Dr.Andi Siswandi,SpB
TPK
Peserta mampu :
1. Mengenal penderita gawat darurat
2. Mengetahui macam-macam penyebab kegawat daruratan
3. Memahami sistematika penanganan penderita gawat darurat
4. Mendiagnosa kegawatan jalan nafas / airway
5. Menangani kegawatan jalan nafas / airway
6. Mendiagnosa kegawatan nafas / breathing
7. Menangani kegawatan nafas / breathing
8. Memberikan terapi oksigen
9. Mendiagnosa gangguan sirkulasi
10. Menangani gangguan sirkulasi
11. Mendiagnosa gangguan kesadaran
12. Menangani gangguan kesadaran
Penderita Gawat Darurat
Trauma : 25 %
Non trauma : 75 %
BILA TERJADI HENTI NAFAS DAN HENTI JANTUNG
1 menit 98 / 100
4 menit 50 / 100
10 menit 1 / 100
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
Early Defibrillation
HIPOKSEMIA
HIPERKARBIA
HENTI JANTUNG
HENTI NAFAS
SINDROMA IWR
CONCEPT
• Do no further harm
INITIAL ASSESSMENT / MANAGEMENT
Injury
Resuscitation
Reevaluation
Reevaluation
Transfer
Primary survey and resuscitation
of vital functions are done
simultaneously – a team approach
PENANGANAN PASIEN TIDAK GAWAT
• Anamnesa
• Pemeriksaan fisik
Inspeksi
Palpasi
Perkusi
Auskultasi
• Pemeriksaan penunjang
• Diagnosa
• Terapi
Supportif
Simtomatis
Definitif / kausal
PENANGANAN PASIEN GAWAT DARURAT
Stabilisasi
• Pemeriksaan penunjang
• Diagnosa
• Terapi defenitif
CPCR / RJPO (Peter Safar)
• Primary Survey
A : Airway with C-spine control
B : Breathing with ventilation
C : Circulation with hemorrhage control
D : Disability : neurologic status
E : Exposure/environment with temperature control
• Resuscitation
• Secondary Survey
Head – to – toe evaluation and history
• Reevaluation
• Definitive care
KEY POINTS ACLS
First A-B-C-D
• Airway :
Open the airway
• Breathing :
Provide positive – pressure ventilations
• Circulation :
Give chest compressions
• Defibrillation:
Shock ventricular fibrillation or pulseless
ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT)
KEY POINTS ACLS
Second A-B-C-D
• Airway :
Perform endotracheal intubation
• Breathing :
Assess bilateral chest rise and ventilation
• Circulation :
Gain IV access, determine rhythm, give
appropriate agents
• Defibrillation Diagnosis (Think):
Search for, find, and treat reversible causes
PENANGGULANGAN PENDERITA GAWAT DARURAT
Basic General Emergency Life Support (GELS)
PPGD (Penanggulangan penderita gawat darurat) Dokter umum
PTC
ACLS HIGH RISK
ATLS
HIGH FREQUENCY
HIGH SUCCESS
PROCEDURE
A : Airway Support
B : Breathing Support
C : Circulation Support
Life saver
Resusitasi – stabilisasi
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Brain
Dr. Bedah
Dr. Obgyn
Perdarahan
Perdarahan post partum
trauma
SHOCK Resusitasi
KARENA 1 Stabilisasi Dr.
PERDARAHAN Umum
Definitif terapi
2
awal
3 Dr.
Definitif terapi
Spesislias
akhir
TPU
TPK
Peserta mampu :
-Mendiagnosa sumbatan jalan nafas/airway
-Mengetahui penyebab sumbatan jalan nafas/airway
-Mengelola sumbatan jalan nafas
- tanpa alat
- dengan alat
PRIORITAS UTAMA
• Airway
Bebas dan terjaga
• Breathing / ventilation
Adekuat
• Supplemen oxygen
Adekuat
PRIMARY SURVEY
Caution sign :
• Multisystem trauma
Penyebab
• Penurunan kesadaran
Tindakan anestesi
Koma
Trauma kepala
Radang otak
Obat / alkohol
dll
• Suatu penyakit
Laringitis
Edema laring
………sumbatan jalan nafas
• Trauma / Kecelakaan
Maksilofacial
Jalan nafas
dll
• Benda asing
Darah
Muntahan
Makanan
dll
………sumbatan jalan nafas
• Macam
Parsial
Ringan
Berat
Total
SUATU SEBAB
PENDERITA
TAK SADAR
LIDAH “KLEP”
SUMBATAN MUNTAH
JALAN NAFAS REGURGITASI
ASPIRASI
SUMBATAN JALAN NAFAS
• Look / Lihat
Perubahan Status Mental
Agitasi / gelisah Hipoksemia
Obtundasi / teler Hiperkarbia
Gerak Nafas
Normal
See saw / rocking
Retraksi
Deformitas
Debris
Darah / sekret
Muntahan
Gigi
Sianosis
SUMBATAN JALAN NAFAS
• Listen / Dengar
Bicara normal Tak ada sumbatan
Ada suara tambahan
Snoring Lidah
Gurgling Cairan
Stridor / crowing Penyempitan
Suara parau (hoarseness / dysphonia)
• Feel / Raba
Hawa nafas
Krepitasi / fraktur (maxillofacial / laryngeal)
Deviasi trakhea
Hematoma
Getaran di leher
MACAM SUMBATAN
BEBAS NORMAL ⊝ ⊕
Sumbatan Total :
• Lidah
• Epiglotis
PENYEBAB LIDAH
• Manual :
- Non trauma :
Head tilt
Neck lift
Chin lift
Jaw thrust
- Trauma :
Chin lift
Jaw thrust
Dengan in-line manual immobilization” atau
pasang cervical collar
• Bantuan Alat
- Oropharyngeal airway
- Nasopharyngeal airway
Pada pasien trauma
head tilt
chin lift
neck lift
neck lift
Don’t do Be careful
JAW THRUST
dianjurkan
Oro-pharyngeal tube
Perhatikan ukuran
1 2
OROFARINGEAL
TUBE
3 4
Nasopharyngeal tube
Naso-pharyngeal tube
• Penghisap
• Definitive airway
• Pada chocking :
Back blows
Abdominal thrust (Heimlich manuver)
Thoracal thrust
Cricothyroidotomy
CHOKING
Back blows
Heimlich
Abdominal trust
Korban : sadar
Heimlich Abdominal trust
• Secure airway
• Ventilation
• Types :
- Endotracheal intubation
- Surgical airway - Cricothyrotomy
- Tracheotomy
Membrana cricothyroid
Bagaimana caranya ??
Obat apa saja boleh masuk ??
DEFINITIVE AIRWAY
Indications
1. Apnea
2. Risk of aspiration
3. Insecure airway
4. Poor oxygenation
trained personnel
PERALATAN INTUBASI ENDOTRAKHEHAL
Airway Anatomy
• Craniofacial diproportion
• Large occiput cervical flexion
• Obligate nasal breather
• Narrow nasal passages
• Small oral cavity
• Large tongue
• Adeno tonsillar hypertrophy
• Horseshoe shaped epiglotis
• Larynx anterior – cauded angle
• Trachea short
B (BREATHING)
TPU
TPK
Peserta mampu :
-Mendiagnosa kegawatan nafas
-Mengetahui penyebab kegawatan nafas
-Mengelola kegawatan nafas
- tanpa alat
- dengan alat
GANGGUAN VENTILASI
Penyebab
• Tindakan anestesi
• Penyakit
• Kecelakaan trauma
Lokasi
• Sentral
Pusat nafas
• Perifer
Jalan nafas Dinding dada
Paru Otot nafas
Rongga pleura Syaraf & jantung
GANGGUAN VENTILASI
(penderita masih bernafas)
Look / Lihat
Sianosis Takhipnea
Status mental Distensi vena leher
Asimetri dada Paralisis otot nafas
Listen / dengar
Keluhan: “Tak bisa nafas!”
Stridor, wheeze
atau hilang suara nafas
…………gangguan ventilasi
(penderita masih bernafas)
Feel / raba
Hawa ekspirasi
Emfisema subkutan
Krepitasi / tenderness / nyeri
Deviasi trakhea
Adjuncts
Pulse oximeter
CO2 detector
Gas darah
X-ray dada
BEBERAPA ISTILAH
• Ventilation
Aliran (volume) udara keluar – masuk paru
• Tidal volume
Volume udara yang dihisap/dikeluarkan pada
satu kali nafas biasa
6 – 8 ml / kg bb 70kg: 400 – 55 ml
• Minute volume
Tidal volume x freq.
6 – 8 l / menit
………….beberapa istilah
• Hipoventilation
Minute volume berkurang
• Hiperventilation
Minute volume meningkat
• Parameter ventilasi
PaCO2 N= 35 – 45 mmHg
Hipoventilasi PaCO2
Hiperventilasi PaCO2
Close Intubation
Criteria Normal monitoring,oxygen,p Ventilation
hysical Tx tracheostomy
Mechanics :
•Respiratory rate/Min 12 -25 25 – 35 >35, <10
•Vital capacity mml/kg 70 – 30 30 – 15 < 15
•Inspiratory force cm h2o 100 - 50 50 – 25 < 25
Oxygenation :
• A – a DO2 mm hg 50 – 200 200 – 350 > 350
• PaO2 mm Hg 100 – 75 200 – 70 < 70
(air) (mask O2) (mask O2)
Ventilation :
•VD/VT 0,3 – 0,4 0,4 – 0,6 > 0,6
•PaCO2 mm hg 35 – 45 45 – 60 > 60
• Sellick’s maneuver
Menekan cricoid kebelakang sehingga esophagus
terjepit diantara cricoid dan corpus vertebra leher
Agar :
Udara tak masuk lambung
Isi lambung tak mengalir ke oropharing
Tak boleh pada cedera tulang leher
• Nafas buatan :
Tidak volume 10-15ml/kg
Frequensi 12-15 / m
CARA PEMBERIAN VENTILASI
Tanpa Alat
Mouth to mouth
Mouth to nose
Mouth to mouth and nose
Dengan Alat
Safar airway
Esophageal obturator airway
Face mask / pocket mask
Laryngeal mask
Bag-valve-mask
Bag-valve-tube
Ventilator
Nafas buatan
Nafas berhenti
Nafas ada
SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN
TPU
TPK
Peserta mampu :
-Mendiagnosa gangguan sirkulasi
-Melakukan penanganan gangguan sirkulasi
C (Circulation)
- Level of conciousness
- Urinary output
SHOCK
• Syok
• Disritmia
• Henti jantung
• dll
SHOCK RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT
1. Tachycardia
2. Vasoconstriction
3. cardiac output
4. Narrow pulse pressure
5. MAP
6. blood flow
Remember :
Compensatory mechanisms
CLASSIFICATION OF SHOCK
Trauma :
- Haemorrhagic
- Non haemorrhagic
Cardiogenic
Tension pneumothorax
Neurogenic
Septic
….. Classification of shock
Hypovolemic :
- Haemorrhage
- Diarrhoea
- Burn
Distributive
- Septic
- Anaphylaxsis
- Spinal cord injury
….. Classification of shock
Cardiogenik :
- Arrytmias
- Heart failure
- Myocardial contusion / infarction
Obstructive
- Tension pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Haemopneumothorax
Disscociative
- Profound anemia
- Co poisoning
CO = SV X F
BP = CO X SVR
D (DISABILITY)
TPU
TPK
Peserta mampu :
-Menilai dengan menggunakan metode AVPU
-Menilai dengan menggunakan metode GCS
-Menilai reaksi pupil
-Memahami bahaya penurunan kesadaran
-Mengetahui penyebab penurunan kesadaran.
D (DISABILITY)
Level of consciousness
- AVPU
- GCS
Pupil
GLASGOW COMA SCALE
Variabels Score
Eye opening (E) Spontaneous 4
To speech 3
To pain 2
None 1
Best motor response (M) Obeys commands 6
Localizes pain 5
Normal flexion (withdraws) 4
Abnormal flexion (decorticate) 3
Extension (decerebrate) 2
Non (Flaccid) 1
Verbal response (V) Oriented 5
Confused conversation 4
Inappropriate words 3
Incomprehensible sounds 2
None 1
GCS score = (E+M+V) Best possible score= 15 worst possible sore =3