Essay Collections

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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur kita panjatkan kehadrat Allah Yang maha Esa atas segala rahmat
dan kurnia-Nya sehingga Modul Pecutan Akademik, Jabatan Pelajaran Kelantan dapat
dihasilkan pada tahun ini.
Modul Pecutan Akademik ini diharapkan dapat menjadi panduan dan bimbingan
kepada para guru dan para pelajar dalam membuat persediaan bagi menghadapi
peperiksaan UPSR, PMR dan SPM.
Setinggi-tinggi penghargaan dan terima kasih dirakamkan kepada semua guru
dan semua pihak yang terlibat dalam menjayakan penghasilan Modul Pecutan
Akademik ini. Semoga usaha murni ini dapat diteruskan pada masa hadapan bagi
menghasilkan pelajar yang cemerlang, gemilang dan terbilang dan seterusnya
menjayakan visi Jabatan Pelajaran Kelantan, Cakna Pendidikan Kelantan Terbilang
2013.
HJ MOHD ADNAN BIN MOHD NOOR

Ketua Sektor Pengurusan Akademik
Jabatan Pelajaran Kelantan
CONTENT
2.0
Cell Structure and Cell Organisation
1-3
3.0
Movement of Substances Across Plasma Membrane
4-6
4.0
Chemical Composition of the Cell
7-9
5.0
Cell Division
10 - 15
6.0
Nutrition
16 - 22
7.0
Respiration
23 - 29
8.0
Dynamic Ecosystem
30 - 34
9.0
Endangered Ecosystem
35 - 37
10.0
Transport
38 - 43
11.0
Locomotion and Support
44 - 48
12.0
Coordination and Response
49 - 51
13.0
Reproduction and Growth
52 - 55
14.0
Inheritance
56 - 58
15.0
Variation
59 - 60
CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
1.(a)
Draw and label a green plant cell which is under light microscope.
Lukis satu gambar rajah berlabel bagi suatu sel tumbuhan hijau di bawah mikroskop
cahaya.
[6 marks]
(b)
State the functions of three organelles in the plant cell that you have drawn.
Nyatakan fungsi bagi tiga organel yang telah anda lukis pada sel tumbuhan hijau dalam
soalan 1(a)
[6 marks]
(c)
Compare and contrast a plant cell with an animal cell.

Bandingkan dan bezakan antara sel tumbuhan dengan sel haiwan
[8 marks]
2.(a)
Diagram 2.1 shows a mature red blood cell, an efferent neurone and a sperm.
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan satu sel darah merah matang, neuron eferen dan satu sel
sperma.
Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1

Explain how the structures are adapted to their functions.
Terangkan bagaimana struktur sel tersebut disesuaikan untuk menjalankan fungsinya.
[10 marks]
(b)
Amoeba is a unicellular organism but it can function as

a complete unit of life.
Amoeba adalah organism unisel tetapi ia dapat
menjalankan fungsi sebagai satu kehidupan.
(i)
Based on the statement above, describe how Amoeba can carry out the following
life processes : nutrition and reproduction.
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, huraikan bagaimana Amoeba dapat
menjalankan proses kehidupan seperti pemakanan dan pembiakan.
[6 marks]
(ii)
Explain why Amoeba does not burst when it is immersed in the distilled water.
Terangkan mengapa Amoeba tidak meletus apabila ia di masukkan ke dalam air
suling.
[4 marks]
3.
Diagram 2.2 shows five levels of cell organisation in man.

Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan lima aras dalam organisasi pada seorang manusia.
Cell
sel
Tissue
tisu
Organ
organ
System
(digestive)
System (pencernaan)

2
Organism
organism
a
(a) Describe the cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and systems based on
the example of the digestive system of man shown in Diagram 2.2.
Huraikan organisasi sel dalam pebentukkan tisu, organ dan sistem berdasarkan contoh
sistem pencernaan pada seorang lelaki yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.2.
[10 marks]
(b) Diagram 2.3 shows the structure of a dicotyledonous leaf.
How is the leaf modified to carry out its various function?

Terangkan bagaimana daun diubahsuai untuk menjalankan beberapa fungsinya.
[10 marks]
CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
1. Diagram 3.1.1 shows the structure of a unicellular organism.

Rajah 3.1.1 menunjukkan struktur organisma unisel.
Diagram 3.1.1 / Rajah 3.1.1
(a) Explain the function of organelle which involve in osmoregulation.

Terangkan fungsi organel yang terlibat dalam pengosmokawalaturan.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) State the similarities and differences between passive transport (facilitated
diffusion) and active transport in the movement of molecules across the cell
membrane.
Nyatakan persamaan dan perbezaan antara pengangkutan pasif
(resapan
berbantu)dan pengangkutan aktif dalam pergerakan molekul-molekul merentas

membrane sel.
[ 8 marks ]
(c) Diagram 3.1.2 and 3.1.3 show two types of food which can be preserved.
Rajah 3.1.2 dan 3.1.3 menunjukkan dua jenis makanan yang boleh diawet.
Explain how vinegar and concentrated salt solution can be used in the food
preservation.
Terangkan bagaimana cuka dan larutan garam yang pekat boleh digunakan dalam
pengawetan makanan tersebut.
[ 8 marks ]
2. The following information is about plasma membrane.

Maklumat berikut adalah berkaitan dengan membran plasma.
The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and allows certain substances to move across.
Membran plasma adalah separa telap dan membenarkan sesetengah bahan melaluinya.
(a) Based on the above statement, describe how an amino acid molecule is transported
across the plasma membrane into the cell.
Berdasarkan pernyataaan di atas, huraikan bagaimana asid amino diangkut
merentasi membran plasma ke dalam sel.
[5 marks]
(b) Discuss why the uses of excessive fertilizers can cause wilting in plants.
5
Bincangkan kenapa penggunaan baja berlebihan boleh menyebabkan kelayuan

kepada tumbuhan.
[5 marks]
(c) Diagram 3.2 shows human erythrocytes after being immersed in distilled water and
20% sodium chloride solution.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan eritrosit manusia selepas direndam di dalam air suling dan
larutan natrium klorida 20%.
Explain what had happened to the erythrocytes.

Terangkan apa yang telah terjadi kepada eritrosit tersebut.
[ 6 marks ]
(d) Explain the situation occur when a potato strip is transferred from 30% sucrose
solution into distilled water.
Terangkan situasi yang berlaku apabila jalur kentang dipindahkan dari larutan
sukrosa 30% ke dalam air suling.
[4 marks]
CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL
1. (a) Diagram 4.1.1 shows the organelles involved in the synthesis and secretion of
extracellular enzymes in an animal cell.
Rajah 4.1.1 menunjukkan organel-organel yang terlibat dalam sintesis dan rembesan
enzim-enzim luar sel di dalam sel haiwan.
(i). Define intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes.

Beri definesi enzim intrasel dan enzim luar sel.
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) Describe the involvement of the organelles in the production of extracellular

enzymes.
Huraikan penglibatan organel-organel di dalam penghasilan enzim-enzim luar sel.
[ 8 marks ]
(b) Diagram 4.1.2 shows three stages in the enzyme reaction.

Rajah 4.1.2 menunjukkan tiga peringkat di dalam tindakan enzim.
R
Identify R . Explain the lock and key hypothesis in the mechanism of enzyme
reaction.
Kenalpasti R. Terangkan hipotesis kunci dan mangga di dalam mekanisma tindak
balas enzim.
[ 8 marks ]
2. Diagram 4.2 shows the different structure of protein.
Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan struktur protein yang berbeza.

(a)
(i) State two examples of protein with structure R that present in our body.
Nyatakan dua contoh protein dengan struktur R yang didapati di dalam badan
kita.
[ 2 marks ]
8
(ii) Name the protein structure P, Q and R. Describe the structures of each protein
structure.
Namakan struktur protein P, Q dan R. Huraikan struktur setiap struktur protein
tersebut.
[ 8 marks ]
(b)
Detergent is normally used in washing. Describe three biological enzymes that

present in the detergent which help to clean up the stains on clothes.
Serbuk pencuci biasanya digunakan dalam pencucian. Huraikan tiga enzim
biologi yang hadir dalam serbuk pencuci yang membantu menanggalkan kotoran
pada pakaian.
[ 6 marks ]
(c)
Using two examples of enzymes, describe the role of the enzymes in the industry
field.
Dengan menggunakan dua contoh enzim yang dinamakan, huraikan peranan
enzim tersebut dalam bidang industri.
[ 4 marks ]
CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION
1.
(a) List the importance of mitosis process.

Senaraikan kepentingan proses mitosis.
[3 marks]
(b) Explain the differences between process of mitosis and meiosis using appropriate
diagram.
Terangkan perbezaan antara proses mitosis dan meiosis menggunakan rajah yang
sesuai.
[10 marks]
(c) Explain how mitosis is apply in one example of animal to produce large number of
animal much faster than through sexual reproduction.
Terangkan bagaimana mitosis diaplikasikan dalam satu contoh pada haiwan untuk
menghasilkan bilangan haiwan lebih cepat dari melalui kaedah pembiakan seks.
[7 marks]
2. (a)(i) Diagram 5.1 shows a cell cycle of an organism. Phase X consist of three sub-phases
P, Q and R.
Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan satu kitar sel pada satu organism. Fasa X terdiri dari 3 sub-fasa
P, Q dan R.

10
Describe what happens in the cell during phase X.

Huraikan apakah yang berlaku semasa fasa X.
[2 marks]
(a)(ii) A farmer has succeeded in producing a high quality seedling of oil palm tree as a result
of cross-breeding between two species of oil palm. Suggest one method which can be
used to help the farmer to produce more of this seedling in the shortest period of time.
Seorang petani telah menjalankan kacukan antara dua pokok kelapa sawit dan berjaya
menghasilkan anak pokok kelapa sawit yang bermutu tinggi. Cadangkan satu kaedah
yang boleh digunakan untuk menolong petani itu menghasilkan anak pokok kelapa
sawit yang bermutu tinggi ini dengan banyak dalam masa yang singkat.
[6 marks]
(b)
The hormone insulin used by present day diabetics is the result of genetic
engineering technology. This hormone which was used to treat diabetics
since 1982 is the first technological product approved for the market.
Hormone insulin yang digunakan oleh pesakit diabetis adalah hasil dari
teknologi kejuruteraan genetik. Hormon yang telah digunakan sejak 1982
adalah produk teknologi pertama yang dibenarkan yang dibenarkan untuk
pasaran.
Based on above information, discuss the benefits of genetic engineering method in

producing products for the society.
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, bincangkan kebaikan teknik kejuruteraan genetik dalam
menghasilkan keperluan masyarakat.
[6 marks]
11
(c)
Diagram 5.2 shows a group of cells that is exposed to ultraviolet ray.

Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan sekumpulan sel yang terdedah kepada sinar ultraviolet.
Normal cells
Mutated Cells
Sel normal
Sel yang mengalami mutasi

The exposure drives the cell cycle malfunctions. Based on the Diagram 5.2 describe
effect of cell cycle malfunctions to the body.
Pendedahan kepada sinar radioaktif menyebabkan kitar sel tidak berfungsi. Berdasarkan
Rajah 1, huraikan kesan kitar sel yang tidak berfungsi ke atas badan.
[ 6 marks]
3 (a)
Dolly the sheep was the first vertebrate cloned from the cell of an
adult animal in 1997. That was a remarkable scientific breakthrough
and it gained interest and concern from around the world on the of
cloning and how it would affect humans.
Dolly si biri-biri merupakan haiwan vertebrata pertama yang diklon
daripada sel haiwan dewasa pada tahun 1997. Ia merupakan satu
penemuan saintifik yang amat bermakna dan telah menimbulkan minat
dan perhatian daripada pelbagai pihak di seluruh dunia terhadap
pengklonan dan bagaimana ia memberi kesan ke atas manusia.
12
i)
Based on the statement above, explain the principles used in the cloning
technique.
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan prinsip-prinsip yang digunakan
dalam teknik pengklonan.
ii)
[3 marks]
State the advantages and disadvantages of this technique.

Nyatakan kebaikan dan keburukan teknik tersebut
[7 marks]
(b) Describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells to produce two daughter
cells.
Terangkan bagaimana sitokinesis berlaku dalam sel tumbuhan dan sel haiwan untuk
menghasilkan dua sel ana
[10 marks]
13
4.
Diagram 5.4 shows different stages in a meiosis I.

Rajah 5.4 menunjukkan peringkat yang berbeza dalam meiosis 1.
S
R
Diagram 5.4/ Rajah5. 4

(a)
Based on Diagram 5.4, explain the process that occurs in stage P, Q, R dan S.
Berdasarkan Rajah 5.4, terangkan proses yang berlaku dalam peringkat P, Q, R dan S.
[6 marks]
(b)
State the different between meiosis I and meiosis II based on stage P, Q, R dan S.
Nyatakan perbezaan antara meiosis I dan meiosis II berdasarkan kepada peringkat P, Q,
R dan S.
[4 marks]
14
(c)
Explain briefly how meiosis involved in genetic variation.

Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana meiosis terlibat dalam variasi genetik.
[10 marks ]
15
CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION
1.
Diagram 6.1.1, Diagram 6.1.2 and Diagram 6.1.3 shows the physical condition of three
children who suffer from malnutrition.
Rajah 6.1.1, Rajah 6.1.2 dan rajah 6.1.3 menunjukkan keadaan fizikal tiga orang kanakkanak yang mengalami malnutrisi.
Diagram 6.1.1
Rajah 6.1.1
(a)
Diagram 6.1.2
Rajah 6.1.2
Diagram 6.1.3
Rajah 6.1.3
State the meaning of malnutrition.

Nyatakan maksud malnutrisi.
[2 marks]
(b)
Name and explain the disease in Diagram 6.1.1, Diagram 6.1.2 and Diagram 6.1.3
related to malnutrition.
Namakan dan terangkan penyakit dalam Rajah 6.1.1, Rajah 6.1.2 dan Rajah 6.1.3
yang berkaitan dengan malnutrisi.
[8 marks]
16
(c)
Diagram 6.2 shows a food pyramid. The correct proportion for the various classes
of food is shown in a food pyramid.
Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan piramid makanan. Nisbah yang betul bagi pelbagai kelas
makanan ditunjukkan dalam piramid makanan.
Diagram 6.2
Rajah 6.2
Boy Y does not follow this food pyramid in his diet. He likes to eat hamburger
which consist of bread, meat and cheese as his daily diet for a long period of time.
Budak lelaki Y tidak mengikut piramid makanan ini dalam amalan
pemakanannya. Dia suka makan burger yang terdiri daripada roti, daging dan
keju sebagai makanan hariannya dan pengambilannya jangkamasa yang lama.
Explain the long term effects of his diet to his health.

Terangkan kesan jangka panjang amalan pemakanannya ini terhadap
kesihatannya.
[10 marks]
17
2.
Diagram 6.3.1 shows organism P, Diagram 6.3.2 shows digestive system of organism Q
and Diagram 6.3.3 shows digestive system of organism R.
Rajah 6.3.1 menunjukkan organisma P, Rajah 6.3.2 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan
organisma Q dan Rajah 6.3.3 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan organisma R.
Diagram 6.3.1
Rajah 6.3.1
Diagram 6.3.2
Rajah 6.3.2
Diagram 6.3.3
Rajah 6.3.3
(a) (i) Describe the type of nutrition in organism P and organism R.

Huraikan jenis nutrisi bagi organisma P dan organisma R.
[4 marks]
(ii) Compare the process of cellulose digestion in organism Q and organism R.
Bandingkan proses pencernaan selulose dalam organisma Q dan organisma R.
[6 marks]
18
(b)
Calcium, ferum and iodine are minerals which must be obtained through the diet.
Kalsium, ferum dan iodin adalah garam mineral yang mesti diambil melalui
pemakanan.
State the function and symptom of deficiency of these minerals. State one source for
each mineral.
Nyatakan fungsi dan kesan kekurangan garam mineral tersebut. Nyatakan satu
sumber bagi setiap garam mineral tersebut.
[10 marks]
3.
Diagram 6.4 shows some organs of human digestive system.

Rajah 6.4 menunjukkan beberapa organ sistem pencernaan manusia.
Diagram 6.4/ Rajah 6.4
(a)
Syarifah eats too many mangoes with vinegar.

Explain the effect of eating too much of this kind of mangoes on the
digestion of food in Y.
Syarifah makan terlalu banyak mangga berserta cuka.
Terangkan kesan memakan terlalu banyak mangga jenis ini terhadap pencernaan
makanan di Y.
[5 marks]
19
(b)
A man is suffering from cancer, his organ Z need to be removed. What should he
do to handle health problems that may arise from the removal of organ Z?
Seorang lelaki mengidap kanser, organ Z beliau perlu dibuang. Apakah yang patut
dilakukan untuk mengawal masalah kesihatannya yang mungkin timbul kesan
pembuangan organ Z?
[5 marks]
(c)
(i) State the functions of X.

Nyatakan fungsi X.
(ii) Explain the process of assimilation of amino acids and glucose in X.

Terangkan proses asimilasi asid amino dan glukosa di X.
[10 marks]
4.
(a)
Table 1 shows the menu for Adnans daily diet.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan menu pemakanan harian Adnan.
Fried chicken
Ayam goreng
- 2 pieces
- 2 ketul
Hamburger
Burger
- 2 pieces
- 2 biji
Soft drink
Minuman ringan
- 2 glasses
- 2 gelas
Ice cream
Ais krim
- 1 cup
- 2 cawan
Table 1
Jadual 1
Adnan takes this menu for his breakfast and lunch for a long period of time.
Explain the consequences to his health.
Adnan mengambil menu ini sebagai sarapan dan makan tengahari dalam
jangkamasa yang lama.
Terangkan akibat terhadap kesihatannya.
[ 10 marks ]
20
(b)
Diagram 6.5 shows organelle P found in a plant cell.

Rajah 6.5 menunjukkan organel P yang didapati pada sel tumbuhan.
Diagram 6.5
Rajah 6.5
Organelle P is importance for the process of photosynthesis in plant.

Organel P adalah penting bagi proses fotosintesis dalam tumbuhan.
(i)
State the meaning of photosynthesis.

Nyatakan maksud fotosintesis.
[2 marks]
(ii)
Explain the main stages in photosynthesis.

Terangkan peringkat-peringkat utama dalam fotosintesis.
[8 marks]
21
5.
Food preservation involves methods of preparing food to extend
the lifespan and to avoid wastage of food.
Pengawetan makanan melibatkan kaedah peyediaan untuk
memanjangkan tempoh hayat dan mengelakkan pembaziran
makanan.
(a)
Based on the above statement, explain the necessity for food processing.
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan keperluan pemprosesan makanan.
[10 marks]
(b) Table 6.1 shows several methods of food preservation that being used in food
processing.
Jadual 6.1 menunjukkan beberapa kaedah pengawetan yang digunakan dalam
pemprosesan makanan.
Type of food
Food preservation method
Jenis makanan
Kaedah pengawetan makanan
Milk
Pasteurisation
Susu
Pempasteuran
Fruits
Canning
Buah-buahan
Pengetinan
Meat and fish
Refrigeration
Daging dan ikan
Penyejukbekuan
Table 6.1/ Jadual 6.1
Describe how the method can preserve food for a long period of time.
Jelaskan bagaimana kaedah itu boleh mengawet makanan untuk satu jangka masa yang
panjang.
[10 marks]
22
CHAPTER 7: RESPIRATION
1. Diagram 7.1 shows the respiratory system of a human and a fish.

Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan sistem respirasi pada manusia dan ikan.

(a)
Name organ X and organ Y.

Namakan organ X dan organ Y.
[2 marks]
(b)
Draw and label the respiratory surfaces of organ X and Y.

Lukis dan label permukaan respirasi organ X dan Y.
[4 marks]
(c) Respiratory system in human and fish are adapted to function in their respective
habitats. Compare and complain the adaptations.
Sistem respirasi manusia dan ikan disesuaikan untuk befungsi dalam habitat masing masing. Banding dan terangkan penyesuaian tersebut .
[10 marks]
(d)
Explain the effects of smoking on the human respiratory system.

Terangkan kesan merokok terhadap sistem respirasi manusia.
[4 marks]
23
2. Diagram 7.2 shows one stage in human breathing.

Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan satu peringkat dalam pernafasan manusia.
R
(a)
Explain the state of breathing shown in Diagram 7.2.

Terangkan peringkat pernafasan yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 7.2.
[6 marks]
(b)
Explain the effects of the breathing mechanism if structure R is unable to function.

Terangkan kesan kepada mekanisma pernafasan jika struktur R tidak boleh berfungsi.
[4 marks]
24
(c)
Diagram 7.3 shows the various structures involved in the regulation of the carbon dioxide
concentration in the body fluid.
Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan pelbagai struktur yang terlibat dalam pengawalaturan kepekatan
karbon dioksida dalam cecair badan.
Central Chemoreceptor
Drop / rise in
carbon dioxide
concentration

Based on Diagram 7.3, describe the regulation of the carbon dioxide concentration in body fluid.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.3, terangkan pengawalaturan kepekatan karbon dioksida dalam cecair
badan.
[10 marks]
25
3 (a)
Diagrams 7.4 shows cell X and tissue Y. Cell X is a microorganism and tissue Y is found
in human body. Respiration in cell X without using oxygen whereas respiration in tissue Y using
oxygen.
Rajah 7.4 menunjukkan sel X dan tisu Y. Sel X adalah sejenis mikroorganisma dan tisu Y
dijumpai di dalam badan manusia. Respirasi dalam sel X tanpa menggunakan oksigen
manakala respirasi dalam tisu Y menggunakan oksigen.
Cell X/ Sel X
Tissue Y/ Tisu Y
Based on Diagram7.4, differentiate the cellular respiration process that occurs in cell X
and tissue Y.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.4, bezakan respirasi sel yang berlaku di dalam sel X dan tisuY.
[8 marks]
(b)
Diagram 7.5 shows energy releasing process in a human muscle cell.

Rajah 7.5 menunjukkan proses pembebasan tenaga dalam satu sel otot manusia.
Glucose
Molecule X + 2ATP
26
Based on Diagram 7.5, state what is process Q and molecule X. Explain how molecule X
can be remove from muscle cell.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.5, nyatakan proses Q dan molekul X. Terangkan bagaimana molekul
X dapat disingkirkan dari sel otot.
[6 marks]
(c)
Diagram 7.6 shows respiratory surfaces of a human.

Rajah 7.6 menunjukkan permukaan respirasi pada manusia.
CO2
O2
Based on the Diagram 7.6, explain the exchange of respiratory gases.

Berdasarkan Rajah 7.6, terangkan proses pertukaran gas respirasi.
[6 marks]
27
4.(a)
Small molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen can pass through the cell
membrane easily.
Molekul kecil seperti karbon dioksida dan oksigen boleh melalui membran sel
dengan mudah.
Based on the statement explain how gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli and blood
capillaries?
Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas terangkan bagaimana pertukaran gas berlaku di
alveolus dan di kapilari darah.
[ 10 marks ]
28
(b)
Diagram 7.7 shows the oxygen uptake of an athlete before, during and after a 100 m
race.
Rajah 7.7 menunjukkan pengambilan oksigen seorang atlet sebelum, semasa dan selepas
larian 100m.

Based on the above diagram, explain the process of energy production by the athlete
during and after the race.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, terangkan proses penghasilan tenaga oleh atlet tersebut semasa
dan selepas perlumbaan.
[10 marks]
29
CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

1. a) Diagram 8.1.1 shows the process of colonisation and succession in a habitat.
Rajah 8.1.1 menunjukkan proses pengkolonian dan penyesaran dalam suatu habitat.
What is the meant by colonisation and succestion in a habitat?

Based on Diagram 8.1.1, explain how colonisation and succestion bring about the formation of
the primary forest in a habitat
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pengkolonian dan penyesaran dalam suatu habitat?
Berdasarkan Rajah 8. 1.1, terangkan bagaimana pengkolonian dan penyesaran membawa
kepada pembentukan hutan primer dalam suatu habitat.
.
[10 marks]
30
1. b) Diagram 8.1.2 shows an ecosystem in Malaysia.

Rajah 8.1.2 menunjukkan suatu ekosistem di Malaysia.
Diagram 8.1.2/ Rajah 8.1.2
Based on the Diagram 8.1.2, discuss why ecosystem has to be maintained.

Berdasarkan Rajah 8.1.2, bincangkan kenapa ekosistem ini perlu dikekalkan.
[10 marks]
31
2. a) Diagram 8. 2.1 shows a mangrove swamp.

Rajah 8. 2.1 menunjukkan kawasan paya bakau.
Diagram 8. 2.1 / Rajah 8. 2.1
i) Explain why most plants cannot colonise and grow in the swamps.
Terangkan mengapa kebanyakan tumbuhan tidak boleh hidup dan tumbuh di kawasan
paya bakau.
[5 marks]
ii) Explain how the mangrove trees adapt themselves to the harsh living conditi
Terangkan bagaimana pokok bakau ini menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan hidup yang sukar.
[5 marks ]
32
3. Diagram 8. 3.1 shows a type of fungi.

Rajah 8. 3.1 menunjukkan sejenis fungi.
Diagram 8.3.1 / Rajah 8. 3.1
a) Explain how this organism obtained the nutrient.

Terangkan bagaimana organisma ini memperolehi makanan.
[4 marks]
b) Diagram 8. 3.2 is a graph shows the population size of rats and owls in an oil palm
estate change throughout the year.
Rajah 8. 3.2 adalah graf yang menunjukkan perubahan saiz populasi tikus dan
burung
hantu dalam sebuah ladang kelapa sawit sepanjang tahun.
Jan
Apr
Aug
Dec
Diagram 8. 3.2 / Rajah 8. 3.2

33
Month
Based on Diagram 8. 3.2, explain the changes in the size of population of the
owls and the rats throughout the year.
Berdasarkan kepada Rajah 8.3.2, huraikan perubahan saiz populasi bagi
burung hantu dan tikus sepanjang tahun.
4.
[ 6 marks ]
Diagram 8. 4.1 shows the nitrogen cycle which plays an important role in the formation
of protein. Plants and animals need nitrate to form protein. Explain the role of plants,
animals and microorganism in this cycle.
Rajah 8. 4.1 menunjukkan kitar nitrogen yang memainkan peranan penting dalam
pembentukan protein. Tumbuhan dan haiwan memerlukan nitrat untuk membentuk
protein. Huraikan peranan tumbuhan, haiwan dan mikroorganisma dalam kitar ini.
[10 marks ]
Diagram 8. 4. 1 / Rajah 8. 4. 1
34
CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM
Diagram 9. 1.1 shows evidences of development, urbanization and industrial practices. It is

needed to develop the rises of human population.
Diagram 9.1.1 menunjukkan bukti-bukti pembangunan, urbanisasi dan aktiviti-aktiviti
perkilangan. Ia merupakan keperluan apabila populasi manusia meningkat.
Diagram 9.1.1 / Rajah 9.1. 1
Justify the effects of unplanned development into the ecosystem.

Justifikasikan kesan pembangunan yang tidak terancang kepada ekosistem.
[10 marks]
35
2.
Diagram 9.2.1 shows one phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned

development.
Rajah 9.2.1 menunjukkan satu fenomena dalam ekosistem yang disebabkan oleh
pembangunan yang tidak terancang.
Diagram 9.2.1
Rajah 9.2. 1
Based on diagram 9. 2.1, explain the phenomenon and its effects to the
environment.
Berdasarkan rajah 9.2.1, terangkan fenomena ini dan kesan-kesannya terhadap alam
sekitar.
[10 marks]
36
3.
Ozone layer is located in the stratosphere, about 15-30 kilometers above the
Earth's surface. The ozone hole over Antartica was first discovered by Farman, Gardiner
and Shanklin in 1985.
Lapisan ozon terletak dalam lapisan stratosfera, yang terletak kira-kira 15-30 kilometer
dari permukaan bumi. Lubang pada lapisan ozon di Antartika
ditemukan oleh
Farman, Gardiner dan Shanklin pada tahun 1985.
Describe how the ozone layer becomes thinner. Discuss its effects on humans and the
environment and suggest the ways to solve these problems.
Huraikan bagaimana lapisan ozon menjadi semakin nipis. Bincangkan
kesan
kesannya kepada manusia serta alam sekitar. Cadangkan langkah-langkah untuk

mengatasi masalah ini.
[10 marks]
37
CHAPTER 10: TRANSPORT
1. (a)
Diagram 10.1.1 shows a sequence in a process carried out by a leucocyte .

Rajah 10.1.1 menunjukkan susunan proses yang dijalankan oleh suatu leukosit.

Describe briefly how a leucocyte plays its role in bodys defences.
Bincangkan secara ringkas bagaimana leukosit memainkan peranannya dalam
pertahanan badan.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) Diagram 10.1.2 is a graph showing the concentration of antibody in the blood of an
individual after receiving two injections.
Rajah 10.1.2 adalah graf yang menunjukkan kepekatan antibodi dalam darah individu
Concentration of antibodies in the

blood (arbitrary unit)
selepas menerima dua suntikan.
Immunity level
1st vaccination
2nd vaccination
9
Time (weeks)

38
Explain how the individual could achieve the immunity level.

Terangkan bagaimana individu tersebut boleh mencapai aras keimunan.
[ 6 marks ]
2.
Diagram 10.2 shows blood capillary and lymph capillary in a human.

Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan kapilari darah dan kapilari limfa dalam manusia.
Blood capillary
Kapilari darah
Fluid R
Bendalir
R
Fluid S in lymph capillary

Bendalir S dalam kapilari
limfa
(a) Explain the differences between the composition of fluid R and fluid S
Terangkan perbezaan antara komposisi bendalir R dan bendalir S.
[3 marks]
(b)
Based on Diagram 10.2, describe how fluid S is formed from blood plasma
until it is brought back into the blood circulatory system.
Berdasarkan Rajah10.2, bincangkan bagaimana bendalir S terbentuk dari plasma
darah sehingga ia dikembalikan semula ke sistem peredaran darah.
[7marks]
39
3.
Diagram 10.3 shows a human blood component.

Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan komponen darah manusia
Erythrocyte
Sel darah merah
Leucocyte
Sel darah putih
Platlet
Platlet

(a) Explain how platelets help to stop bleeding when a wound occurs.
Terangkan bagaimana platlet membantu menghentikan pendarahan apabila luka.
[ 5 marks]
(b) A blood test shows that a mans erythrocytes count is below normal. Explain the
possible consequences of this condition on his health.
Satu ujian darah manusia menunjukkan bilangan eritrositnya rendah daripada normal.
Terangkan kesan keadaan ini ke atas kesihatannya.
[ 5 marks]
40
4.
(a) Diagram 10.4.1 shows the part of a stem of a tree where the ring of bark has been
removed. The tree is watered everyday.
Rajah 10.4.1 menunjukkan bahagian batang satu pokok dimana kulit yang digelang
telah dibuang. Pokok itu disiram setiap hari.
Based on Diagram 10.4.1, explain what happens to the tree after one month.
Berdasarkan Rajah 10.4.1, terangkan apa berlaku kepada pokok itu selepas satu
bulan.
[ 4 marks]
(b) Diagram 10.4.2 shows the blood circulatory system in organism A and organism B.
Rajah 10.4.2 menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah dalam organisma A dan organisma
B.
Organism A
Organism B
Diagram 10.4.2 /Rajah 10.4.2
41
Based on Diagram 10.4.2, Describe the similarities and differences between
the blood
circulatory system in organism A and organism B..

Berdasarkan Rajah 10.4.2, bincangkan persamaan dan perbezaan di antara sistem
peredaran darah organism A dan organism B
[6 marks]
5.
Diagram 10.5 shows a human heart .

Rajah 10.5 menunjukkan jantung manusia.
Pulmonary vein
Vena
pulmonary
Location of
Pacemaker
Lokasi
perentak
Left atrium
Atrium kiri
Diagram 10.5/Rajah 10.5

(a)
(i) Explain the pathway of the systemic circulatory system

Terangkan laluan sistem peredaran sistemik
[ 2 marks]
(ii) The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker
is used to replace the original pacemaker. Explain how the electronic
pacemaker works.
Perentak seorang pesakit jantung gagal berungsi. Satu perentak elektronik
digunakan untuk menggantikan perentak asal. Terangkan bagaimana
perentak elektronik berkerja.
[3 marks]
42
(b)
Explain the effect of taking excess fatty food in the long term to our blood
circulatory system / human healthy life.
Terangkan kesan pengambilan makanan berlemak secara berlebihan
dalam
jangka masa yang lama kepada sistem peredarah darah manusia dan kesihatan
manusia.
[ 5 marks ]
6.
Diagram 10.6 shows the structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus
causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that infects the human immune
system.
Rajah 10.6 menunjukkan struktur Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Virus ini
menyebabkan Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) yang menyerang
sistem keimunan manusia.

(a)
Descibe the effect of HIV on the bodys defence mechanism

Bincangkan kesan HIV ke atas mekanisma pertahanan badan.
[ 4 marks ]
(b)
Explain how first line defence can prevent the entry pathogens into the body.
Terangkan bagaimana barisan pertahanan pertama boleh mencegah kemasukan
pathogen ke dalam badan.
[ 6 marks ]
43
CHAPTER 11: LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT

1. (a) Diagram 11.1.1 shows the earthworm.
Rajah 11.1.1 menunjukkan seekor cacing tanah.

How this organism support itself? Explain.
Bagaimanakah organisma ini menyokong sokong tubuhnya? Terangkan.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) Diagram 11.1.2 shows the locomotion of earthworm in habitats.
Rajah 11.1.2 menunjukkan pergerakan seekor cacing tanah dalam habitatnya.
s
Explain how locomotion in earthworm occurs.
Terangkan bagaimana pergerakan cacing tanah berlaku.
[6 marks]
44
(c) Diagram 11.1.3 shows the movement of a human forearm.

Rajah 11.1.3 menunjukkan pergerakan lengan manusia.
Diagram 11.1.3(i) / Rajah 11.1.3(i)
Diagram 11.1.3(ii) / Rajah 11.1.3(ii)
Based on Diagram 11.1.3(i) and Diagram 11.1.3(ii), explain the roles of the muscle,
tendons, bones and ligaments in the movement of the forearm.
Berdasarkan Rajah 11.1.3(i) dan Rajah 11.1.3(ii), terangkan peranan otot, tendon dan
tulang dalam pergerakan lengan.
[10 marks]
45
2. (a) Diagram 11.2.1 shows Water hyacinth In its habitat.

Rajah 11.2.1 menunjukkan pokok keladi bunting di dalam habitatnya.

Explain the adaptation of the plant which enable it to float on water surface.
Terangkan penyesuaian pada tumbuhan tersebut yang membolehkannya terapung di
permukaan air.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) Diagram 11.2.2 shows a cross-section of a woody plant stem.
Rajah 11.2.2 menunjukkan keratan rentas batang pokok berkayu.

Explain what modifications are found in the tissues of woody plants which giving support
to the plants.
Terangkan penyesuaian yang terdapat pada tisu-tisu kayu tumbuhan ini yang
memberikan sokongan kepada tumbuhan.
[6 marks]
46
(c) Diagram11.2.3 shows two vertebrae.

Rajah 11.2.3 menunjukkan dua ruas vetebra.
Diagram 11.2.3(i) Lumbar vertebra

Rajah 11.2.3(i) Vetebra lumbar
Diagram 11.2.3(ii) Cervical vertebra

Rajah 11.2.3(ii) Vetebra serviks
Compare and contrast between the two vertebrae.

Banding bezakan antara keduanya.
[10 marks]
3
(a)
A bird can fly with its wings.
Burung
boleh
sayapnya.
terbang
dengan
Describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying in the air.

Huraikan mekanisme pergerakan seekor burung yang terbang di udara.
[10 marks]
(b) Impaired musculoskeletal system could cause diseases such as osteoporosis, muscular
dystrophy and arthritis.
Sistem rangka otot yang tidak sempurna boleh menyebabkan penyakit-penyakit seperti
osteoporosis, distrofi otot dan artritis.
Discuss how someone could have a healthy musculoskeletal system.
Bincangkan bagaimana seseorang itu boleh mendapatkan kesihatan sistem rangka otot
yang sihat.
[ 10 marks ]
47
4. (a) Diagram 11.4.1 shows a body structure of a fish.

Rajah 11.4.1 menunjukkan struktur badan sekor ikan.
Explain how coordination of a myotome and fins of a fish contributes to swimming

activities in the aquatic habitat.
Terangkan bagaimana koordinasi di antara otot miotom dan sirip-sirip dapat
menyumbang kepada aktiviti berenang seekor ikan di dalam habitat akuatik.
[10 marks]
(b)
Unbalanced diet, an unhealthy lifestyle and the process of ageing may cause
diseases such as osteoporosis and arthritis.
Diet tidak seimbang, gaya hidup tidak sihat dan proses penuaan mungkin
menyebabkan penyakit-penyakit seperti osteoporosis dan arthritis.
Justify the above statement and explain how such diseases can be avoided.
Justifikasikan kenyataan di atas dan terangkan bagaimana penyakit-penyakit tersebut
boleh dielakkan.
[10 marks]
48
CHAPTER 12: COORDINATION AND RESPONSE
1.
Diagram 12.1 shows the nerve transmission from neurone P to neurone R.

Rajah 12.1 menunjukkan pemindahan impuls dari neuron P ke neuron R.
Nerve impulse
Impulse saraf
Axon of neurone
P
Akson neuron P
Synaptic knob
Bonggol sinaps
Dendrite of neurone
R
Dendrit neuron R
Q
(a)
(b)
Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse from neurone P to neurone R across Q.

Terangkan pemindahan impuls dari neuron P ke neuron R merentasi Q.
[8 marks]
Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases are related to nervous system. Explain the
causes and the effects of the diseases on victims.
Alzheimer dan Parkinson adalah penyakit-penyakit berkait saraf.Terangkan penyebab
dan kesan penyakit ini ke atas pengidap.
[4 marks]
(c)
In an accident, a motorist was seriously injured and was sent to a nearby hospital. A
doctor is going to do a knee jerk test to examine the patients nerve system.
Draw the reflect arch and describe the pathway involved in the transmission of nerve
impulses which result in the reflect action.
Dalam satu kemalangan, seorang penunggang motosikal mengalami kecederaan
serius. Doktor menjalankan ujian sentakan lutut untuk menguji sistem saraf ke atas
mangsa tersebut.
49
Lukis arka refleks dan huraikan laluan pemindahan impulse yang terlibat bagi
menghasilkan tindakan refleks.
2.
(a)
The pituitary gland is regarded as the master endocrine

gland.
[8 marks]
Kelenjar pituitary dikenali sebagai kelenjar induk.
Explain the statement above.

Terangkan pernyataan tersebut.
[2 marks]
(b)
After watching a horror movie at a cinema, Salim went back to his

home. On the way home, he saw a monster exactly the same as he
watched in the movie. He was very shocked and frightened. So he ran
away as fast as he could.
Selepas menonton filem seram di pawagam, Salim pulang ke rumah.

Dalam perjalanannya, dia terserempak dengan satu lembaga yang
sama seperti yang dilihatnya dalam filem. Disebabkan sangat terkejut
dan takut, dia berlari dengan sekuat hati.
Explain the involvement of both the nervous system and the endocrine system in that
critical situation.
Terangkan penglibatan sistem saraf dan system endokrin dalam situasi tersebut.
[8 marks]
50
3.
(a)
Explain how the body of a healthy person restores the blood sugar level to
normal if the level drops too low.
Terangkan bagaimana seseorang yang sihat tubuh badannya mengekalkan aras
gula dalam darahnya apabila aras gula menjadi rendah .
[6 marks]
(a)
Diagram 12.3 shows a part of a nephron structure.

Rajah 12.3 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada struktur nefron.

(i)
Label and complete Diagram 12.3 above. State the role of a nephron.
Label dan lengkapkan Rajah 12.3 di atas. Nyatakan fungsi nefron.
[4 marks]
(ii)
Describe the urine formation.

Huraikan proses pembentukan urin.
[10 marks]
4.
(a)
Explain the terms phototropism and geotropism.

Terangkan istilah fototropisma dan geotropism.
[4 marks]
(b)
Explain the role of auxins in tropism.

Terangkan peranan auksin dalam gerakbalas tropisma.
[10 marks]
(c)
State three types of hormones and its uses in agriculture.

Namakan tiga jenis fitohormon berserta fungsinya dalam pertanian.
[6 marks]
51
CHAPTER 13: REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

1.
Diagram 13.1 shows the development of human zygote.

Rajah 13.1 menunjukkan perkembangan zigot manusia.
Fallopian
Tube
two cells
stage
Q
P
(a)
Describe the process which occurred from P to Q.

Huraikan proses yang berlaku dari P ke Q.
[4 marks]
(b)
Pregnant women are advised not to smoke and avoid from
drugs and alcohol.
Wanita hamil dinasihatkan supaya tidak merokok dan
mengelakkan diri dari najis dadah dan alkohol.
Explain the above statement.

Terang kenyataan di atas.
[6 marks]
52
Mrs. Lee is a married woman, she faces problem to get pregnant.

Diagram 13.2 shows two laboratory methods which may help Mr. Lee and Mrs. Lee
to have their own child.
Pn. Lee telah lama berkahwin, beliau menghadapi masalah untuk hamil.
Rajah 13.2 menunjukkan dua kaedah makmal yang mungkin boleh membantu En.
Lee dan Pn. Lee untuk mendapatkan anak sendiri.
Mr.
Lee
Mrs. Lee

(a)
Explain under what type of condition Method A can be used to help Mr. and
Mrs. Lee.
Terangkan dalam keadaan yang bagaimanakah Kaedah A dapat membantu En.
Lee dan isterinya.
[5 marks]
(b) Discuss the role of Madam X in Method B and the issue may arise.
Bincangkan peranan Puan X dalam Kaedah B dan isu yang mungkin timbul.
[5 marks]
53
Diagram 13.3(a) shows the formation of the embryo sac in the ovule, while Diagram
13.3(b) shows the formation of pollen grain in the anther in a flowering plant
(angiosperm)
Rajah 13.3(a) menunjukkan pembentukan pundi embrio di ovul, manakala Rajah 13.3(b)
menunjukkan proses pembentukan butir debunga di anter pada tumbuhan
berbunga (angiosperma).
Anther/anter
Anter
Embryo sac/ Pundi embrio
Mitosis
Pollen grain/
Butir debunga
Mature embryo sac
Pundi embrio matang
Diagram 13.3 (a)/ Rajah 13.3 (a)
Diagram 13.3 (b)/ Rajah 113.3 (b)
Based on the above diagrams, explain how the formation of the embryo sac and pollen
grain process occurs.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, jelaskan bagaimana proses pembentukan pundi embrio
dan butir debunga berlaku.
[10 marks]
54
Diagram 13.4 shows the fertilization in a flowering plant (angiosperms).

Rajah 13.4 menunjukkan proses persenyawaan yang berlaku pada tumbuhan berbunga
(angiosperma).
Pollen grain/ Butir
debunga
Butir debunga
Pollen tube/Tiub
debunga
Ovule/Ovul
Based on diagram 13.4, describe how pollination leads to the formation of fruit and seed in a
flowering plant (angiosperms).
Berdasarkan rajah 13.4, jelaskan bagaimana perdebungaan membentuk buah dan biji
pada tumbuhan berbunga (angiosperma).
[10 marks]
55
CHAPTER 14: INHERITANCE

1. The variation of ABO blood group determined by three different alleles, but an individual
can carry only two of the three alleles.
Variasi dalam kumpulan darah ABO ditentukan oleh tiga alel yang berbeza, tetapi setiap
individu hanya membawa dua daripada tiga alel tersebut.
With schematic diagram, explain the possibilities of the blood group and the genotypes of
the offspring if the fathers blood group is A and the mothers blood group is B.
Dengan gambarajah skema, terangkan kebarangkalian kumpulan darah dan genotip pada
anak jika ayahnya mempunyai kumpulan darah A dan ibunya kumpulan darah B.
[10 marks]
2.
Colour blindness is a genetic disease that could be inherited and occurs within a
specific gender. Inheritance of colour blindness can be prevented in a family.
Buta warna adalah penyakit genetik yang boleh diwarisi dan barlaku dikalangan jantina
tertentu. Pewarisan buta warna dapat dicegah daripada berlaku dalam sesebuah keluarga.
Schematic Diagram 14.2 shows a genetic pedigree of colour blindness in three generations
of a family.
Rajah skema 14.2 berikut menunjukkan salasilah buta warna bagi tiga generasi dalam
sesebuah keluarga.
b represents allele for colour blindness and ,
B represents allele for normal vision.
b mewakili alel untuk buta warna dan,
B mewakili alel untuk penglihatan yang normal.
56
XBY
XBXb
Generation l
Generation lI
Generation lII
keys:
Normal male
Normal female
Colour blind male
Carrier female
Colour blind female
Based on Diagram 14.2, give your opinion about the above statements.
Berdasarkan Rajah 14.2, berikan pendapat anda tentang pernyataan di atas.
[10 marks]
57
3.
The Law of Independent Assortment states that two or more pairs of alleles
segregate independently of one another during the formation of gametes.
a.Hukum Segregasi menyatakan bahawa dua atau lebih pasangan alel terpisah
secara bebas antara satau sama lain semasa pembentukan gamet.
Illustrate the above statements by using the following cross between a pure bred
watermelon with green and short fruit with a pure bred watermelon with striped and long
fruit. Show the second filial (F2) generation phenotype and its ratio.
Gambarkisahkan pernyataan di atas dengan menggunakan kacukan diantara tembikai
baka tulen untuk warna hijau dan buah yang bulat dengan tembikai baka tulen untuk
warna berjalur dan buah yang bujur.Tunjukkan fenotip dan nisbah fenotip bagi generasi
kedua.
[10 marks]
58
CHAPTER 15: VARIATION

1.
Diagram 15.1(a) and Diagram 15.1(b) shows the histogram about distribution of genetic
variation in human.
Rajah 15.1(a) dan Rajah 15.1(b) menunjukkan histogram mengenai taburan variasi
genetik dalam manusia.
Diagram 15.1(a)/Rajah 15.1 (a)
Diagram 15.1(b)/ Rajah 15.1 (b)
With a suitable example, explain the comparison of two kinds of variation.

Dengan menggunakan contoh yang sesuai, terangkan perbandingan di antara kedua-dua
variasi tersebut.
[10 marks]
2.
Variation is seen in almost all living organisms. Discuss the importance of

variation and give an example.
Variasi dapat dilihat pada hampir semua kehidupan. Bincangkan kepentingan

variasi dan berikan satu contoh.
[6 marks]
59
3.
An ex-champion runner in 800m has two sons. The first son has a well
developed body muscles very much like his father. He is also a good
athlete, who practices every day. The second son is small in build,
choosy in his diet, reluctant to exercise and prefers to spend his time
indoors sleeping and reading.
Seorang bekas juara pelari 800m mempunyai dua orang anak lelaki.
Anak yang pertama mempunyai otot badan yang berkembang baik
seperti ayahnya. Dia juga seorang atlit yang baik yang berlatih setiap
hari. Anak yang kedua pula berbadan kecil, amat memilih dalam
pemakanan, tidak suka bersenam serta lebih suka mengisi masanya
di dalam rumah tidur dan membaca.
Discuss the factors affecting the variation in the two sons.

Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang memberi kesan variasi terhadap kedua-dua anak
lelaki bekas juara tersebut.
[10 marks]
60
1
CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
QUESTION 1:
No
1(a)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Able to draw and label a green plant cell
Cell wall
Chloropla
st
Cytoplasm
vacuole
nucleus
2
Diagram 2 marks [function, neat]
Labels :
5 correct 4 marks
4 correct 3 marks
3 correct 2 marks
2 correct 1 mark.
(b)
Able to state the functions of three organelles in the plant cell

Organelles
Functions
3
1. Nucleus
- controls all activities of the cell //

- determine characteristics / cell functions.
2. Vacuole
- store chemicals such as water/ amino acid/

sugar/ mineral / waste products //
- regulates water balance // supports
3. Mitochondrion
- the site of energy production // cellular

respiration
4. Lysosome
-breaks down complex organic molecules /

protein/ lipid / polysaccharides /nucleic acids
5. Chloroplast
-traps sunlight (energy) during photosynthesis
6. Ribosome
- the site of protein / enzyme.synthesis
+
3
No
Marking Criteria
7. RER
Marks
- Transports protein (made by

ribosomes) to Golgi apparatus/
other parts of the cell.
8. SER
- synthesis of lipid /
phospholipids / steroids //
- detoxification
of drugs /
poisons.
9. Golgi Body/
Apparatus
Processing/
packaging
of
transporting
centre
the
synthesised
proteins (such as
enzyme / hormone / antibody,

phospholipids
and
carbohydrates & glycoproteins

(such as mucus).
(c)
Compare and contrast a plant cell with an animal cell.

Similarities :
Both have a nucleus/ a plasma membrane/ mitochondria/
ribosomes/ endoplasmic reticulums/ cytoplasm/ Golgi apparatus
Any 2
Differences :
Animal Cell
Structure/
Characteristic
Does not have a fixed
Shape
shape
Absent
Cell wall
Has a fixed shape

Present
Absent
Chloroplast
Present
Vacuole
Present
Absent // very small (if

any)
Food (carbohydrate) is
stored in the form of
glycogen
Present
Food storage
Centriole
Plant Cell
Food (carbohydrate)
is stored in the form
of starch
Absent
1
1
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
Marking Criteria
Marks
QUESTION 2:
No
2(a)
Able to state how the structures are adapted to their functions.
10
Red blood cell :

Fact
Explanation
F1 : Biconcave E1 : to increase the TSA/V ratio //

E2 : allows rapid diffusion of oxygen into or out of
disc shaped
the rbc
F 2: no
E1 : thereby having more space to contain the

respiratory pigment / haemoglobin //
E2 : the haemoglobin pigment has a high affinity
for oxygen
nucleus
F3 : the
plasma
membrane is
elastic
E1 : allowing it to squeeze through the narrow

blood capillaries //
E2 : to transport oxygen to the whole body
1
1
1
1
1
1
F1/F2/F3 1m
Efferent neurone
Fact
Explanation
F1: has a long axon
E1 : to conduct /transmit nerve

impulses//
E2 : to the effector
1
1
F2 : has dendrons /
dendrite
E1 : to receive impulse
F3 : Has the node of

Ranvier
E1 : speed up impulse transmission
F4 : has myelin sheath
E1 : acts as an electrical insulator
F5 : contain a lot of
mitochondria
E1 : to generate energy / ATP //

E2 : that is required for the
transmission of nerve impulses
Sperm cell
Fact
1
1
1
Explanation
F1: has a tail
E1 : to swim towards the ovum in the

fallopian tube
F2 : contain a lot of
E1 : to generate energy / ATP //
4
mitochondria
E2 : needed for locomotion
F3 : the head
contains hydrolytic
enzymes
E1 : can break down the plasma membrane

of the ovum
E2 : to allow fertilisation
1
b(i)
Able to describe how Amoeba can carry out the following life
processes: nutrition and reproduction.
Answer :
Nutrition
P1 : holozoic nutrition // feeds on bacteria / small green algae /
diatoms found in water
1
1
P2 : pseudopodia are formed to surround food,
P3 : forming a food vacuole
P4 : food is digested by hydrolytic enzymes
P5 : the soluble products are absorbed and assimilated
P6 : the undigested food is egested

Any 4
Reproduction
P1 : Ameoba reproduce asexually through binary fission
P2 : a mature amoeba will divide at the nucleus, followed by the a
division of the cytoplasm before forming two daughter cells (in
favorable condition)
P3 : spore with thick protective cyst walls are produced.
Any 2
b(ii)
Able to explain why Amoeba does not burst when its immerse in the
distilled water ;
P 1 : Have contractile vacuole to regulates amount of water/ osmotic
pressure
P2 : Water diffuse into amoeba cause by distilled water is hypotonic
than amoeba.
P3 : Then excess of water in the cell diffuse into// enters the
contractile vacuole by osmosis

P4 : When the contractile vacuole enlarges / increase in size to
5
maximum size.
P5 : its contract to release/ expel / throw out excess water to the
external environment
QUESTION 3:
No
3(a)
Marking Criteria
P1 : Cell is basic units in the organism / man example muscle cell/
epithelium cell
P2 : Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a similar structure
and performing similar function.
P3 : Epithelial tissue consists of one or a few layers of epithelial cell,
and is found covering the outside of the body or lining organs and
glands.
Marks
1
1
1
P4 : Epithelial tissue acts as a barrier or protection. It helps to protect

organs from injury and fluid loss
P5 : It is found lining the oesophagus, stomach, intestines, villi and

most parts of the digestive system
P6 : The epithelial cells are adapted for absorption or secretion
P7 : The wall of the upper part of the oesophagus (an organ) contain
voluntary muscles
P8 : Peristalsis is assisted by the circular muscles and longitudinal

muscles (smooth muscle tissue)
P9 : All the muscle tissues are formed from groups of muscle cells
P10 : The wall of the stomach (an organ) has three layers of smooth
muscle tissue
1
1
P11 :There are connective tissues in the digestive system. The

connective tissues include all the blood cells
P12 : The digestive system is made up of several organs that work

together as one unit. They are the stomach, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas, small intestine, large intestine (colon) and rectum
10
3(b)
Able to explain how the leaf modified to carry out its various function.
characteristics
10
Function
1. Flat and broad with

a large surface area
to volume ratio
Allow efficient absorption of sunlight

and carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis, absorption of oxygen
for transpiration and loss of water
through transpiration.
2. Thick waterproof
cuticle on its upper
surface
3. The epidermis has
stomatal pores
To reduce excessive loss of water

during transpiration
Allow gaseous exchange between air

space and enviroment
Allow loss of water vapour through
transpiration
To reduce excessive loss of water
vapour
4. Less stomatal pores

on the upper surface
than lower surface
5. Palisade mesophyll
cells are packed
closely together
under the leafs
upper epidermis
6. Palisade mesophyll
cells are also
packed with
chloroplasts
7. Spongy mesophyll
cells are loosely
packed.
To absorb as much light as possible
To increase the rate of

photosynthesis
Allow efficient diffusion of gases

for photosynthesis which uses
carbon dioxide and releases oxygen
//
respiration which uses oxygen and
releases carbon dioxide
transpiration which results in loss of
water vapour.
8. Xylem vessels in the

leafs veins
Supply the leaf cells with water for

photosynthesis and transpiration
9. Phloem tissue /
sieve tubes in the
leafs veins
Transport the organic products of

photosynthesis to other parts of the
plant.
CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

Question 1
No
1(a)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Organelle involve in osmoregulation is contractile
Total Marks
vacuole
Water diffuses into Amoeba sp. by osmosis and fills
the contractile vacuole

When the vacuole is filled with water to its maximum
size,
It will contract to expel the excess water to its
surroundings
(b)
Similarities :
Both occurs in living cells
Both occurs through a semi-permeable membrane
Both require carrier protein to bind with the
substances
ANY 2
Differences :
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Molecules move down the
Molecules move against
concentration gradient
the concentration gradient
Molecules move through
Molecules move through
pore proteins or carrier
carrier proteins only
proteins
Occurs until a dynamic
Results in accumulation of
equilibrium is achieved
substances in the cell or

removal of substances
from the cell
ATP or energy is not
ATP or energy is required
required
Not dependent on cellular
Dependent on cellular
respiration
respiration
8
Not affected by inhibitors
Inhibited by inhibitors such

as respiratory poisons
Vinegar is acidic and has low pH
( c)
This prevent the growth of microorganisms in
mangoes
The mangoes can be preserved to last longer

Concentrated salt solutions hypertonic to the tissue
of fish
Water diffuse out of fish cell by osmosis

Water also diffuse out of bacteria cell to the
surroundings
The bacteria cells become plasmolysed

This prevent the growth of bacteria which cause
1
1
food spoilage
8
20
Question 2
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
2(a)
Amino acid is a large water soluble molecule
It requires carrier protein to move across the
Total Marks
membrane
Amino acid will bind to the carrier protein which is
specific to it
Carrier protein will change its shape to bring the
amino acid molecule across the membrane

Lastly the carrier protein will release the amino acid
and returns to its original shape

(b)
Fertilizers which are added to the soil dissolve in soil
water
The soil water become hypertonic to the cell sap of
9
plant roots
Water diffuse from the cell sap into the soil by
osmosis
(c)
The cells become plasmolysed
Wilting occurs and the plants eventually die
20% salt solution is hypertonic to red blood cell
Water diffuse out of cell by osmosis
Cell become shrink
Crenation occur
ANY 3
1
1
Distilled water is hypotonic to red blood cell
Water diffuse into the cell by osmosis
1
1
3
Cell swell up and eventually burst

* Haemolysis occur
ANY 3
(d)
1
30% sucrose solution is hypertonic to potato strip
Potato cell become plasmolysed
Distilled water is hypotonic to potato strip
Water diffuse into cell sap of potato strip by osmosis

Cell becomes turgid again
The cell is said to have undergone deplasmolysis
20
ANY 4
10
CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Question 1
No
1(a)(i)
Marking Criteria
Intracellular enzymes are produced and retained in
Marks
Total Marks
the cell
For the use of the cell itself
Extracellular enzymes are produced in the cell but
secreted from the cell
(a)(ii)
To function externally
The nucleus contain DNA which carries the
information for the synthesis of enzymes

The genetic information is transcribed from DNA to
RNA in the nucleus

The RNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to
ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Proteins that are synthesized at the ribosomes are
transported through the space within RER

Proteins depart from RER wrapped in vesicles that
bud off from the membrane of the RER

The transport vesicles fuse with the Golgi
Apparatus and empty their content into the

membranous space
The protein are further modified during their
transport in Golgi Apparatus

Secretory vesicles containing enzymes bud off from
Golgi Apparatus and travel to plasma membrane
11
These vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and
release the extracellular enzymes
ANY 8
(b)
R is enzyme-substrate complex
The substrate molecule is represented by the key
while the enzyme molecule is represented by the

lock
The substrate has a shape that is complementary
to the active site of the enzyme

The substrate binds to the active site to form an
enzyme-substrate complex , like a key fits into a

lock
Reaction occurs that is the enzyme catalyses the
conversion of substrate to products

The products are released from the enzymes
The enzyme remain unchanged at the end of the
reaction
The enzyme is now free to bind with another
molecule of substrate
8
20
Question 2
ITEM
MARKING SCHEME
NUMBER
2(a)(i)
SUB
TOTAL
MARK
MARKS
Enzyme
Antibody
Hormone
Any
Plasma protein
12
1
(a)(ii)
P is primary structure
It refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in a

polypeptide chain
2
1
Q is secondary structure
It refers to the polypeptide chain
That is coiled to form alpha-helix chain or folded into

beta pleated sheet
R is tertiary structure
It refers to the way the helix chains or betapleated
sheets
3
are coiled or folded into three dimensional shape

o
polypeptide chain
(b)
1
1
1
Amylase
Dissolve and remove starch stains
Protease
Dissolve and remove protein stains and blood

6
Lipase
Dissolve and remove fats, oils and grease stains
(c)
1
Lipase is used in the ripening of cheese in dairy
products industry
Cellulase is used to extracts agar from seaweed in

seaweed products
Cellulase is used to breakdown cellulose and
removes seed coats from cereal grains in cereal

grain products
13
Trypsin is used to remove hair from animal hides in
leather industry
Amylase is used to convert starch flour into sugar in

1
the making of bread in baking industry

Zymase is used to convert sugar into ethanol to
make alcoholic drink in beer/wine making industry
Protease is used to remove the skin of fish in fish
product
ANY 4
4
20
CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION

QUESTION 1
No
(a)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Able to state the important of mitosis

Sample Answer :
P1 : in growth process // to increase the number of cells ( during the
growth process)
P2 : Cell replacement // To replace dead and damaged
P3 : Regeneration // Production of new cells
P4 : Asexual reproduction // the production of new individuals ( from
parent organism )
Any 3
14
No
(b)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Able to explain the differences between process of mitosis and
10
meiosis using appropriate diagram

mitosis
Prophase
meiosis
Prophase I
location of chromosome is at
random
homologous chromosome synapsis
no crossing over/ no chiasmata
crossing over/ chiasmata
Metaphase
Metaphase I
1
1
chromosome are arrange at the

middle of cell
homologous chromosome are

arrange at the middle of cell
Anaphase
Anaphase I
chromatid move to the opposite
homologous chromosome will
pole
move to the opposite
Telophase
Telophase I
Each daughter cell has the same
Each daughter cell has half number
number of chromosome
15
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
1
1
1
1
1
Diagram: 4
(c)
Exp: 6
= Max: 10
Able to explain a cloning in animal to produce large number of animal

much faster than through sexual reproduction :
P1 : examples: cow/ sheep
P2 : remove a somatic cell donor of animal and growth in a culture
P4 : the nucleus ovum is removed
1
1
1
P5 : an electric pulse stimulates the fusion between the somatic cell
P3 : unfertilised ovum from donor is obtained
and the ovum

P6 : the cell divide by mitosis
P7 : embryo is form
P8 : then, the embryo is planted into surrogate mother
1
1
max
1
7
QUESTION 2:
16
No
(a)(i)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Able to explain what happens in the cell during phase X.

Sample answer :
P 1 : Protein are synthesized // Mitochondria / chloroplast are
synthesized
1
1
P2 : DNA are synthesized
P3 : The cell accumulate energy.
Any 2 P
(a)(ii)
Able to describe tissue culture technique.

Sample answer:
P1 : Tissue culture technique
P2 : Tissue culture technique is used to produce (high quality of

seedling)oil palm seedlings in vitro/any suitable example.
P3 : The leaves/shoot/stem/root tissues are cut out.(These cut out

plant tissues are called explants).
P4 :The pieces of meristematic tissue (explants) are cultured in

sterile nutrient medium, in suitable pH and with addition of
plant growth substances.( at least 2 factors)
P5 :The flasks containing the tissue are stored in an incubator at

37C for 2/3 weeks.
P6 : The cell divide by mitosis to produce callus.
P7 : The callus is then cut into small pieces.
1
1
P8 : The small pieces of callus tissues are then cultured in sterile

nutrient medium.
P9 : When it has grown to a suitable size, the clone is transferred

to the nursery.
Any 6 P
1
6
(b)
Able to discuss Advantages / strength:

P1 : Genetic engineering involves genes manipulation / transfer /
modification in organisms to produce certain products.
17
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
P2 : Example; products in pharmacy such as insulin / antibiotics;

food products based on plants / animals; agricultural /
agrochemical products.
P3 : The products produced are very similar to the original /

natural materials because the same genes are used /
particularly chosen genes are transfered.
P4 : The production of products is faster especially with the use of

microorganisms/bacteria.
P5 : Microorganisms such as bacteria are suitable to be used as

gene vectors / they have free DNA in the form of ring /
plasmid.
P6 : High reproduction rate of bacteria/microorgansm in optimal

culture mediums able to produce a large amount of chosen
genes / products / insulin / antibiotics.
P7 : Can be used by thousands of people who need them /

widespread usage.
P8 : Able to produce a variety of proteins / recombinant proteins /

enzymes used in food industries / medicine / agriculture.
1
(c)
P9 : Genetic engineering technique is used to solve criminal

cases through DNA finger printing / DNA fragments
analysis.
P10 : Other uses /examples; metal extraction from oxide/any

suitable examples
Any 6 P
Able to describe the effect of cycle malfunctions to the body.

Sample answer
P1: The exposure damage the DNA of the cell
P2: A cell divides through mitosis repeatedly.
P3: Produces cancerous cell
1
1
P4: Due to (severe ) distruption to the mechanism

that controls the cell cycle
1
1
P5: Cancerous cells divide freely / uncontrollably

heeding the cell cycle control
P6: (these cells ) compete with surrounding normal
18
No
Marking Criteria
cells to obtain nutrient / energy (for growth)
Marks
P7: Invade / destroy neighbouring cells
P8: (they can spread to other organ and) initiate
cancers there .
Any 6 P
TOTAL
1
20
QUESTION 3
No
3(a)i
Marking Criteria
Marks
Able to explain the principles used in the cloning technique

P1 : Cloning is an asexual reproductive process of producing
clones//does not involve gamete

P2 : A clone is a group of cells//organism//a population of organisms
produced from a single ancestral cell.
P3 : A clones genetically identical
P4 : The technique can be used to produce high quality of organism /
marks
orchids/ oil palm / cocoa plants.

3(a)ii Able to state the advantages and disadvantages of this technique.
Advantages
multiply copies of useful genes or clones
Any 4
advantages and
3 disadvantages
or
Any 3
can be produced in a shorter time and in larger numbers
advantages and
4 disadvantages
produce clones through asexual reproduction
produce clones that are resistant to diseases
Disadvantages
3(b)
clones have the same level of resistance towards certain diseases
may undergo mutations which can disrupt natural equilibrium
marks
do not show any genetic variations
unable to adapt to the changes of the environment
Able to describe how cytokinesis occurs in plant and animal cells to

produce two daughter cells.
process of cytoplasmic division
begins before nucleus division is complete / during telophase to form
1
1
19
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
two daughter cells
in animal cells, actin filaments in the cytoplasm contracts
to pull a ring of the plasma membrane inwards
forming a groove called a cleavage furrow
the cleavage furrow pinches at the equator of the cell and deepens
1
1
progressively until two daughter cells are separated
in plants cells, the membranous vesicles are formed along the equator
between the two nuclei

1
the vesicles fuse to form a cell plate
the cell plate grows outwards until its edges fuse with the plasma
membrane of the parents cell
at the end of cytokinesis , cellulose fibres are produced by the cells to
1
1
strengthen the new cell walls
10
marks
QUESTION 4 :
No
4(a)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Able to explain the process that occurs in stage P, Q, R and R.

Stage P : Prophase I
chromosome becomes shorter/thicker
homologous chromosome come together form bivalent through

synapsis
1
1
non sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA // crossing over
nucleus membrane disappears
spindle fibres form
Stage Q : Metaphase I
pairs of homologous chromosome arrange at metaphase plate
Stage R: Anaphase I
spindle fibre pull the homologous chromosome away from one
20
No
Marking Criteria
another and move to the opposite poles
Marks
1
Stage S: Telophase 1
(b)
chromosome arrive at the poles
spindle fibre disappears

1
marks
Able to state the different between meiosis I and meiosis based on stage
P, Q, R and R.
Stage
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Homologous chromosome come
chromosome locate at
together form bivalent through
random no crossing over
synapsis.There is crossing over

Q
(c)
Pairs of homologous
chromosome arrange at
chromosome arrange at
metaphase plate in a
metaphase plate
straight line
Homologous chromosome move
Chromatid move to
towards opposite poles
opposite poles
Chromosome arrive at the poles
Chromatid arrive at poles
1
1
10
Explain briefly how meiosis involved in genetic variation.

F1 - crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
E1 non sister chromatids of homologous chromosome break at the
chiasma
E2 segments of the chromatids exchange places
E3 segment of the marternal chromatids become attached to the
paternal chromatids
E4 new combinations of genes are produced on these chromatids
F2 independent assortment of chromosome
21
No
Marking Criteria
E1 at metaphase I the homologous pairs of chromosomes arranged on
Marks
1
the metaphase plate at random

E2 each homologous pair of chromosomes is positioned relative to the
poles of the cell independent of other pairs

E3 there is independent assortment of maternal and paternal
chromosomes into daughter cells

E4 result in a variety of gametes each with different combinations of
maternal and paternal chromosome
22
CHAPTER 6: NUTRITION
No
Marking Criteria
1(a) Able to state the meaning of malnutrition.
Marks
Sample answers
1- Malnutrition is a condition due to taking an unbalanced
1+1
Max 8
diet in which certain nutrients are lacking,
2-
(b)
in excess or in the wrong proportions
Able to name and explain the disease in Diagram 6.1.1,

Diagram 6.1.2 and Diagram 6.1.3 related to malnutrition.
Sample answers
Diagram 6.1.1
1- Kwashiorkor
2- A child does not receive sufficient protein in his diet.
3- has the characteristic sign of scaly skin, thin muscles , thin
hair and a swell of the body
Diagram 6.1.2
4 - Rickets
5 - Vitamin D deficiencies
6 - poor teeth and bone formation in children
7 - leads to softening and weakening of the bones.
Diagram 6.1.3
8 - Obesity
9 - excessive intake of food rich in fat
10 - body weight exceed by 20% of ideal/ normal weight
23
No
Marking Criteria
1(c) Able to explain the long term effects of his diet to his
Marks
Max 10
10
health.
Sample answers
Bread
1- Bread is rich in carbohydrates.

2- cause high glucose content in blood.
3- leads to Diabetes mellitus.
4- Excess glucose/glycogen is converted to fats.
5- leads to obesity.
Meat
6- Meat is rich in protein.

7- Excess protein is converted to urea
8- Causing liver failure/ kidney failure.
9 - Excess uric acid due to consumption of excess protein
cause gout
Cheese
9- Cheese is rich in fats/lipids.

10- Results in high cholesterol level in blood
11- Lipid/cholesterol deposited in inner wall of arteries
12- Lumen of arteries become smaller
13- Cause cardiovascular disease.
14- Excess fat also leads to obesity
TOTAL
20
24
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
2(a)(i)
Able to describe the type of nutrition in organism P and organism
2+2
Total
Mark
4
R.
Sample answers
Organism P
1 - Autotrophic nutrition
2 - Synthesize its own glucose / starch from carbon dioxide and water
with the help of light energy through the process of photosynthesis
Organism Q
3 - Heterotrophic nutrition/ holozoic
4 - Obtain its food source/organic substances from the surroundings
(eat plant/ producer)
Able to compare the process of cellulose digestion in organism Q
and organism R.
(ii)
Sample answers
Similarities
1 - Both have alimentary canal which are made up of the
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
2 - Both are unable to produce cellulase to digest cellulose.
Differences
Organism Q
Organism R
1 The type of diet is omnivores
The type of diet is herbivores
2 Stomach has one chamber
Stomach has four chambers
3 Microorganisms in the digestive
Bacteria and protozoa in rumen
tract do not play an important
and reticulum secrete the
role in digestion of cellulose/ do
enzyme cellulase to digest
not have enzyme cellulase to
cellulose
25
digest cellulose.
4 The food from the mouth is
The food from the mouth is
swallowed to the stomach
swallowed to the rumen and
without regurgitation.
reticulum, then it is regurgitated

into the mouth to be chewed
again before being swallowed
into the omasum.
Able to state the function and symptom of deficiency of these

minerals. Able to state one source for each mineral.
Sample answers
(b)
Calcium
1 - Needed for the formation of bones and teeth.
2 - deficiency in calcium will cause rickets in children
3 - and osteoporosis most often in women who have gone through
menopause
4 - the source of calcium is milk / cheese.
Ferum
5 - required in the production of haemoglobin.
6 - Insufficient ferum leads to anemia

7 - Ferum can be found in meat
Iodine
8 - Important component of the hormone (thyroxine) produced by the
thyroid
gland.
9 - symptom of deficiency is goiter

10 - the source of iodine is sea food/seaweed/ iodine salt
10
10
26
TOTAL
20
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
3(a)
Able to explain the effect of eating too much of this kind of mangoes
Total
Mark
5
Max 5
on the digestion of food in Y.

Sample answers
1 - mangoes with vinegar contain much acid, so its
reduces the pH value/ increases acidity in the
duodenum
2 - Acid medium is less suitable for the action of enzyme
lipase, amylase and trypsin
3 - less/ no lipid is digested/hydrolysed to fatty acid and
glycerol by lipase
4 - less/ no starch is digested/hydrolysed to maltose by
amylase
5 - less/ no polypeptide is digested/hydrolysed to peptides
by trypsin
Able to state what he should do to handle health problems that may
arise from the removal of organ Z.
(b)
Sample answers
1 - Reduce the intake of high carbohydrate food / protein /fatty
food.
2 - Get insuline injection when needed / if glucose level too high.

3 - Get glucagons injection when needed / if glucose level too low.
4 - Pancreas transplant.
5 - Eat more vegetables / fruits.
Able to state the functions of X.

Sample answers
(c)(i)
Functions of Y/liver
1 - Maintenance of blood glucose level under the influence of insulin
and glucagons.
27
2 - Synthesis plasma protein such as fibrinogen / prothrombin from
amino acids.
3 - Synthesis bile.
4 - Storage of nutrients such as fat-soluble vitamins (A & D)/ B12/ ferum/
copper/ potassium.
5 - Detoxification of poisonous substances such as
alcohols/drugs/
toxins/ pesticides/carcinogens /poisons.

6 - Deamination of amino acids.
7 - Produce heat.
Able to explain the process of assimilation of amino acids and

glucose in X.
Sample answers
Max 5
(c)(ii) The process of assimilation amino acids and glucose in Y
Amino acids
1 - Excess amino acids cannot be stored and are broken down into urea
by a process called deamination before being excreted by the
kidneys
Excess amino acid
urea
2 - When there is a short supply of glucose and glycogen, the liver

converts amino acids into glucose.
3 - Plasma protein can be synthesized from amino acids and is used for
blood clotting and osmoregulation.
Glucose
4 -
Excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver.

Excess glucose
glycogen
5 - When the blood sugar level falls, glycogen is converted back to

glucose.
6-
Glucose in the liver is used for cellular respiration.

Glucose + Oxygen
Energy + Carbon dioxide + water
28
TOTAL
No
4(a)
Marking Criteria
Able to explain the consequences to his health.
Sample answers
- Fried chicken and meat in the hamburger are high in fat and
cholesterol
- Excessive intake of fats can be lead to obesity
- Excessive cholesterol and fats are deposited in the lumen of

arterial wall.
- This cause the lumen becomes narrow and leads to

arteriosclerosis and hypertension
- this will cause the decreasing of blood supply to tissues, leads to

heart attack and stroke
- Bread in hamburger, soft drink and ice cream are sweet and high
in sugar
- Sweetened food can cause tooth decay
- and obesity
- Excessive intake of sugars may eventually lead to diabetes

mellitus
10 - Vegetables and fruits are good source of vitamins, minerals and

fibres
11 - Insufficient intake may lead to deficiency diseases, dry and scaly
skin ,scurvy (other suitable examples)
12 - Insufficient in fibres causes constipation
Able to state the meaning of photosynthesis.

Sample answers
4(b)(i)
1 - Photoynthesis is a process whereby a green plant produces
glucose / starch from carbon dioxide and water
20
Marks
Max 10
Total
Mark
10
29
2 - in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.
No
Marking Criteria
4(b)(ii) Able to explain the main stages in photosynthesis.
Marks
Total
Mark
8
Max 8
Sample answers
Light reaction
1 - Chlorophyll absorbs/ traps light energy to produce ATP and
electrons/ chemical energy
2 - Photolysis of water produces H+ and OH- ions
3 - H+ ion combines with electron to form hydrogen atom
4 - Hydrogen/ ATP/ NADPH will be used in the dark reaction
5 - Light reaction occurs in grana
Dark reaction
6 - 6 - The process takes place in the absence of light/ does not need
light
7 - CO2combines with hydrogen/ hydrogen and is reduced to form
glucose and water
8 - Glucose molecules undergo condensation/ converted/
stored to starch
9 - Formation of glucose and starch occurs in chemical reaction chain
requires ATP/ chemical energy
10- Chemical reactions need ATP energy
11 - Dark reaction occurs in stroma
TOTAL
20
30
No
Marking Criteria
5(a) Able to explain the necessity for food processing.

Sample answers
1 prevent food spoilage
2 (food spoilage) causes by the action of microorganism
3 decomposing bacteria/fungi on carbohydrate/protein
4 produced carbon dioxide, water, ammonia hydrogen
5 make food become toxic
6 Oxidation of food when cut/expose to air
7 oxygen react with enzymes/chemicals released by cell
8 Increase it commercial value
9 food additives is added in preserving the freshness of
food
10 Improve the taste/appearance/texture
11 Intention of diversifying the uses of food
12 increased the variety of products
Marks
Max 10
Total
Mark
10
31
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
5(b) Able to describe how each method can preserve food for a
Max 10
Total
Mark
10
long period of time

Sample answers
Pasteurisation
1-
milk is treated to 63oC for 30 minutes//72oC for 15 seconds
2-
followed by rapid cooling to below 10oC
3-
destroy bacteria but not the spores
4-
retains the natural flavour of milk//nutrients//vitamin B
5-
must refrigerated to avoid the growth of sperms
Canning
6-
use heat sterilisation
7-
kill microorganisms and spores
8-
steamed at high temperature and pressure to drive out air
9-
sealed while the food is being cooled
10 - vacuum in the can prevent growth of microorganism
Refrigeration
11 - stored at temperature below 0oC
12 - prevent the growth of microorganisms/the germination of
spores
TOTAL
20
32
CHAPTER 7
No
1(a)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Able to name organ X and organ Y
Total
X: Lung
Y: Gills
(b)
Able to draw and label the respiratory surfaces of organ X

and Y
D-2
L-2
Organ X
(c)
Organ Y
Able to compare and complain the

respiratory system in human and fish.
adaptations
of
Similarities and explanation

1. both lungs and gills have large surface area for gas
exchange.
2. Human lungs have numerous alveoli while the gills have
numerous filaments.
3. Both respiratory systems are thin / one cell thick.
4. This ensures more efficient respiratory gases diffusion.
5. Both respiratory systems have many network of blood
1
1
1
capillaries
6. dissolve more respiratory gases.
7. Both systems use muscles to change the pressure of
respiratory cavity / thoracic and mouth cavities.
8. Human has diaphragm and intercostals muscles while fish
1
1
33
has muscles in the mouth and operculum.
9. Enable/ allowing oxygen to be transported to the body cells

through blood vessels.
10. Both human and fish have a closed blood circulatory

system.
Differences and explanation

1. To ensure the supply of oxygen is continuous and sufficient
2. The trachea are reinforced with chitin to prevent them from
collapsing whereas the density/water pressure prevent the
gills from sticking together

3. The position of respiratory organs ensures the respiratory
surface is always moist.
4.The surface of gas exchange/the alveoli is located inside the

body to prevent from dehydrating whereas the gills are located
outside of the body because fish lives underwater.
1
Max10
(d)
Able to explain the effects of smoking on the human

respiratory system
1. Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen to bind with
haemoglobin and forms carboxyhaemoglobin. It reduces

the supply of oxygen to the cells.
2. Nitrogen dioxide can dissolve in mucus to form an acidic
medium which erodes lung tissue.
3. 3,4 BENZO-()-PYRENE is carcinogenic chemical that
can cause cancer.
4. Nicotine can stimulate the production of cancer cell in
trachea and lung.
5. Heat and dryness irritation the lungs and can lead to

laryngitis
Max4
1
34
No
2(a)
Marking Criteria
Marks
Total
1. Inhalation/ breathing in
2. External intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal
Able to explain the state of breathing shown in Diagram 7.2.
mucles relax.
3. The rib cage move upwards and outwards.
4. The diaphragm contracts and flattens.
5. Volume of the thoracic cavity increase resulting in
reduced air pressure in alveoli.
6. Higher atmospheric pressure outside causes the air to

rush in.
(b)
Able to explain the effects of the breathing mechanism if

structure R is unable to function.
1. Structure R is diaphragm.
2. Less/no change in volume in the thoracic cavity/ lung
3. Less/ no change in air pressure in the thoracic cavity/
lung
4. Less/ no air exchange/ less/no intake of O2/ less/no CO2
Max4
expelled
5. Resulting difficulty in breathing in and out

(c)
Able to describe the regulation of the carbon dioxide

concentration in body fluid.
1. During vigorous exercise, the partial pressure of carbon

dioxide increase.
2. Carbon dioxide dissolve in blood to form carbonic acid
10
35
3. and decrease the blood pH value
4. The drop in pH / increases in H+ ions detected by central
chemoreceptors (in medulla oblongata) and peripheral
chemoreceptors at the aortic bodies and carotid bodies.
5. Nerve impuls is then send to respiration centre in m-Ob

6. The respiratory centre send nerve impulse to the
diaphragm and the intercostals muscles
1
1
7. Causing the respiratory muscles to contract and relax

1
faster.
8. results the breathing and ventilation rates increase.

1
9. So excess co2 is eliminated from the body,

10.the carbon dioxide
concentration and pH of the blood
return to normal
3(a)
Able to differentiate the cellular respiration process that

occurs in cell X and tissue Y.
Cell X
Tissue Y
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration
(Because oxygen is absent)
(Because oxygen is present_
Glucose is not completely Glucose

oxidized//
Glucose
Fermented/ oxidized/
convert
to
quantity
of
completely
breakdown//
CO2, Glucose is oxidize to CO2,
ethanol and energy.

The
is
water and energy.

energy The
quantity
of
energy
produced is lower/ 2 ATP/ 210 produced is higher/ 38 ATP/

kJ (per molecule of glucose)
2898 kJ (per molecule of

glucose)
Respiration equation:
Respiration equation:
Glucose Carbon dioxide +
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon
Ethanol + Energy
dioxide + Water + Energy
36
(b)
Able to state what is process Q and molecule X.

Process Q
- Anaerobic respiration
Molecule X - Lactic acid
Max 6
1
1
Able to explain how molecule X can be remove from

muscle cell.
1. Inhale more oxygen by doing fast and deep breathing.
2. Excess oxygen taken in during inhalation is used to oxidise
lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
3. This oxidation process takes place in the liver.

4. Thus the oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to
remove the lactic acid from the muscle cells.

Lactic acid + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water +
energy
(c)
Able to explain the exchange of respiratory gases.
1. Respiratory surfaces in human is alveoli.
2. The concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than its
concentration in the blood capillaries.

3. Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses into the blood capillaries.
4. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries is
higher than its concentration in the alveoli.

5. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries of the lungs
into the alveoli.

6. Blood leaving the blood capillary of the lungs has higher
concentration of oxygen and lower concentration of carbon
dioxide.
37
4(a)
Able to explain how gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli

and blood capillaries
P1: Gas exchange is driven by diffusion //
max 10
Diffusion of a gas depends on differences in

partial pressure between the two regions
P2: thus does not require energy (for exchange).
P3: The molecules move down a concentration
gradient.
P4: Oxygen moves from the alveoli which is high
oxygen concentration
P5: to the blood which has lower oxygen
concentration
1
1
1
P6: due to the continuous consumption of oxygen in

the body.
P7: Conversely, carbon dioxide is produced by
metabolism
P8: has a higher concentration in the blood than in the
air of alveoli
P9: carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood capillaries
1
1
into the alveoli

P10: Oxygen in the lungs first diffuses through the
alveolar wall and dissolves in the blood plasma.
P11: then diffuse into red blood cells
1
1
P12 (Oxygen) bind to hemoglobin.

P13: allows a greater amount of oxygen to be
transported in the blood
(b)
1
1
Able to explain the process of energy production by the

athlete during and after the race.
1. The muscle cells of the athlete undergoes anaerobic

respiration to produce energy
max 10
38
2. During intensive physical activity / running / sprinting// when
the athlete start running (t = 0), oxygen requirement increase
immediately to produce large amount of energy

3. The athlete holds his breath for a short period of time // the
athlete breath is shallow during running
4. The oxygen supplied by breathing between t = 0 minute to 6
1
1
minute is insufficient for cellular respiration

5. The muscle cells are now in the state of oxygen debt //
undergo oxygen deficit
6. Glucose is broken down incompletely without the presence of

oxygen
7. Small amount of energy is released to continue the activity
8. Lactic acids produced accumulate in the muscle causing the
muscular pain and fatigue

9. The anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm
10. (after the activity is over), the athlete breathes faster and
deeper to supply more oxygen
11. Oxygen is used to oxidize the lactic acid into carbon dioxide,
water and energy // converted into glucose and stored as
glycogen
39
CHAPTER 8: DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM

Question 1
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
1(a)
- Colonisation is a process in which organism starts to inhibit an
unhabitat area such as bare ground and forms a colony.

- Succession is the gradual process where one community changes its
environment so that it is replaced by another community.

- Diused pond, pioneer species are Phytoplankton (microscopic algae)
and submerged plant (Hydrilla sp., Cabomba sp., elodea sp.) begin to
grow and carry out photosynthesis.
- When they die and decompose, organic matter converted into humus
at the pond base, the pond become shallow.

-The condition becomes favourable for floating plants such as water
hyacinths (Eichornia sp.) and duckweeds (Lemna sp.)

-They spread covering water surface and prevent sunlight from
reaching the submerged plant causing these plants to die since they
cannot photosynthesise.
- The decomposed plants add more organic matter and the pond
becomes more shallow.
- The emergent plants (sedges, cattails) replace the floating plants.

- They grow from the edge of the pond towards the middle of the pond
as the pond becomes more shallow.
- When these plants die, their decomposed remains are added as
Total
40
sediments to the base of the pond thus reduces the depth of the pond.
- The condition becomes suitable for land plants like small herbaceous
weeds.
- Gradually, the land becomes much drier and more land plants
(shrubs, herbs and large woody plant) start to grow.

ANY 10
- A jungle emerges and turns into a tropical rainforest which form a

climax community.
It is a balanced ecosystem which involves the interaction

1. b)
between the abiotic and biotic factors.
- Ensures conversation of biodiversity, preservation of flora, fauna and

organism.
1
- Preventing the extinction of flora and fauna.

- Maintaining major sources of human food such as ulam, meat, honey
and sources of traditional medicinal herbs.
- Sustains the food webs in the ecosystem.

- Preventing disruption of the natural cycles of water/carbon and also
balancing photosynthesis and respiration.
- Provides natural water catchment areas.
- Preserves natural resources for recreational activities and

eco- tourism.
- Reduces stress and promotes a healthy lifestyle.
- A balanced ecosystem prevents the loss of plants which will cause a

reduction in food resources and food chains.
- It will also cause soil erosion and flash floods.
- And the extinction of some animal and plant species.

ANY 10
1
1
41
Question 2
No
Marking Criteria
Marks
2. a) - The ground is too soft and muddy soil, unable to support plants.
i)
- Waterlogged conditions of the soil decrease the amount of oxygen 1

for root respiration.
- The swamp water has a high concentration of salt and is hypertonic
compared to the cell sap of the root cells.

- The plants growing in swamp will have the problem of dehydration.
- Seeds that fall into the muddy swamp will die of dehydration/
insufficiency of oxygen.
- The swamp is exposed to the sun leads to a high rate of
transpiration.
- As a result, the plants growing there will lose water very fast by
transpiration.
ANY 5
- Root system which is highly branched and widespreads underground

2.
cable roots to give good support to the plants.
a) ii)
- Pneumatophores (breathing root) which grow protruding upwards
Total
42
above the ground to allow gaseous exchange.
- The cell sap of the roots cells has a higher osmotic pressure than the
soil water that surrounds them to enable water enter the root by 1
osmosis.
- Hence, the cells are able to withstand the high salt content of the
swamp.
- Excess salt is eliminated through hydatodes found at the lower

epidermis of leaves.
- Viviparous seeds which germinate while still attached to the mother

plants.
- The long radical produced will let the seedling stick into the ground,
not submerged into the soft and waterlogged soil or drift away.
- Thick layer of cuticle covers the leaves and succulent which help to
reduce the rate of transpiration and store water.

ANY 5
10
Question 3
No
3.a)
Marking Criteria
Marks
-The diagram shows a saprophytic fungus.
Total
- It obtain its nutrient by secreting digestive enzymes onto the 1

substrate.
3. b)
- The enzymes digest the complex substances into simple forms.
- The simple forms are then absorbed by hypha.
- Owls are predators and rats are preys.
- In the month of January until April, the increase in the preys is
followed by an increase in predator population.

- Due to abundance of food.
- However from April to August, when the number of predator 1

increases, the number of preys will then decrease.
- This is because the high number of predators will easily
consume
43
the prey.
- When the prey reduces, the predators will have less to eat.
- There is intraspecific competition.
- The number of predators also reduces in the following months from 1

August to December.
-The prey-predator relationship takes place in cycle.
- This keep the population of both organisms in a dynamic equilibrium.
ANY 6
10
Question 4:
No
4.
Marking Criteria
Marks
Total
- Rhizobium bacteria inside the root nodules of legumes and Nostoc 1

sp. found freely in the soil fixed the nitrogen in air.
- Decaying bacteria/ fungi decompose plant/ animal/ dead organism/
waste product
- To form ammonium compound.
- Nitrosomonas sp. / nitrifying bacteria converted ammonium 1

compound to nitrite.
- Nitrobacter sp. /nitrifying bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate.
- Nitrate is absorbed by plant to form plant protein.
- ( Plant protein ) eaten by an animal to form animal protein.
- Denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate content in the soil.
- by converting the nitrate into the nitric oxide and nitrogen gas.
- Nitrogen gas goes back into the atmospheric to complete the
nitrogen cycle.
10
44
CHAPTER 9: ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM

Question 1
No
1
Marking Criteria
Marks
Total
- Industries/ factories/ vehicle contribute to air pollution.

- Smoke/ fine solid particles can cause respiratory problem.
- oxides of nitrogen/ sulphur dioxide dissolve in rain to produce acid
rain.
- (acid rain) causing the soil become acidic/ unsuitable for cultivation
of crops/ leaching of mineral/ corrosion of metal.

- Increase Carbon dioxide in atmosphere causes the greenhouse /
global warming.
- Industrial/ domestic/ agricultural activities produce waste to
contribute water pollution.
45
- Agrochemical / pesticides/ insecticides used by farmer flow into the
river/ lead to the poisoning of aquatic organism.

- Agricultural run-offs contain excess nitrates/ phosphates lead to 1
eutrophication.
- (eutrophication) causes the BOD value will increase thus may harm
the aquatic organisms.

- Effluents from electronics factories contain heavy metals/ mercury/
cadmium kill the aquatic organism/ disturb food chain.
- Discharged of hot water from industries / glass building cause

4
thermal pollution.
- Increase the water temperature in the river causing died aquatic
1
organisms
- Increase the atmosphere temperature.
1
2
Question 2:
No
2
Marking Criteria
- The phenomenon is acid rain.
Marks
1
- Factories / motor vehicles released large amount of oxides of

nitrogen to the atmosphere.
- and sulphur dioxide.
- oxides of nitrogen combines with water vapour (in the atmosphere) to 1

form nitric acid.
- Sulphur dioxide combines with water vapour (in the atmosphere) to
form sulphuric acid.
Total
46
- The rain falls as acid rain.
Effects:
- May corrode buildings.
- Aquatic lives may die due to acidic water/ low pH
- Minerals in soil will be dissolved/ washed into rivers.
- Soil becomes infertile / not suitable for agriculture.
- Plants may die due to infertile soil/ acidic soil.
- The ecological balance of ecosystem disrupted.
1
ANY 4
10
Question 3:
No
3
Marking Criteria
Marks
- The destruction of ozone layer is due to the increasing levels of
Total
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere.

- CFCs are a group of chemical compounds that contain chlorine, 1
fluorine and carbon.
- CFCs are widely used as coolants in air conditioners and
refrigerators, as propellants in aerosol cans and as foaming agents in 1
the making of polystyrene packaging, pillow, cushions etc.
- The CFCs in the atmosphere are struck by UV light forming chlorine
atoms.
- Chlorine atom then breaks the ozone molecule into chlorine
monoxide and oxygen gas.

- Chlorine monoxide then reacts with the free oxygen atom in the
1
atmosphere to form chlorine atom and oxygen molecule.

- The chlorine atoms repeat the breaking of the ozone molecules
causing the depletion of the ozone layer continuously.

ANY 4
The effects of excessive ultraviolet radiation on human:
- reduction of the bodys immune system.

- Skin cancer
- Cataract of the eyes.
47
ANY 2
The effect on plants:
- reduction of the growth therefore reducing crop yields.

Effect on aquatic organism
- Death of plankton, reduce food supply to aquatic organism,

fishermans catch is reduced.
1
1
Steps to overcome this problem:
- Reduce or stop using CFC or chlorine based products.

- Replace CFC with HCFC.
- Use wrapping papers instead of polystyrene boxes.
- Patch up the holes in the ozone layer by firing frozen ozone balls into
the atmosphere.
1
1
ANY 2
2
10
CHAPTER 10: Transport
No
Mark Scheme
1(a) Able to describe the role of leucocyte in body defence.
Sub
Mark
Any 4
Total
Mark
4
48
P1 - The process is called phagocytosis

P2 - Phagocytes move towards pathogens using its pseudopodium
(Approaching)
P3 - Phagocytes surround the pathogens ( Engulfing)
P4 - Pathogen is hydrolysed by lysosome (Digestion) and
reabsorbed
P5 - Destroyed pathogen is removed from the phagocyte
1(b) Able to explain how individual could achieve immunity level.
Any 6
P1 - The graph shows Artificial Active Immunity

P2 - The person has been injected with a vaccine
P3 -
The vaccine contain
killed or weakened
antigens/
bacteria/viruses
P4 - antigens/bacteria stimulates lymphocyte / WBC to produce
antibodies
P5 - 1st dose usually induces a slow production of antibody
(and shorter lasting)
P6 - Booster dose (2nd and 3rd ) are needed to stimulates more
antibody to achieve immunity level ( and larger lasting
response).
P7 -
any invasion of the pathogenic microorganisms, the body

is able to destroy them immediately
P8 - Eg of vaccination: BCG / Hepatitis / Polio / HPV (cervix

cancer)
TOTAL
No
Mark Scheme
10
Sub
Mark
Tota
l
Mar
k
49
2(a)
Able to differenciate the composition between fluid R and fluid

Fluid R (blood plasma)
1. Has less lymphocyte
Fluid S (lymph)
1. Has a larger numbers of
plasma protein / eg:
lymphocyte
Explain : Lymphocyte is produced by the lymph node.

2. Contain erythrocyte &
2. No erythrocyte, no plasma
protein / eg: fibrinogen
fibrinogen
Explain: RBC & plasma protein are too big molecule to pass
2(b)
through
Any
3. Has high content of

oxygen
3. Has lower contents of oxygen
Explain : oxygen has been used up by the cell

S
Able to explain how fluids is formed

P1 - (When the blood flows from arteries into capillaries) there is
higher
hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the
capillaries
P2 -
(This high pressure) forces some plasma to pass through the

capillary
walls into
the intercellular spaces (between the
cells)
P3 -
Once the fluid leaves the capillary walls, it is called

interstitial/tissue fluid // The
interstitial fluid fills the spaces
between the cells and constantly bathes the cells

P4 -
90% of the interstitial fluid diffuses back into blood capillary
P5 - 10% of the interstitial fluid that has not been reabsorbed into
the bloodstream goes into the lymph capillaries.(Once inside
the lymph capillaries) the fluid is known as lymph / S
P7 - lymph / S passes through lymphatic vessels into the thoracic
50
duct
P8 - lymph/ S eventually drains into the right subclavian vein.
(Hence, lymph drains back into the blood)
TOTAL
No
10
Sub Total
Mark Mark
Mark Scheme
3(a) Able to explain how platlet stop bleeding

P1 - Platelets clump together/ expose to air and produce
Any
thrombokinase//
thromboplastine
P2 - Thrombokinase/ thromboplastine converts prothrombin to
thrombin (calcium ions must be present
P3 - Thrombin converts fibrinogen (a soluble protein plasma) to fibrin
(Vitamin K is needed in the formation of prothrombin)
P4 - Fibrin forms a network to trap the erythrocytes
P5 - to form a clot// scab
3(b) Able to explain possible consequence due to low count of his

RBC
P1 - Less red blood cells(rbc)/ haemoglobin to combine with oxygen
P2 - to form oxyhaemoglobin
P3 - less oxygen transported to body cells/ tissues// less oxygen
diffuses into the body tissue
P4 - for cellular respiration
P5 - less energy is produced
P6 - resulting in tiredness/ breathlessness/ weakness// fatigue
P7 - pale looking appearance // anaemia
TOTAL
10
51
No
4
(a)
Sub Total
Mark Mark
Mark Scheme
Able to explain what happen to the tree after one month
P1 - Phloem is removed
S1 - Both have a closed circulation
Any
S2 - Blood flows in blood vessels
P2 - glucose / organic substance cannot be transported to the root/

below the ring / downwards
P3 - so, glucose accumulate at this part (upper part of the ring)
P4 - Upper part of the ring swells / become bigger
4(b) Able to describe the similarities between A and B
S3 - Both have hearts/ atrium and ventricle

S4 - Hearts pump blood/ act as a pumping organ
Able to describe the differences between the circulatory system

of
organisms A and B
Any
4
Organism A
Organism B
Single circulation// Blood flow Double circulation// Blood flow

only once/ one time through twice/ two time through the heart
the heart
Heart have 2 chambers/ heart Heart have 4 chambers/ heart
consists of 1 atrium and 1 consists of 2 atriums and 2
ventricle
ventricles
Absence of septum
Presence of septum
Oxygenated blood flow from Oxygenated blood flow from lungs

gill to body cell/ tissues body
to the heart
Deoxygenated blood flow from Deoxygenated blood flow from the

the heart to the gill
heart to the lungs

TOTAL
10
52
No
5(a)(i)
Sub Total
Mark Mark
Mark Scheme
Able to explain the pathway of systemic circulatory system
P1 - Oxygenated blood is carried from left ventricle (heart) to
Any
the body cells(body),

P2 - deoxygenated blood is carried from body cells (body) to the
right atrium &right ventricle (heart).
5(a)(ii) Able to explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
P1 - Electronic pacemaker work as sino-atrial node (SAN)
P2 - It generates a wave of excitatory impulses
P3 - spread to atria, causing the heart to contract simultaneously
5(b)
Able to explain the effect of taking excess fatty acid
P1 - Fatty food contain high cholesterol level in blood
P2 - Our body has better ability to store fats rather than use it
( release energy)
P3 - Cholesterol deposited (in inner wall) of artery cause
arteriosclerosis
P4 - Lumen of artery become smaller / narrow cause high blood
pressure
P5 - If coronary artery is blocked, cause angina / heart attack
(no oxygen and nutrient to the heart is supplied)
P6 - If artery to the brain is blocked, cause stroke
(no oxygen and nutrients to the brain is supplied)
TOTAL
10
53
No
6(a)
Mark Scheme
Sub
Mark
Total
Mark
Any 6
Able to describe effect of HIV on bodys defence mechanism

F
- HIV reproduce inside the lymphocyte
P1 - less antibody is produced // destruction of immune system

P2 - it take 8 -10 years for the symptoms of disease to appear.
P3 - the body prone to various infections
P4 - immune system collapses and victim dies.
(1F + any 3
P)
6(b)
Able to explain how first line defence prevent pathogen

entering the body
The skin
P1 - Skin consist of keratin that make difficult enough to
penetrate.
P2 - Sweat contain acid / pH 3-pH 5/ is not conducive for the
growth of
microorganism.
P3 - Sweat and sebum contain lysozyme that kill the

microorganisms.
The repiratory tract //nasal cavity and trachea

P4 - mucus on the respiratory tract traps microbs/ dust/ particles
P5 - the cilia which lines the respiratory tract
The stomach
P6 - HCl can kill the micorganisms ( that present in the foods and
drinks)
Tears and saliva
P7 - contain lysozyme protect eyes and mouth from invasion of
pathogen.
TOTAL
10
54
Chapter 11: Locomotion and Support
No
Mark Scheme
Sub
mark
Total
Mark
Any 4
Any 6
1(a) Able to explain how earth worm support itself.

P1 Has hydrostatic skeleton
P2 Body wall consist of outer circular muscle
P3 (and) inner longitudinal muscle.
P4 Body cavity is filled with a fluid which is held in
compartments.
P5 The muscles act antagonistically.
1(b) Able to explain the mechanism of locomotion in earthworm.
P1 (When earthworm is crawling over a surface), the chaetae
in posterior end of the body pushed into the ground to
anchor it.
P2 The muscle in the anterior end of the body contracts, while
the longitudinal muscle relaxes.
P3 (Hence) the anterior end of the body elongates
P4 The hydrostatic pressure builds up in the body
P5 The body fluid is pushed backward.
P6 The chaetae in the posterior end of the body are withdrawn
while the chaetae in the anterior end of the body are push
into the ground.
P7 The longitudinal muscle in the anterior end of the body
contract, while the circular muscle relax.
P8 causes the anterior end of the body become short and
thick.
P9 The body fluid flows into the anterior end of the body
P10 causing the posterior end of the body pulled forward.
55
P11-
The earthworm moves on the ground by alternately

lengthening and shortening its body, assisted by
chaetae.
1(c) Able to explain the role of muscles, tendons and ligaments
in the movement of forearms.
P1 Forearm has two sets of muscles; biceps and triceps
Any
P2 acts antagonistically
10
10
P3 muscles connected to bone by tendons.

P4 Bones are held together by ligaments.
P5 When the biceps contracts, the triceps relaxes.
P6 Biceps becomes shorter (and thicker), triceps becomes
longer (and thinner).
P7 This exerts a pulling force which transmitted to the radius
through the tendons.
P8 The radius is pulled upward and the fore arm is bent.
P9 When the triceps contracts, the biceps relaxes.
P10 The triceps becomes shorter and thicker while the biceps
becomes longer and thinner.
P11 This exerts a pulling force on ulna through tendons.
P12 The ulna and radius pulled downward, causing the forearm
to straighten.
2(a) Able to explain the adaptation of the plant which enable it to
float on water surface.
P1 Stem and enlarged petiole with many air sacs
E1 Provide buoyancy
P2 Many fibrous roots can trap air
E2 allow the plant to float
Any 4
56
P3 Stem and roots have aerenchyma tissues
E3 makes the plants light and enable plants to float.
E dependent on P
2(b) Able to explain the modification found in the woody plant

tissues which giving support to the plant.
P1 Xylem tissues
Any 6
E2 Xylem vessels and tracheids are strengthened with

lignin
P2 Parenchyma tissues
E3 Store starch and sugar and water.
E4 Turgid cells give support to the plant.
P2 Collenchyma tissues
E5 Walls thickened with cellulose and pectin
P3 Schlerenchyma tissues
E5 Wall thickened with lignin to provide support
2(c) Able to compare and contrast between the two vertebrae.

Similarities:
S1 Both have centrum
E1 Gives support and able to withstand compression force
S2 Both have neural canal
E2 to contain spinal nerve
S3 Both have neural spine
E3 For muscle attachment
S4 Both have transverse process
E4 For muscle attachment
S5 Both have neural arch
E5 Form neural canal which protect the spinal cord
10
10
57
E6 Both have zygapofisis
E6 To articulate with another vertebra
Differences:
Vertebra cervical
Vertebra lumbar
D1: Flat (small) centrum
Large and thick centrum
E1:
Give more support
D2: Short neural spine
Long neural spine
E2:
Attachment more muscles
D3: Broad transverse
Well develop transverse
prosess
process
E3:
For attachment more muscles
D4: Has to vertebrarterial
No vertebrarterial canal
Canals
E4: Enable blood supply to
Head
D5: Bigger neural canal
Small neural canal
E5: Contain bigger spinal

cord/ brain trunk
E dependent on S/D
ANY 5 Correct S & E similarities : 5 marks
ANY 5 Correct D & E differences: 5 marks
3(a) Able to describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird
flying in the air.
P1 Bird fly by flapping their wings / gliding
P2 The wings of bird is in the shape of aerofoil
During flying:
P3 - (To fly) the pectoralis major contract
P4 The pectoralis minor relax
P5 The pectoralis muscles are antagonistic muscles
10
10
58
P6 The wings moving downward and backward
P7 The air resistance produced as a result of moving wing
downward
P8 - provide an upthrust on the wings
P9 The thrust is transmitted from wings to the coracoids until
sternum
P10 - (As result) the whole body is lifted up.
P11 (then) the pectoralis minor contract
P12 The wings are pulled up
P13 The air resistance is very low
P14 The wings are ready to move downward.
During gliding:
P15 The wings spread (to act as aerofoil)
P16 The air move faster on the upper of the wings compared to
the
lower of the wings
P17 The air pressure is lower in the upper surface than below
the wings
P18 Upward thrust produced enable the birds to glide.
ANY 10
3(b) Able to discuss how someone could has a healthy
musculoskeletal system.
P1: Having a well-balanced diet
E1: contain sufficient calcium and phosphorus
E2: Contain sufficient vitamin D
E3: To build strong bones / prevent osteoporosis
P2: Having a good posture
E4: While standing, our body should be erect straight, so that the
weight of our body is supported bu both our feet.
E5: While sitting, the thorax is vertical/the thigh is comfortable/
almost all muscle relaxed
10
10
59
E6: While walking, our body should be upright and straight
E7; While lying down, use a mattress that is firm so that the body
is evenly supported
E8: Bend both knees when lifting heavy object from the floor.
P3: Using proper attire for daily activities
E9: Wearing tight could restrict the movement
E10: Wearing high-heeled shoes could injure the back bone.
P4: Taking appropriate precautions during vigorous activities
E15: Consistent and moderate exercise can increase the bone
mass and prevent osteoporosis
E16: Very vigorous activity could results in pain/strain/
dislocation/fractures.
P5: practicing correct and safe exercise techniques
E17: Warming up before exercise can raise the temperature of
our muscle to enabling them to make more efficient use of
energy/ preventing injuries.
ANY 10
4(a) Able to explain how coordination of myotomes and fins of a fish
contributes to swimming activities in the aquatic habitat.
P1: Myotomes are muscle block
P2: arranged in segments on both sides of the body /
vertebral column.
P3: The muscles acts antagonistically / contraction of myotomes
on one side of vertebral column and relaxation of the myotomes
on the other side.
P4: the contraction of myotomes on the right side of the body will
bend the tail to the right // the contraction of myotomes on the left
side of the body will bend the tail to the left.
P5: Alternate contraction of the right and left myotome block
causes the body to bend side to side.
P6: This produces the forward thrust which propel the fish
10
10
60
forward
P7: The paired fins and unpaired fin used to maintain the
balanced of body during swimming.
P8: The pectoral fins used to steering and brake.
P9: The pelvic fin are used to prevent diving and rolling
movements
P10: Dorsal and ventral fins used to stay on course without
yawing.
P11: Tail/caudal fin used to propel the fish.
ANY 10
4(b) Justify that unbalanced diet, an unhealthy lifestyle and the
process of aging may cause diseases such as
osteoporosis and arthritis and explain how such diseases
can be avoided
.P1: (unbalanced diet) such as diet less in calcium /
P2: less in phosphorus could lead
P3: less in vitamin D
P4: unhealthy lifestyle such as consume liquor
P5: Process of ageing such as life after menopause
P6: (could) cause osteoporosis / bone becomes porous/ soft and
brittle
P7: (could) cause arthritis / inflammation of the joints.
10
10
61
Way to overcome osteoporosis:
P8: Optimize calcium intake to increase the bone mass
P9: Optimize vitamin D intake to enhance calcium absorption
P10: Exercise regularly to help strengthened the muscle and
bone
P11: undergo hormone replacement therapy during menopause
to prevent osteoporosis
Way to overcome gouts:
P12: Reduction of offal and protein in diet
P13: Taking medication to lessen the joint inflammation and to
reduce the level of uric acid in the body.
P14: Less/stop consumption of liquor.
P15: Massage on the surrounding muscles using heat therapy.
ANY 10
62
Chapter 12 Coordination and Support
No
Mark Scheme
1(a)
Able to explain the transmission of a nerve impulse
Sub
Mark
Total
Mark
Max 8
from neurone P to neurone R across Q
P1 P2
Q is a synapse/ synaptic cleft.

- The transmission of information across a synapse
involves
the conversion of electrical signal into
chemical signal in the form of neurotransmitter.

P3
- Neurotransmitter is produced in vesicles in the axon

terminal called synaptic knob.
P4
- Synaptic knob contains abundant mitochondrion to

generate energy for the nerve transmission.
P5
- When an impulse arrived at the synaptic knob, the

vesicles release the neurotransmitters into the
synapse.
P6
- The neurotransmitters molecules diffuse across the

synapse
P7
- to the dendrite of another neurons.
P8
- Reaching R, impulse is converted back into

electrical
P9
signal.
- The transmission of impulse in one way direction
P10 -
since the vesicle containing neurotransmitter is only

found in pre-synaptic membrane.
(b)
Able to explain the causes and the effects of the

Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases on victims.
Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Caused by
Caused by
63
-the shrinkage of brain -the
tissues
and
lack
reduced
level
of
of neurotransmitter in the
neurotransmitter.
brain caused tremors and
Usually affects the
weakness of the muscles
elderly
-The hardening of the
1+1
cerebral arteries
1+1
Effect:
Effect:
-Loss of intelligent
-The
-Loss of memory
function
-Poor concentration
become stiff and jerky in
muscle
cannot
smoothly
and
their action
(c)
Able to draw the reflect arch and describe the pathway

involved in the transmission of nerve impulses which
result in the reflect action.
D -1
L -1
P1
- The knee jerk action involves two types of neurons
64
named afferent and efferent neurons.
P2
- As the hammer strike, the force stretches the

quadriceps muscle and stimulates the stretch
receptors in the muscles triggering a nerve impulses
P3
- Afferent neurons transmit the information to the

efferent neuron in the spinal cord
P4
- The efferent neurons transmit the information to the

quadriceps muscle as an effector and the muscle
contracts thus swing the leg forward
P5
- If the patient is able to swing the leg forward, it

indicates that the patients nerve system is still
functioning
P6
- If there is no response, it shows that the patients

nervous system fails to function properly
2(a) Able to explain why the pituitary gland is known as the

master gland
2
P1
- because it secretes several hormones that control

other endocrine glands
P2
- for example, TSH is secreted to stimulate thyroid

gland to release thyroxine
//accept any correct hormones and their function
(b)
Able to explain the involvement of both the nervous
system and the endocrine system in this situation

1
P1-The situation is called fight or flight situation
P2-Nerve impulses from the eyes (receptors) travel to the 1
brain
P3-The information is interpreted and the brain sends nerve 1
65
impulses to the adrenal glands
P4-The adrenal glands are stimulated to release adrenaline
P5-The hormone increases the heartbeat rate, blood

pressure and blood flow to the muscle
P6-The breathe become faster and deeper

P7-metabolic activity and glucose level in blood increase
P8-The skeletal muscles become more energized and

enable a person to fight off an attacker or flee immediately
3(a)
Able to explain how the body of a healthy person restores

the blood sugar level to normal if the level drops too low
6
P1 - The islet cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release
glucagon
P2 - Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen
to glucose
P3 - This restores the blood sugar level to normal
P4 - Glucagon also promotes lipid breakdown
P5 - This releases fatty acids that can be metabolized to
generate
energy
P6 - This restores the blood sugar level to the normal range
(b)(i)
Able to complete the diagram and state the role of the
66
nephron
4
D2
Bowmans
capsule
Proximal
convoluted
tubule
Collecting
duct
Loop of Henle
Distal
convoluted
tubule
P1 - A nephron is a basic structural and the functional unit
of the kidney
P2
- It is responsible for the actual purification of blood in

producing urine
Able to describe the urine formation

(b)(ii) -The formation of urine involves three main processes
:ultrafiltration, reabsorpton and secretion
-Ultrafiltration
o The high hydrostsatic pressure in the glomerulus
o causes many constituents of the blood such as
water,glucose, amino acid, vitamin & salt and ures to be

filtered out from the glomerulus into the Bowman capsule. 1
The filtrate is called glomerular filtrate
o and the presence of pores in capillary of glomerulus
increase its permeability
o The glomerular filtrate then passes along the nephron to
let the reabsorption to occur
67
-Reabsorption
o When the glomerular filtrate which reaches the proximal

convoluted tubul, 65% of the water is re reabsorb to the
capillary by osmosis
o All glucose, amino acid, vitamin and some salt are
reabsorbed by active transport. Urea is not reabsorbed
o The filtrate now contains only water, some salt and urea
o It continues to pass along the loop of Henle where 20% of
the water and some salt are reabsorbed into the blood
capillaries
o The filtrate continues to pass through the distal convoluted

tubule and collecting duct whereby some water and salt
are reabsorbed into the blood capillaries
o The amount of water and salts reabsorbed is actually

regulated by the amount of ADH and aldosterone
-Secretion
o The process involves the pumping out of the waste
product such as urea /uric acid/ ammonia / creatinine

from the blood capillaries into the tubule
o by active transport
o The glomerular filtrate that reaches the collecting duct is
called urine. It composes of 69% water, 2.5% nitrogenous

product and 1.5 % salts and other trace elements
o Urine is channeled out into the bladder by the ureter and
finally secreted out of the body through the urethra
4 (a)
Able to explain the terms: Phototropism, geotropism

phototropism
4
1
- growth movement/ growth of plants towards light
- growth towards a source of light is called positive
68
phototropism
- growth away from the source is termed negative
phototropism
geotropism
- The response of plants towards gravity
Max2
1
1
1
Max2
- The root shows positive geotropism.

- The shoot shows negative geotropism
(b)
Able to explain the role of auxins in tropism
10
- Phototropism is controlled by auxins
- When a plant is given light from all directions/uniform light,
the distribution of auxins in the shoot meristem is uniform

-hence, elongation of cells takes place evenly in all direction,
-resulting in the plant/ coleoptile grow upwards.
- when the plant is given unilateral light, auxins will be
accumulated to the shaded side

-As a result, cells on the shaded side of the stem elongate
more than those on the exposed side.

-Thus, the shoot bends in the direction of light
- this explains why the shoot is positively phototropic.
-As for the root, a high concentration of auxins inhibits growth
- Cells on the exposedt side elongates more than those on the 1

shaded side.
( c)
-hence, the root grows away from light.
-this explains why the root is negatively phototropic.
Able to state 3 types of hormones and its uses in

agriculture
6
1
-Auxins
- is used to promote the growth of crop plants, induce 1
parthenocarpy and as herbicides.
-Gibberellins
-are used to promote growth and parthenocarpy.
69
-Cytokinins
-are used together with Auxins to promote growth.

-Ethylene
-(a gaseous plant hormone) is used to promote the 1

ripening of fruits.
1
max 3 name of hormone with relevant function
70
Chapter 13 Reproduction and Growth
No
1
Mark
Sub Mark
Scheme
(a)
Ovulation releases a secondary oocyte , which
enters the oviduct.
- The secondary oocyte starts meiosis II which
progresses until metaphase II.
- The nuclei of a sperm cell (n) and the ovum (n) fuse
and form a diploid zygote (2n). // A sperm fertilize
the ovum to form a zygote.
- Zygote begins to divide repeatedly by mitosis as it
travels along the fallopian tube towards the uterus.
- Morula is form followed by blastula.
- Implantation occur / The blastocyst attaches itself to
the endometrium.
(b)
Sample Answer :
- Cigarette contain nicotine / DDT / lead particles.
Total
Mark
1
1
1
1
1
Max
4
- The wall of maternal blood capillaries and the wall

of foetal blood capillaries are semi-permeable.
- Nicotine, drugs and alcohol are small in size.
1
1
- Nicotine, drugs and alcohol can diffuse from

maternal blood capillaries to foetal blood capillaries
No
Max
6
- through the placenta

- The substances carried by umbilical vein to the
foetus.
- Nicotine, drugs or alcohol can affect the
development of foetus
1
1
1
- (example) cause disable / miscarriage . birth defect/

illness in the resulting baby.
2
(a)
- Method A is use if the fallopian tubes of Mrs. Ali are

blocked.
- sperm cannot reach the ovum, fertilization fail to occur.
- fertilization has to be done outside the body.
- developed zygote/embryo then retransfer and implant in
the uterus of Mrs. Ali.
- the embryo then undergo normal development in the uterus
of Mrs. Ali as normal pregnancy.
1
1
1
1
1
71
(b)
- Method B is used if the uterus of Mrs. Ali fail to carry the

implanted embryo because of damaged or abnormal
uterus.
- Madam X is the woman who is willing / hired to carry the
implanted embryo to full term.
- Madam X is known as surrogated mother.
- Genetically the baby belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Ali.
- Who is the real biological mother of the baby, Mrs. Ali or
Madam X?
- There are cases that the surrogated mother refuse to return
the baby to the couple after giving birth.
1
1
1
Max
5
1
1
No
3
Mark Scheme
Sub
Mark
Able to explain formation of the embryo sac

F1-The ovule develops from the ovarian tissue. It
has a diploid embryo sac mother cell(2n)
F2- Embryo sac mother cell undergoes meiosis to
form a row of four haploid cells called
megaspores
F3- Three of the four megaspores degenerated,

leaving one in the ovule
F4- (The megaspore continues to grow and

enlarges, filling up most of the ovule.) The
nucleus of the megaspore then undergoes
mitosis three times to form eight haploid nuclei
F5- Three of the eight nuclei (migrate to one end of

the cell) to form antipodal cells,
another two nuclei to form polar nuclei and
one of the three nuclei develops into an egg
cell/female gamete/ovum and flanked two
synergid cells
Able to explain formation of pollen grain

F1- Pollen grain are formed in the anther, an anther
Total
Mark
72
has four pollen sacs.
F2- Each pollen sac contains hundred of cells
called pollen mother cells (2n)
F3- Each pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to

produce four haploid microspores(n)
F4- The nucleus of each microspores then divided

by mitosis to form a tube nucleus and
generative nucleus.
1
No.
Item
4
F5- The microspores develop into pollen grains

Explanation
Mark
Able to describe pollination leads to the formation of fruit and seed

in a flowering plant (angiosperms).
F1- Pollen grains have been released from the anther to the stigma
for pollination by insects or wind
1
F3- The pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule
1
1
F5- The male gamete nuclei move down the pollen tube led by the
tube nucleus
1
F6- When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it penetrates the ovule
through the micropyle
1
F7- The tube nucleus degenerates, leaving a clear passage for the
male nuclei to enter the embryo sac
1
F8- Double fertilization occurs in the ovule. One male nucleus
fuses with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote(2n)
1
F9- The other male nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form
a triploid nucleus(3n)
1
F10- (After fertilization), the triploid nucleus divides rapidly by
mitosis to forms an endosperm and zygote divides by mitosis
Total
mark
Max
10
marks
F2- The sugar solution (sucrose) secreted by the stigma stimulates

the pollen grain to germinate and form a pollen tube
F4- The generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two male

gamete nuclei
Max
10
marks
73
develops into suspensor and embryo.
1
F11- The ovule develops into a seed while the ovary enlarges and
develops into a fruit
74
Chapter 14 Inheritance
No
Sub
Mark
Mark Scheme
1
Able to explain the possibilities of the blood group and the

genotypes of the offspring when the fathers blood group is A and
the mothers blood group is B.
Sample answer:
1. The ABO blood group in humans is controlled by three alleles I A, ,
IB and Io.
2 Alleles IA and IB are codominant but allele Io is recessive.
3. There are four possibilities; Blood group AB, A, B, O
Father
Mother
IA IA
(a) Parental genotypes:
IB IB
meiosis
Gametes
IA
IB
1
Fertilisation
IA IB
Genotype F1
1
Phenotype F1
All offspring have

Blood group AB
1
Father
(b) Parental genotypes:
Mother
IA IA
IB IO
meiosis
Gametes
IA
IB
IO
Fertilisation
Total
Mark
75
Genotypes F1
IA IB
IA IO
Phenotypes F1
AB
Phenotipic ratio
1
1
@
Phenotype F1
50% of offspring have blood group AB
and 50% have blood group A

Father
Mother
IA IO
(c) Parental genotypes:
IB IB
meiosis
1
Gametes
IA
IO
IB
Fertilisation
1
A B
B O
Genotype F1
I I
I I
Phenotypes F1
AB
Phenotipic ratio
@
Phenotype F1
50% of offspring have blood group AB
and 50% have blood group B
Father
Mother
IA IO
(d) Parental genotypes:
IB IO
meiosis
1
Gametes
Fertilisation
1
Genotypes F1
IA IB
IA IO
IB IO
IO IO
76
Phenotypes F1
Phenotipic ratio
AB
1
A
:
B
: 1
O
:
1
1
@
25% chance that offspring has blood group
AB, A, B, O
@ Able to explain : example (d)

1. Genotype of Fother is IA IO , produces two types of sperms, one
containing allele IA and the other containing allele IO .
2. Genotype of Mother is IB IO, produces ovum containing allele IO or
allele IB
3. When the sperm containing allele IA fertilizes with the ovum
containing allele IB , the offspring produced will have the genotype
IA IB and the phenotype is blood group AB
4. When the sperm containing allele IA fertilizes with the ovum
containing allele IO , the offspring produced will have the genotype
IA IO and the phenotype is blood group A
5. When the sperm containing allele IO fertilizes with the ovum
containing allele IB , the offspring produced will have the genotype
IO IB and the phenotype is blood group B
6.
No
Mark Scheme
Able to explain how the inheritance can be prevented based on
the schematic diagram given.
Sample Answer
1. Colour blindness are sex-linked inheritance disease and is
carried by
recessive gene.
Sub
Mark
Total
Mark
77
2. Males are homozygous, receiving only X chromosome from their
mother.
3. Females are heterozygous, inheriting X chromosomes from both
parents.
4. Daughters, as long as one parent is
genotypically normal, can
only be
carriers.
5. The normal gene on the second X
chromosome counteracts the
defect and the daughters do not suffer from trait.
6. When a son receives the defective gene
from his mother he will
be colour
blindness because the Y chromosome
cannot
counteract the defective gene
located on his X chromosome.
7. Thus, colour blindness is more common
in males than females.
Able to state opinion for statement II
8. Hemophilia can be prevented by removing the hemophilic gene
in the gamete stage and insert the normal gene

// the hemophilic gene is replaced with a healthy gene through
genetic engineering
9. Hemophilia can be prevented by artificial insemination.
10. Hemophilia can be prevented by choosing sperms free of
hemophilic trait// difficult to choose sperms which are free from
hemophilic trait
11. Choose partner which is free from hemophilic trait .
12. Inheritance of colour blindness can be prevented by avoid marriage
of the grandchildren which consists of carriers or colour blindness
through a few generation
78
No
Mark Scheme
Able to explain the type of cross breed that involve two pairs of
characteristics
-this type of cross breed is the result of breeding between two opposite pairs
of characteristics
Able to state the type of inheritance
-known as dyhibrid inheritance and follows Mendels Second Law
G represents the allele for green colour
g represents the allele for striped colour
L represents the allele for short shape
l represents the allele for long shape
Able to show the schematic diagram of how to get the second filial
generation phenotype and the ratio.
Parental
:
GGLL
x
ggll
genotypes
Parental
: (short green)
Phenotypes
Sub
Mark
(long striped)
1
Gametes:
GL
gl
1
First filial generation

F1
GgLl
(all short green)
F1 Self cross
GgLl
GgLl
GL Gl gL gl
GL Gl
gL gl
Punnett square is prepared to determine the phenotypic ratio in F2
generation.
gametes
GL
Gl
gL
gl
GL
GGLL
GGLl
GgLL
GgLl
Gl
GGLl
GGll
GgLl
Ggll
gL
GgLL
GgLl
ggLL
ggLl
gl
GgLl
Ggll
ggLl
ggll
F2 generation
Phenotypes:
Round : Long :
Green
Green
Short : Long
Striped Striped
1
1
Tota
l
Mar
k
79
F2 generation
Phenotypic Ratio:
max
10
80
Chapter 15: Variation
No
Mark Scheme
Able to
(i)
1
State the example of continuous variation and discontinuous
variation
(ii) Explain the similarity and the contrast of continuous variation
and discontinuous variation
Sample answer:
Example of continuous variation: Height or weight
Example of discontinuous variation: ABO blood group
Similarity:
- both create varieties in the population of species
- both type of variations are caused by environment factor or
genetic factors or both
Differences
Continuous
variation
- Graf distribution
shows a normal
distribution
- The characters
are quantitative /
can be measured
and graded (from
one extreme to
the other)
- Exhibits a
spectrum of
phenotypes with
intermediate
values between
the highest and
the shortest in
the population.
- Influenced by
environmental
factors
Two or more
genes control the
same character
Sub
Mark
Total
Mark
1
1
1
1
Discontinuous variation
-
Graf distribution shows a

discrete distribution
The characters are qualitative

/ cannot be measured and
graded (from one extreme to
the other)
1
-
Exhibits a few distinctive

phenotypes with no
intermediate values in
between them.
Is not Influenced by
environmental factors/ Is
caused by genetic factors
and also by the mutation of
genes and chromosomes.
A single genes determines

the differences in the traits of
the character
81
-
The phenotype is
usually controlled
by many pair of
alleles
No
The phenotype is controlled

by a pair of alleles
Mark Scheme
Sub
Mark
Total
Mark
Able to discuss genetic and environment factor affecting variation

Sample answer
Genetic factors
F1: crossing over during prophase 1/meiosis 1
P1:occur between chromatid from a pair of homologous
chromosomes
P2:the exchange of parts between chromatid results in new genetic

combination.
P3:produced a large number of gametes with different genetic
composition.
F2:independent assortment
P4:homologous part of chromosome are arranged randomly on

2
metaphase plate/during metaphase 1
P5:during anaphase 1,each homologous pair of chromosomes
separate.
P6:resulting in an independent assortment of maternal and paternal
chromosomes into daughter cells
F: Random fertilization
P7; sperms and ovum with a variety of combinations of
chromosomes/genetically different are randomly fertilized.
P8:Thus,variation exists between individuals from the same

species//zygote produces wll have a variety of diploid combination.
F:Mutation
P10:mutation causes permanent change in the genetic
1
1
82
composition/genotype of an organism
Environmental factor
F1: (can cause variation among individuals at same species)by
interacting with genetic factor.
P: examples of factor at least 2 type of

food/exercise/skill/experience/education/sunlight/climatic
Any 9 from genetic
factor
And any 1 from environment factors
No
Mark Scheme
Sub
Mark
Total
Mark
Able to state The importance of variation

Sample answer
-
Variation provides new genetic material for the survival of the
fittest,
3 -
e.g. the mutated genes of the black peppered moth

Variation prepares a species to survive when there are changes
in the external environment, like after a volcanic eruption, or in global

warming;
-
e.g. the black peppered moths survive well in a soot-covered
1
1
1
83
environment.
-
A population with a varied genotypes or genotypes is useful in
spreading the particular species over a wider range of habitats;

-
e.g. the house sparrow.
Produced phenotype/physical differences among individuals.
E.g. No human are alike eventhough they are identitical

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Jabat

HJ MOHD ADNAN BIN MOHD NOOR

Cell Structure and Cell Organisation

Movement of Substances Across Plasma Membrane

Chemical Composition of the Cell

Locomotion and Support

Coordination and Response

Reproduction and Growth

CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION

Compare and contrast a plant cell with an animal cell.

Diagram 2.1 / Rajah 2.1

Amoeba is a unicellular organism but it can function as

Diagram 2.2 shows five levels of cell organisation in man.

Diagram 2.2 / Rajah 2.2

Diagram 2.3 / Rajah 2.3

How is the leaf modified to carry out its various function?

CHAPTER 3: MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

1. Diagram 3.1.1 shows the structure of a unicellular organism.

Diagram 3.1.1 / Rajah 3.1.1

(a) Explain the function of organelle which involve in osmoregulation.

berbantu)dan pengangkutan aktif dalam pergerakan molekul-molekul merentas

Diagram 3.1.2 / Rajah 3.1.2

Diagram 3.1.3 / Rajah 3.1.3

2. The following information is about plasma membrane.

Bincangkan kenapa penggunaan baja berlebihan boleh menyebabkan kelayuan

Diagram 3.2 / Rajah 3.2

Explain what had happened to the erythrocytes.

CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL

Diagram 4.1.1 / Rajah 4.1.1

(i). Define intracellular enzymes and extracellular enzymes.

(ii) Describe the involvement of the organelles in the production of extracellular

(b) Diagram 4.1.2 shows three stages in the enzyme reaction.

Diagram 4.2 / Rajah 4.2

Detergent is normally used in washing. Describe three biological enzymes that

CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION

(a) List the importance of mitosis process.

Diagram 5.1 / Rajah 5.1

Describe what happens in the cell during phase X.

Based on above information, discuss the benefits of genetic engineering method in

Diagram 5.2 shows a group of cells that is exposed to ultraviolet ray.

Sel yang mengalami mutasi

Diagram 5.2 / Rajah 5.2

State the advantages and disadvantages of this technique.

Diagram 5.4 shows different stages in a meiosis I.

Diagram 5.4/ Rajah5. 4

Explain briefly how meiosis involved in genetic variation.

State the meaning of malnutrition.

Explain the long term effects of his diet to his health.

(a) (i) Describe the type of nutrition in organism P and organism R.

Diagram 6.4 shows some organs of human digestive system.

Diagram 6.4/ Rajah 6.4

Syarifah eats too many mangoes with vinegar.

(i) State the functions of X.

(ii) Explain the process of assimilation of amino acids and glucose in X.

Table 1 shows the menu for Adnans daily diet.

Diagram 6.5 shows organelle P found in a plant cell.

Organelle P is importance for the process of photosynthesis in plant.

State the meaning of photosynthesis.

Explain the main stages in photosynthesis.

Food preservation method

Kaedah pengawetan makanan

Meat and fish

Daging dan ikan