compensatory mechanisms
.. Classification of shock
Hypovolemic :
- Haemorrhage - Diarrhoea - Burn
Distributive
- Septic - Anaphylaxsis - Spinal cord injury
.. Classification of shock
Cardiogenik :
- Arrytmias - Heart failure - Myocardial contusion / infarction
Obstructive
- Tension pneumothorax - Cardiac tamponade - Haemopneumothorax
Disscociative
- Profound anemia - Co poisoning
CO = SV X F
preload EDV VR C after load SVR
BP = CO X SVR
D (DISABILITY) TPU
Peserta mampu menilai gangguan kesadaran.
TPK
Peserta mampu : -Menilai dengan menggunakan metode AVPU -Menilai dengan menggunakan metode GCS -Menilai reaksi pupil -Memahami bahaya penurunan kesadaran -Mengetahui penyebab penurunan kesadaran.
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