STATIK
TF 3101 - METODA PENGUKURAN
Program Studi Teknik Fisika
Karakteristik Statistikal
Kalibrasi
KARAKTERISTIK STATISTIKAL
Observasi
x=
x
i =1
Standar Deviasi
2
(
)
x
x
i
i =1
n 1
KARAKTERISTIK STATISTIKAL . . .
Probabilitas
2
2
p , =
p 2 , 2 =
p3 ,3 =
KARAKTERISTIK STATISTIKAL . . .
Pengukuran berulang dari suatu sistem pengukuran
Repeatability
Lack of Repeatability
Penyebab umum lack of repeatability pada
Output, adalah fluktuasi acak terhadap waktu pada
input lingkungan IM & II
KARAKTERISTIK STATISTIKAL . . .
Deviasi nilai output dari dari nilai rata-rata dengan pengaruh Input
lingkungan
Out
Out
Out
I I
Out =
+
I
I
I
I M
I I
2
2
Out 2
Out
Out
2
2
2
Standar deviasi =
I M +
I I
I +
0
I
I M
I I
O ut = K I n + a + N ( I n) + K M I M I M + K I I I
Fungsi kerapatan probabilitas : p(O ) =
(O O )2
exp
2
2
KARAKTERISTIK STATISTIKAL . . .
bias, low
precision
no bias, low
precision
bias, high
precision
no bias, high
precision
KALIBRASI
Prinsip Kalibrasi
kalibrasi
KALIBRASI
Catatan :
tinjau kembali tujuan suatu pengukuran
KALIBRASI
Catatan :
Bagaimana konsep
traceability sistem
pengukuran yang ada di
Indonesia ?
10
KALIBRASI
Contoh : Satuan Panjang
BIPM
BIPM
International
International Bureau
Bureau of
of
Weights
Weights and
and
Measures
Measures
NPL
NPL
National
National Physical
Physical
Laboratory
Laboratory
BCS
BCS
British
British Calibration
Calibration
Service
Service
11
STANDAR PENGUKURAN
Definisi
JENIS STANDAR
Panjang
Masa
Waktu
Arus Listrik
Temperatur Termodinamika
Jumlah substansi
Intensitas Luminous
: meter (m)
: kilogram (kg)
: second (s)
: ampere (A)
: kelvin (K)
: mole (mol)
: candela (cd)
12
Satuan SI
Satuan DASAR
The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are
atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12
13
The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water
The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 newton per meter of length
the unit of mass : it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram
The length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a
second
The duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between the
two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom
The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of (1/683) watt per
steradian
14
Panjang
Berat
Waktu
: [meter (m)]
: [kilogram (kg)]
: [second (sec)] atau [detik (dt)]
Panjang
Berat
Waktu
Catatan :
Satuan BRITISH masih banyak digunakan pada instrumen pengukuran
di Industri seperti pengukuran tekanan dalam satuan [psi], dsb
15
Konversi Satuan
MKS
CGS
British
Panjang
meter (m)
100 cm
3,28 ft
Massa
kilogram (kg)
1000 gram
2,2 lbm
Gaya
newton
105 dyne
2,2 lbf
10 dyne/cm2
(5/9oC+32) oF
newton/m2
Tekanan
(Pascal)
Suhu
Celcius (o C)
Celcius (oC)
16
CALIBRATOR
Tegangan
Arus
Frekuensi
Calibrator Tekanan
17
18
Calibrator Tekanan
19
Calibrator Massa
Primary Kilogram P1
New Zealand primary standard of mass
(called P1) is a stainless steel weight,
nominally (but not exactly) of mass 1 kilogram.
Every 5 years a kilogram weight is sent to
BIPM for calibration, and when this returns it is
weighed against P1, thus ensuring traceability
of the mass of P1 to the International
Prototype Kilogram (IPK).
The mass of P1 has proven to be stable to
within 5 parts in 100 million since its
commissioning in 1956.
The stability of the mass of this weight is
monitored between calibrations by regular
weighing against two other "primary"
kilograms and by weighing against mass
standards of other countries.
Survei dan pelajari berbagai kalirabtor atau standar untuk pengukuran
besaran-2 fisika lainnya
20
Output
No
Output
10,02
11
10,05
10,20
12
10,17
10,26
13
10,42
10,20
14
10,21
10,22
15
10,23
10,13
16
10,11
9,97
17
9,98
10,12
18
10,10
10,09
19
10,04
10
9,90
20
9,81
21
repeatability
precission
repeated
measurements
standard
measurement
22
X=
X
i =1
= 10,11 kPa
Variansi
n
Normalisasi Data
Zi =
Xi X
s
Sebelum Normalisasi
2
(
)
x
x
i
i =1
n 1
= 0,14 kPa
23
FUNGSI DISTRIBUSI
f ( x) = p(x ) =
1
e
2
Probabilitas
( x )
F ( x) =
f (x ) dx
Kumulatif Probabilitas
Setelah Normalisasi
2
1
z
f ( z) =
e 2
2
F ( z) =
f (z ) dx
24
Pada :
x=x
x = x 1
x = x 2
x = x 3
25
Dari Tabel Distribusi Normal dapat dicari bahwa jika data dinyatakan
berada dalam suatu daerah harga tertentu, maka kepercayaan dalam
menyatakan harga berubah
kepercayaannya 67%
kepercayaannya 95%
kepercayaannya 99,7%
26
HASIL KALIBRASI
3
Presisi = 100%1
Bias = xbenar x
Bias + 3
Akurasi = 100%1
xbenar
Bias + 3
Error = 100%
xbenar
27
28
Output ()
101,2
101,7
101,3
101,0
101,5
101,3
101,2
101,4
101,3
10
101,1
Ohmmeter
Harga rata2
Standard deviasi
Presisi
Presisi relatif
Akurasi
Akurasi relatif
Kesalahan
Kesalahan yang
mungkin
(probable error)
29
Jumlah Data
99,7
99,8
99,9
12
100,0
19
100,1
10
100,2
100,3
Voltmeter
Harga rata2
Standard deviasi
Presisi
Presisi relatif
Akurasi
Akurasi relatif
Kesalahan
Kesalahan yang
mungkin
(probable error)
30
NORMALISASI DISTRIBUSI
31
32
T e s N o rm al - lin ie r
F(z)
9.81
-2.14
0.05
9.9
-1.50
0.1
9.97
-1.00
0.15
9.98
-0.93
0.2
10.02
-0.64
0.25
10.04
-0.50
0.3
10.05
-0.43
0.35
10.09
-0.14
0.4
10.1
-0.07
0.45
10.11
0.00
0.5
10.12
0.07
0.55
10.13
0.14
0.6
10.17
0.43
0.65
10.2
0.64
0.7
10.2
0.64
0.75
0.5
10.21
0.71
0.8
0.4
10.22
0.79
0.85
10.23
0.86
0.9
10.26
1.07
0.95
F(z)
-3 .0 0
-2 .0 0
1
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0
-1 .0 0
0 .0 0
z
1 .0 0
2 .0 0
3 .0 0
Pada daerah z= 0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.2
10.42
2.21
0.1
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
33
(no ne )2
ne
X
X
X
(no ne )2
i =1
ne
2 =
34
35
Range z
F(z1<z<z2)
ne
no
(no-ne)2/ne
z1
z2
-3.000
-0.785
0.220
4.390
0.03
-0.785
-0.107
0.240
4.790
0.13
-0.107
0.286
0.154
3.072
0.28
0.286
0.750
0.161
3.216
0.19
0.750
3.000
0.225
4.505
0.06
0.69
36
X
X
X
X
X
37
Sensitivitas instrumen
berlaku pada suatu daerah
harga input tertentu, yaitu
dinyatakan dalam daerah
liniernya
38
eo = m ei + b
m=
N eo ei ( ei )( eo )
N ei2 ( ei )
N ( eo ) ( ei ) ( ei eo )( ei )
2
b=
N ei2 ( ei )
39
output (eo)
eo ei
input (ei)
ei2
naik
turun
naik
turun
-1.12
-0.69
0.21
0.42
0.21
0.42
1.18
1.65
2.36
3.3
2.09
2.48
6.27
7.44
16
3.33
3.62
13.32
14.48
25
4.5
4.71
22.5
23.55
36
5.26
5.87
31.56
35.22
49
6.59
6.89
46.13
48.23
64
7.73
7.92
61.84
63.36
81
8.68
9.1
78.12
81.9
10
100
9.8
10.2
98
102
55
385
48.25
52.17
360.3
379.9
40
Mencari histerisis:
X
X
X
41
42
Non-linieritas: pada
umumnya alat ukur
mempunyai sensitivitas
yg tidak konstan,
hubungan output-input
tidak linier. Perlu
linierisasi pada range
tertentu.
Ketidaklinieran instrumen
dinyatakan sbg harga
non-linieritas, yang
menyatakan selisih
maksimum dari harga
linier dibandingkan
dengan harga nonlinier.
43
f
f
f
Ea = N = u1
+ u2
+ LL + un
u1
u2
un
2
Ea = N =
44
f
f
f
u1
+ u2
+ LL + un
u1
u2
un
45
N
u i =
f
n
Jika error total adalah harga statistik u i
ui =
N
f
n
ui
i = 1,2,3LL n
i = 1,2,3LL n