Koordinasi Badan

BAB

Body Coordination

Anda akan mempelajari

KOORDINASI BADAN/BODY COORDINATION
melibatkan

involves

Sistem saraf/Nervous system

Sistem endokrin/Endocrine system

terdiri daripada

contoh example

consists of

Sistem saraf pusat

Kelenjar pituitari

Central nervous system

Pituitary gland

Kelenjar tiroid

terdiri daripada

Thyroid gland

consists of

Kelenjar adrenal
Adrenal glands

Saraf tunjang/Spinal cord

Otak/Brain

mengawal controls

terdiri daripada
consists of

Tindakan refleks
Reflex actions

Pankreas
Pancreas

Testis
Testes

Ovari

Ovaries
merembeskan
secrete

Serebrum

Cerebrum

Serebelum
Cerebellum

Medula oblongata
Medulla oblongata

Hormon

Hormones

Objektif Pembelajaran

2.1 Memahami koordinasi badan

2.2 Memahami sistem saraf manusia

2.1 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

Tarikh:

KBAT
Masteri

Koordinasi badan
Body coordination

1 Lengkapkan jadual dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang koordinasi saraf dan koordinasi hormon.
Complete the table with suitable words on nervous and hormonal coordination.

BAB

Saraf

Pertumbuhan badan

Menulis

Pembiakan

Mendengar

Hormon

Pencernaan makanan

Saraf

Endokrin

Berfikir

Nervous

Body growth

Hormonal

Writing

Food digestion

(a) Jenis
koordinasi

Nervous

Type of
coordination

(b) Sistem yang

mengawal dan
menyelaras

Nervous

saraf

Koordinasi

Thinking

hormon

Hormonal

coordination

Nervous

Hearing

Endocrine

Koordinasi

saraf

Sistem

Reproduction

coordination

endokrin

Sistem

Endocrine

system

system

System which
controls and
coordinates

(c) Contoh aktiviti

badan yang
diselaras
Examples of
body activities
coordinated

Mendengar, menulis, berfikir

Hearing, writing, thinking

Pertumbuhan badan, pembiakan,

pencernaan makanan
Body growth, reproduction, food digestion

2 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan peta alir untuk menunjukkan laluan impuls semasa
koordinasi badan. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang yang diberi./Based on the given information, complete the
flow map to show the pathway of impulses during the body coordination. Then complete the given spaces.

Reseptor

Rangsangan

Receptor

Efektor

Stimuli

dikesan oleh
detected by

(a) Rangsangan
Stimuli

impuls

impulses

(b) Reseptor
Receptor

Sistem saraf pusat

Effector

Central nervous system

(c) Sistem saraf pusat

impuls

Central nervous system

(otak atau saraf

tunjang/brain or

(d) Efektor
Effector

Dalam organ deria

seperti lidah,
hidung, telinga,
mata atau kulit

Sound, light,
chemical
substances
or touch

(e)

Neuron
The

In sensory organs
like tongue, nose,
ear, eye or skin

Dibawa oleh
neuron deria
Transmit
by sensory
neurone

Dibawa
oleh neuron
motor

Transmit by
sensory motor

Gerak
balas

Response

spinal cord)

Bunyi, cahaya,
bahan kimia
atau sentuhan

KBAT

impulses

Organ seperti
otot atau
kelenjar

Organs like
muscle or gland

ialah unit asas sistem saraf yang berfungsi untuk membawa impuls.

neurone

is the basic unit of the nervous system which functions to transmit impulses.

(f) Reseptor ialah sel dalam organ deria yang mengesan rangsangan dan menghasilkan impuls.
The

(g)

receptor

Efektor

The

is a cell in a sensory organ that detects the stimulus and produces impulses.

ialah organ seperti otot yang bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan yang diterima.

effector

is an organ like muscle that responds to a stimulus received.

Objektif Pembelajaran

Tarikh:

2.2 Memahami sistem saraf manusia

2.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

Sistem saraf manusia

KBAT

The human nervous system

Masteri

1 Label sistem saraf manusia di bawah./Label the human nervous system below.
Saraf spina

Spinal cord

Saraf kranium

Somatic nervous system

(a) Otak/Brain

Cranial nerves

(c) Saraf

kranium

Cranial nerves

(b) Saraf

tunjang

Spinal cord

(d) Saraf

spina

Spinal nerves

Otak

Brain

BAB

Central
nervous
system
Sistem
saraf
pusat

Sistem saraf soma

Spinal nerves

Saraf tunjang

(e)

Sistem
saraf soma
Somatic
nervous system

Sistem saraf
autonomi

Galeri Info

Saraf optik dan saraf auditori

ialah saraf kranium.
Optic and auditory nerves are
cranial nerves.

Autonomic
nervous system

Sistem saraf periferi

Peripheral nervous system

2 Berdasarkan soalan 1, lengkapkan carta di bawah ini untuk menunjukkan pengelasan sistem saraf
manusia. Kemudian, kenal pasti contoh-contoh aktiviti yang terlibat.
Based on question 1, complete the chart below to show the classification of the human nervous system. Then,
identify the examples of activities involved.

Menulis

Melihat

Menari

Menghidu

Rembesan enzim

Bernafas

Berlari

Denyutan jantung

Mendengar

Pencernaan makanan

Writing

Seeing

Breathing

Dancing

Running

Smelling

Heartbeat

Hearing

Enzyme secretion
Food digestion

Sistem saraf manusia/Human nervous system

Sistem saraf pusat/Central nervous system

Otak

Brain

Spinal cord

Sistem saraf periferi/Peripheral nervous system

Sistem saraf soma

Saraf tunjang

Somatic nervous system

(mengawal tindakan terkawal/

controls voluntary action)

Sistem saraf autonomi

Autonomic nervous system

(mengawal tindakan luar kawal/

controls involuntary action)

Contoh aktiviti

Examples of activities

Saraf kranium

Saraf spina

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

(atas leher)

(bawah leher)

(above the neck)

Contoh aktiviti

Examples of activities

(below the neck)

Contoh aktiviti

Examples of activities

Melihat/Seeing
Menghidu/Smelling
Mendengar/Hearing

Menulis/Writing
Menari/Dancing
Berlari/Running

Rembesan enzim
Enzyme secretion

Bernafas
Breathing

Denyutan jantung
Heartbeat

Pencernaan makanan
Food digestion

Tarikh:

KBAT
Masteri

Jenis-jenis neuron dan penghantaran impuls

2.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

Types of neurones and the transmission of impulses

2001 BHG. B, S1(a) & (c) 2006 BHG. B, S5(c) 2009 & 2010 BHG. B, S5(a) (d)

A. Namakan jenis neuron (sel saraf) dan label bahagian-bahagiannya serta padankan dengan fungsinya.
Name the types of neurones (nerve cells) and label the parts of the neurones and match with their functions.

Dendrit

Dendron

BAB

Dendrite

Akson

Dendron

Axon

Badan sel

Neuron perantaraan/Relay neurone

Nukleus

Cell body

(b) Reseptor/Receptor

Salut mielin

Receptor

Neuron motor/Motor neurone

(a) Badan sel/Cell body

(c) Akson/Axon

Reseptor

Nucleus

Myelin sheath

Neuron deria/Sensory neurone

(a) Dendrit/Dendrite

(d) Dendron

Dendron

(b) Nukleus/Nucleus

(e) Badan sel

Cell body

(c) Akson/Axon

(d) Dendron/Dendron

Neuron perantaraan/Relay neurone

Neuron deria/Sensory neurone

3

Fungsi/Function
(a) Dendrit/Dendrite
(b) Dendron/Dendron

Mengawal semua aktiviti neuron

Controls all the activities of the neurone

Menerima impuls daripada neuron-neuron

yang lain

(c) Badan sel/Cell body

(d) Akson/Axon
(e) Salut mielin

Myelin sheath

Receives impulses from other neurones

Menghantar impuls dari badan sel ke efektor

Transmits impulses from the cell body to the effector
Menghantar impuls ke badan sel
Transmits impulses to the cell body
Mengelakkan kebocoran impuls dan
mempercepatkan penghantaran impuls

Prevents the leakage of impulses and to

speed up the transmission of impulses

Neuron motor/Motor neurone

arah impuls/direction of impulses

B. Lengkapkan peta alir dengan neuron bagi lintasan impuls dalam sistem saraf manusia. Kemudian,
nyatakan fungsi-fungsi neuron./Complete the flow map with neurones on the pathway of an impulse in the

human nervous system. Then, state the functions of neurones.

(b) Sistem saraf pusat

Rangsangan
Stimulus

Reseptor

impuls
impulse

Receptor

Central nervous system

impuls
impulse

(a) Neuron deria

Sensory neurone

Gerak balas

Efektor

Response

impuls
impulse

Effector

(d) Neuron deria berfungsi untuk membawa impuls dari

Sensory neurone functions to transmit impulses from a

(Neuron perantaraan )
Relay

impuls

neurone)

impulse

(c) Neuron motor

Motor neurone

receptor
receptor

ke sistem saraf pusat .

to the central nervous system .

(e) Neuron perantaraan berfungsi untuk membawa impuls dari neuron deria ke neuron motor .
Relay neurone functions to transmit impulses from a

sensory neurone

to a

motor neurone

(f) Neuron motor berfungsi untuk membawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke
Motor neurone functions to transmit impulse from the

central nervous system

to an

efektor
effector

.
.

Objektif Pembelajaran

Tarikh:

2.3 Menganalisa koordinasi saraf

2.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

Tindakan refleks dan arka refleks

KBAT
Masteri

Reflex actions and reflex arcs

2001 BHG. B, S1(b) 2003 BHG. B, S1 2013 BHG. B, S5(d) 2014 BHG. B, S5

1 Label bahagian-bahagian pada arka refleks dan jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.
Label the parts of a reflex arc and answer the following questions.
Motor neurone

Neuron deria

Sensory neurone

Efektor
Effector

Sinaps

Synapse

Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone

Q: Neuron deria/Sensory neurone

jirim kelabu
grey matter

P: Sinaps/Synapse

jirim putih
white matter

saraf spina
spinal nerve

Reseptor
Receptor

jarum
needle

R: Reseptor/Receptor
hujung saraf
end nerve

keratan rentas
saraf tunjang
cross-section of
the spinal cord

U: Efektor/Effector

T: Neuron motor/Motor neurone

S: Neuron perantaraan/Relay neurone

2 Apakah jenis tindakan yang berlaku apabila jari seseorang tercucuk jarum?
What type of action is involved when a finger of a person is pricked by a needle?
Tindakan refleks/Reflex action

3 Namakan laluan impuls bagi tindakan refleks.

Name the pathway of the reflex action.
Arka refleks/Reflex arcs

4 Lukiskan anak panah () dalam rajah di atas untuk menunjukkan arah pergerakan impuls semasa
KBAT
tindakan refleks.

Draw arrows () in the above diagram to show the direction of movement of an impulse during a reflex action.

5 Apakah yang berlaku pada bahagian R dan U semasa tindakan refleks?

What happens to parts R and U during a reflex action?
R: Menghasilkan impuls/Produces impulses

U: Mengecut/Contracts

6 Tandakan ( ) efektor yang terlibat dalam tindakan ini.

Tick ( ) the effector involved in this action.

Otot

Muscle

Kulit

Skin

Kelenjar
Gland

7 Bahagian yang manakah pada sistem saraf pusat yang mengawal tindakan ini?
Which part of the central nervous system controls this action?
Saraf tunjang/Spinal cord

8 Namakan bahagian yang berfungsi untuk membenarkan impuls dihantar dalam satu arah sahaja.
Name the part which functions to allow impulses to be transmitted in one direction only.
Sinaps/Synapse

BAB

Neuron motor

 9 Nyatakan kepentingan tindakan refleks kepada kita.

State the importance of reflex actions to us.

Melindungi kita daripada bahaya/kecederaan

Protect us from dangerous situations/injuries

10 Tandakan ( ) bagi aktiviti-aktiviti yang melibatkan tindakan refleks.

Tick ( ) the activities that involve reflex action.

BAB

Berbasikal

Mengangkat kaki apabila terpijak paku

Bermain gitar

Tangan tersentak apabila terkena cerek panas

Cycling

Playing a guitar

Lifting of the leg when stepping on a nail

Withdrawal of the hand when accidentally touching a hot kettle

Anak mata mengecil apabila cahaya yang terang disinarkan pada mata
The constriction of the pupils when bright light is directed on the eyes

11 Lengkapkan peta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan arka refleks bagi tindakan refleks.

KBAT

Complete the flow map below to show the reflex arc of a reflex action.

Reseptor
Receptor

impuls
impulse

Neuron deria

Sinaps

Sensory neurone

Neuron perantaraan

Synapse

Relay neurone

Sinaps

Synapse

(Saraf tunjang/
Spinal cord)

Galeri Info

Neuron perantaraan hanya dapat ditemui di

dalam sistem saraf pusat.
Relay neurones are only found in the central
nervous system.

Gerak balas

Otot/Efektor

Response

Muscles/Effector

Neuron motor
Motor neurone

12 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan suatu aktiviti yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji sentakan lutut.
Tempurung lutut kaki yang terjuntai diketuk dengan perlahan dengan pembaris meter.
The diagram below shows an activity that is carried out to study the knee-jerking. The knee cap of the leg that
is dangling, is knocked gently with a metre rule.

X: Neuron deria

Sensory neurone

Y: Neuron motor

pembaris
ruler

Motor neurone

otot (efektor)
muscle (effector)

(a) Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan?

What can be observed?

Kaki yang terjuntai itu

The leg that is dangling

tersentak ke atas
jerks up

.
.

(b) Apakah jenis tindakan yang terlibat di 12(a)?

What type of action is involved in 12(a)?
Tindakan refleks/Reflex action

(c) Label neuron X dan Y dalam petak pada rajah.

Label neurones X and Y in the boxes in the diagram.

(d) Nyatakan jenis neuron yang tidak terlibat dalam sentakan lutut.
State the type of neurone which does not involve in the knee-jerking.

Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone (or intermediate neurone)

10

Objektif Pembelajaran

2.4 Memahami peranan proprioreseptor dalam mengekalkan keseimbangan dan

koordinasi.

2.5 EKSPERIMEN
INKUIRI
Tujuan

Tarikh:

KBAT
Penemuan
Inkuiri

Deria kinestesis
Kinaesthetic senses

2000 BHG. B, S1 2008 BHG. B, S5

Mengkaji peranan proprioreseptor (reseptor regang) dalam tubuh manusia

To study the role of proprioceptors in the human body

Lima tin kosong, jalur kain hitam

BAB

Bahan

Five empty cans, a strip of black cloth

Susunan 1
Arrangement 1

Susunan 2
Arrangement 2

Susunan 3
Arrangement 3

Susunan 4
Arrangement 4

1 Tunjukkan empat susunan tin kosong kepada beberapa orang murid sebelum
aktiviti dimulakan.
Show four arrangements of empty cans to some students before the activity starts.

2 Murid dikehendaki untuk menyusun tin-tin kosong seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam
rajah dengan mata tertutup.

The students are required to arrange the empty cans as shown in the diagrams with their eyes closed.

3 Keputusan aktiviti ini direkodkan dalam jadual.

The results of this activity are recorded in a table.

Keputusan

Tandakan ( ) bagi tekaan bilangan susunan yang betul.

Tick ( ) the number of arrangements correctly guessed.

Nama murid

Bilangan susunan yang betul

Name of students

Number of arrangements correctly guessed

1.

2.
3.
4.
Jumlah murid

Total number of students

(Jawapan murid/Students answer)

Analisis

1 Namakan deria yang terlibat dalam aktiviti ini.

Name the sense involved in this activity.
Deria kinestesis/Kinaesthetic senses

2 Namakan reseptor yang terlibat dalam deria ini.

Name the receptors involved in this sense.
Reseptor regang/Proprioceptors/Stretch receptors

3 Tandakan ( ) bahagian badan yang terdapat reseptor regang.

Tick ( ) the parts of the body where proprioceptors can be found.

Tendon

Tendons

Otot

Muscles

Sendi
Joints

Tulang
Bones

Ligamen

Ligaments

4 Apakah yang berlaku pada otot yang menyebabkan proprioreseptor (reseptor regang)
mencetuskan impuls?
What happens to the muscle that causes the proprioceptor to trigger an impulse?
Regangan otot/The stretching of muscles

11

 5 Nyatakan laluan impuls yang tecetus pada proprioreseptor (reseptor regang) bagi
suatu regangan otot.
State the pathway of the impulse triggered in the proprioceptor (stretch receptor) for the
stretching of a muscle.

Impuls yang tercetus dihantar melalui neuron deria ke sistem saraf pusat.
The triggered impulse is sent by a

sensory neurone

to the central nervous system.

6 Tandakan ( ) golongan manusia yang amat bergantung kepada deria ini.

BAB

Tick ( ) the group of people who depend very much on this sense.

Orang buta

Orang pekak

Blind people

Orang sakit

Deaf people

Sick people

7 Tandakan ( ) aktiviti-aktiviti yang melibatkan reseptor regang.

Tick ( ) the activities that involve proprioceptors.

Bermain piano

Mendengar radio

Membutang baju tanpa melihat

Playing the piano

Listening to radio

Berjalan di atas titi sempit

Buttoning up a shirt without looking

Walking across a narrow bridge

8 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kedudukan proprioreseptor (reseptor regang) dalam

otot. Label dan nyatakan fungsi X dan Y dalam ruang yang disediakan.

The diagram below shows the position of the proprioceptors in a muscle. Label parts X and Y
and state their functions in the spaces provided.

Y: Neuron deria/Sensory neurone

Fungsi/Function:
Menghantar impuls
Transmits

gentian otot
muscle fibre

impulses

ke sistem saraf pusat

to the central nervous system

X: Reseptor regang/Proprioreseptor/Stretch receptor/Proprioceptor

Fungsi/Function:
(a) Mengekalkan keseimbangan badan/Maintains the body balance

(b) Menyelaras/Mengkoordinasi aktiviti otot/Coordinates muscular activities

(c) Mengekalkan postur badan/Maintains the body balance

Kesimpulan

kinestesis
Deria
melihat.
The

kinaesthetic

membolehkan kita mengesan pergerakan anggota badan tanpa

sense enables us to detect body movements without looking.

Tarikh:

AKTIVITI PENGUKUHAN KEFAHAMAN

Berikan dua contoh bagi setiap satu tindakan yang melibatkan penghantaran impuls dalam peta alir yang
berikut./Give two examples for each of the action that involves the transmissions of impulses in the following flow map.
1

Reseptor saraf tunjang efektor

spinal cord
effector

Pantulan
lutut/
Knee
jerk
(a)

Reseptor otak efektor

brain effector
(a) Berjalan/Walking

Receptor

Receptor

(b) Mengangkat kaki apabila terpijak paku

(b) Menari/Dancing

Lifting of the leg when stepping on a nail

(Jawapan murid/Students answer)

12

Objektif Pembelajaran

Tarikh:

2.5 Memahami otak manusia dan kerencamannya

2.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

Otak manusia
Human brain

Masteri

2006 BHG. B, S5(b) 2010 BHG. B, S5(e), 2011 BHG. B, S5 2012 2013 BHG. B, S5(a) (c)

1 Label bahagian otak manusia dan nyatakan fungsinya serta dua contoh aktiviti.

Label the parts of the human brain and state their functions and two examples of activities.

Medula oblongata/Medulla oblongata

Fungsi/Function

P: Serebrum

Q: Serebelum

saraf tunjang
spinal cord

R: Medula oblongata

Mendengar,
menulis

Mengawal keseimbangan badan/

Mengkoordinasi pergerakan badan

Berbasikal,
berjalan

Mengawal tindakan luar kawal

Degupan jantung,
bernafas

Controls body balance/Coordinates

body movements

Cerebellum

Controls involuntary actions

Medulla oblongata

Aktiviti/Activities

Mengawal aktiviti mental/aktiviti

deria/tindakan terkawal

Controls mental activities/sensory

activities/voluntary actions

Cerebrum

Serebrum/Cerebrum

Hearing, writing

Cycling, walking

Heartbeat, breathing

2 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan, label kawasan-kawasan deria dan motor pada otak dalam
ruang yang disediakan. Kemudian, jawab soalan-soalan./Based on the given information, label the
sensory and motor areas of the brain in the spaces provided. Then, answer the questions.

(a)
Bau/Smell
Rasa/Taste
Pertuturan/Speech
Penglihatan/Vision
Pendengaran/Hearing
Kawasan deria/Sensory area
Kawasan motor/Motor area

P
R

P: Kawasan motor/Motor area

Q: Kawasan deria/Sensory area

Q
U

R: Pertuturan/Speech
S: Bau/Smell

T: Rasa/Taste
U: Pendengaran/Hearing
V: Penglihatan/Vision

(b) Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada seseorang jika kawasan yang berikut tercedera?

What will happen to a person if the following areas are injured?

(i) Bahagian P/Part P: Lumpuh/Paralysis
(iii) Bahagian V/Part V: Buta/Blindness
(ii) Bahagian U/Part U: Pekak/Deafness

(iv) Serebrum/Cerebrum:

Hilang ingatan/Tidak dapat berfikir/Loss of memory/Cannot think
(v) Serebelum/Cerebellum:

Tidak dapat mengawal keseimbangan badan/Cannot control the body balance
(vi) Medula oblongata/Medulla oblongata:

Tidak dapat mengawal tindakan luar kawal/Cannot control involuntary actions
(c) Mengapakah permukaan serebrum berkeadaan berlipat-lipat?/Why is the surface of the cerebrum folded?
luas permukaan

Untuk menambahkan
supaya dapat menempatkan lebih banyak
neuron

To increase the

surface area

to place more

neurone

(c) Namakan struktur yang melindungi otak manusia daripada tercedera.

Name the structure which protects the human brain from injury.
Kranium/Tengkorak/Cranium/Skull

13

BAB

Serebelum/Cerebellum

Tarikh:

2.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

KBAT
Masteri

Tindakan terkawal dan tindakan luar kawal

Voluntary and involuntary actions

2004 BHG. C, S3(a) 2012 2013 BHG. B, S5(d)

Lengkapkan jadual untuk membandingkan tindakan terkawal dengan tindakan luar kawal.
Complete the table to compare voluntary and involuntary actions.

BAB

Tidak sedar

Sedar

Serebrum

Menjahit

Medula oblongata

Sentakan lutut Cepat

Knee-jerk

Fast

Autonomi

Dilambatkan

Soma

Menari

Saraf tunjang

Dicepatkan

Bersin

Unconscious
Autonomic

Conscious

Cerebrum

Slowed down

Somatic

Tindakan terkawal

Sewing

Dancing

Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

Perbezaan

Voluntary actions

Speeded up

Sneezing

Tindakan luar kawal

Involuntary actions

Different

Tindakan yang dilakukan

sedar
secara

1 Maksud
Meaning

Serebrum

2 Kawasan
kawalan di otak
Control area

Medula oblongata

3 Penghantaran
impuls
Transmission

saraf
Impuls bergerak melalui
tunjang atau medula oblongata

Actions that are conducted under

conscious
control

Tindakan yang dilakukan secara

tidak sedar
Actions that are conducted under
unconscious control

Cerebrum

Medulla oblongata

in the brain

Impuls bergerak melalui

serebrum
Impulses are transmitted through the
cerebrum

Somatic

4 Sistem saraf
yang terlibat
Nervous system

soma

Sistem saraf

of impulses

nervous system

Impulses are transmitted through the

spinal cord or medulla oblongata

Sistem saraf

autonomi

Autonomic

nervous system

involved

dilambatkan
Dapat
dicepatkan

atau

Can be slowed down or speeded up

Menari
Dancing

dan

menjahit

and

sewing

5 Kelajuan
penghantaran impuls
Speed of impulse

Cepat
Fast

transmission

6 Contoh
tindakan
Examples

Bersin
Sneezing

dan
and

sentakan lutut
knee-jerk

of action

Tarikh:

AKTIVITI PENGUKUHAN KEFAHAMAN

Tuliskan tiga tindakan yang dikawal oleh serebrum dan medula oblongata dalam peta pokok di bawah.
Write three actions controlled by cerebrum and medulla oblongata in the tree maps below.

Tindakan yang dikawal/Action controlled

Serebrum/Cerebrum

Medula oblongata/Medulla oblongata

(a) Berjalan/Walking
(b) Berlari/Running

(a) Bersin/Sneezing
(b) Degupan jantung/Heartbeat

(c) Makan/Eating

(c) Bernafas/Breathing
(Jawapan murid/Student's answer)

14

Objektif Pembelajaran

2.6 Memahami koordinasi kimia dalam badan

2.7 Menganalisa koordinasi antara sistem saraf dengan sistem endokrin

Tarikh:

Sistem endokrin manusia

2.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

KBAT
Masteri

The human endocrine system

2002 BHG. B, S1 2005 BHG. B, S5

Label dan nyatakan fungsi setiap kelenjar endokrin dalam ruang yang disediakan. Kemudian, jawab
soalan-soalan./Label and state the function of each endocrine gland in the spaces below. Then, answer the questions.
Pankreas

Adrenal glands

Otot

Pancreas

Muscles

Testis

Ovari

Kelenjar pituitari
Seks sekunder

Ovary

Testis

Pituitary gland

Metabolisme

Kitar haid

Mental

Induk

Fizikal

Master

Physical

Kelenjar tiroid

Aras gula

Tulang

Sperma

Respirasi

Metabolism

Menstrual cycle

Thyroid gland

Sugar level

Mental
Bones

Secondary sexual

Degupan jantung

Respiration

Sperms

Heartbeat

P: Kelenjar pituitari/Pituitary gland

S: Kelenjar tiroid/Thyroid gland

Fungsi/Function:

Fungsi/Function:

induk

Sebagai kelenjar
yang
merangsang kelenjar endokrin yang
lain dan mengawal pertumbuhan
otot
tulang
dan

Mengawal perkembangan
dan mental serta kadar

To control the blood

mental

and

Fungsi/Function:
Menambahkan kadar
degupan jantung dan respirasi

Q: Pankreas/Pancreas

darah

badan/To control the

physical

T: Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal gland

bones

Fungsi/Function:
aras gula
Mengawal

metabolisme

development
metabolism
and the rate of body

master
As the
gland that
stimulates other endocrine glands and
muscles
controls the growth of
and

serta

dalam

metabolisme

To increase the rate of

respiration , and body

sugar level

badan

heartbeat

and
metabolism

R: Testis/Testis

U: Ovari/Ovary

Fungsi/Function:

Fungsi/Function:
kitar haid
Mengawal

Mengawal penghasilan sperma

dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder

ciri-ciri

To control the production of sperms

and secondary sexual characteristics

A gland without

that secretes

seks sekunder

dan

menstrual cycle
To control the
and
secondary sexual characteristics

1 Apakah itu kelenjar endokrin?/What is an endocrine gland?

duktus
hormon
Kelenjar tanpa
yang merembeskan
dusts

fizikal

hormones

terus ke dalam aliran darah.

directly into the bloodstream.

2 (a) Namakan garam mineral yang diperlukan oleh kelenjar tiroid untuk berfungsi dengan baik.
Name the mineral salt which is required by the thyroid gland to function well.
Iodin/Iodine

(b) Nyatakan satu sumber utama garam mineral di 2(a).

State one main sources of the mineral salt in 2(a).

Makanan laut/Seafood
(c) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan garam mineral di 2(a) dalam gizi kita.
State one disease that is caused by the lack of this mineral salt in 2(a) in our diet.
Goiter/Goitre

3 (a) Namakan hormon yang dirembeskan oleh pankreas./Name a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
Insulin/Insulin

15

BAB

Kelenjar adrenal

(b) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormon yang dinamakan di 3(a).
State one disease that is caused by the lack of the hormone named in 3(a).
Diabetes/Diabetes

4 Seorang lelaki mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa. Berdasarkan sistem endokrin, apakah yang
menyebabkan lelaki itu mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa?

A man has an abnormal height. Based on the endocrine system, what causes the abnormal height in the man?

Kelenjar

BAB

pituitari

pituitary

The

merembes

hormon

yang berlebihan.

hormone

gland secretes excessive

5 Apakah kelenjar endokrin yang merembeskan banyak hormon semasa kecemasan, marah atau
ketakutan?/What is the endocrine gland which secretes a lot of hormone during emergency, feeling anger or fear?
Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal gland
6 Tandakan ( ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada ovari pada seorang perempuan.
Tick ( ) the effects of the lack of the hormonal secretion from the ovaries of a female.

Kitar haid tidak tetap.

The menstrual cycle is irregular.

Keguguran
fetus
berlaku
perempuan itu mengandung.

Miscarriage occurs if she is pregnant.

Perkembangan mental terbantut.

The development of the mental becomes

stunted.

jika

7 Tandakan ( ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada kelenjar tiroid.

Tick ( ) the effects of the lack of the hormonal secretion from the thyroid.

Kadar metabolisme menurun.

The metabolic rate decreases.

Perkembangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder

terbantut./The development of the secondary

Perkembangan
terbantut.

mental

dan

fizikal

Mental and physical development becomes

stunted.

sexual characteristics becomes stunted.

8 Bandingkan koordinasi saraf (sistem saraf) dengan koordinasi hormon (sistem endokrin).

KBAT

Compare the nervous coordination (nervous system) and hormonal coordination (endocrine system).

Endokrin

Lambat

Sangat cepat

Saraf

Berjalan

Serta merta

Saraf

Pertumbuhan

Panjang

Tanpa duktus

Luas

Terhad

Aliran darah

Pendek

Endocrine

Slow

Growth

Long

Very fast
Ductless

Nervous

system

Sistem pengawalan
Controlling system

Komponen

Saraf

saraf

Melalui

Sangat cepat
Very fast

Jangka

pendek

Short

term

Bloodstream

Penghantaran impuls

Sistem

endokrin

Endocrine

Melalui

system

tanpa duktus
glands

aliran darah

By bloodstream

Lambat

Speed of transmission

Slow

Tempoh kesan

Jangka

Long

panjang
term

Terhad

Kawasan sasaran

Luas

Limited

Target area

Wide

Serta merta

Kelajuan gerak balas

Lambat

Immediate

Speed of response

Slow

Berjalan

Contoh penyelarasan gerak balas

Pertumbuhan

Walking

Example of coordinated response

16

Short

Hormonal coordination

Kelajuan penghantaran

Effective period

Nervous

Koordinasi hormon

Ductless

Transmission of impulses

nerves

Immediate

Kelenjar

Component

Nerves

By

Limited

Different

Nervous coordination

saraf

Wide

Walking

Perbezaan

Koordinasi saraf
Sistem

Nerves

Growth

Objektif Pembelajaran

2.8 Menilai kesan penyalahgunaan dadah terhadap koordinasi badan dan kesihatan

2.9 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

Tarikh:

Dadah, alkohol dan kesannya

Drugs, alcohol and their effects

1 Apakah itu dadah?/What are drugs?

fungsi

Bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah

A chemical substance that can change the

function

Kontekstual

fisiologi

dan

physiology

and

badan.
of the body.

BAB

2 Nyatakan jenis dadah berdasarkan contoh-contoh dan ciri-cirinya.

State the types of drugs relating to their examples and their characteristics.

Halusinogen/Hallucinogen

Stimulan/Stimulants
Jenis dadah

Depresen/Depressants

Ciri-ciri

Types of drugs

(a) Depresen

Opiat/Opiate

Contoh

Characteristics

Examples

Mengurangkan tekanan jiwa dan

menenteramkan fikiran

Transkuilizer, barbiturat

(b) Stimulan

Meningkatkan kegiatan otak

Amfetamin, nikotina, kafein

(c) Opiat

Melegakan kesakitan dan kegelisahan

Morfin, heroin, kokain

(d) Halusinogen

Menyebabkan khayalan

Ganja, LSD, ketamin

Depressants

Tranquilisers, barbiturates

Reduce mental pressure and calm anxiety

Stimulants
Opiate
Hallucinogens

Increase the activity of brain

Amphetamine, nicotine, caffeine

Relieve pain and anxiety

Morphine, heroin, cocaine

Cause hallucinations

Marijuana, LSD, ketamine

3 Tandakan ( ) kesan-kesan penyalahgunaan dadah kepada seorang penagih dadah.

Tick ( ) the effects of drug abuse on a drug addict.

Menggeletar dengan mata dan hidung berair

Gangguan jiwa

Menjadi lebih aktif setiap masa

Depresi dan keinginan membunuh diri

Trembling with watery eyes and nose

Becomes more active all the time

Berat badan menurun disebabkan

kehilangan selera makan

Loss of weight due to loss of appetite

Psychological disturbances
Depression and suicidal thoughts

Berasa mengantuk dan kurang

sedar akan persekitarannya.

Feeling sleepy and less aware of the surroundings

4 Lengkapkan ruang tentang minuman beralkohol dan pilih jawapan yang betul tentang kesan-kesannya.
Complete the spaces on alcoholic drinks and choose the correct answers on their effects.

etanol

(a) Minuman beralkohol mengandungi

. Contoh: bir dan

ethanol

wiski./Alcoholic drinks contain
. Examples: beer and whisky.
(b) Minuman beralkohol dikategorikan sebagai minuman keras kerana
alkohol
kandungan
yang tinggi./Alcoholic drinks are categorised

as hard liquor because of their high

alcohol

content.

(c) Tandakan ( ) kesan-kesan etanol terhadap kesihatan jika diambil secara berlebihan.

Tick ( ) the effects of ethanol on health if consumed excessively.

Merosakkan sel-sel hati dan menyebabkan sirosis hati.

Menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi dan penyakit jantung.

Damages liver cells and causes liver cirrhosis.

Causes high blood pressure and heart disease.

Penglihatan menjadi kabur dan pendengaran

menjadi kurang peka.

Galeri Info

Dadah penenang
melambatkan gerak balas
terhadap rangsangan.
Depressant drugs slow down
responses towards stimuli.

Vision becomes blurred and hearing sensitivity is reduced.

Mengakis dinding dalam perut dan menyebabkan gastrik atau ulser.

Corrodes the inner stomach walls and causes gastritis or ulcers.

Menyebabkan mata dan hidung berair.

Causes watery eyes and nose.

Melambatkan gerak balas terhadap rangsangan semasa kecemasan.

Slows down response to stimulation during an emergency.

17

Objektif Pembelajaran

Tarikh:

2.10 Menyedari kepentingan minda yang sihat dan baik

2.10 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN

Minda
Mind

Kontekstual

Minda ialah keupayaan otak untuk berfikir dan menaakul.

The mind is the ability of the brain to think and reason.

1 Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan ciri-ciri minda yang sihat dan yang kurang sihat.

BAB

Based on the above statement, classify the mind into the healthy mind and unhealthy mind.

Berdikari

Kurang yakin

Sentiasa risau

Berkasih sayang Bersikap positif

Cepat marah

Bertanggungjawab

Bersikap sabar

Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri

Independent
Short-tempered

Lacks confidence
Responsible

Worries constantly

Caring

Being patient

Positive attitude

Lacks self-control

Minda/Mind

Minda yang sihat

Minda yang kurang sihat

Healthy mind

Unhealthy mind

Berdikari/Independent
Berkasih sayang/Caring
Bersikap positif/Positive attitude
Bertanggungjawab/Responsible
Bersikap sabar/Being patient

Kurang yakin/Lacks confidence

Sentiasa risau/Worries constantly
Cepat marah/Short-tempered
Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri
Lacks self-control

2 Tandakan ( ) faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan minda menjadi kurang sihat.

Tick ( ) the factors that cause the mind to become unhealthy.

Tekanan mental

Menghidapi suatu penyakit

Penagihan dadah

Ketidakseimbangan hormon

Sentiasa bersenam

Pengambilan berlebihan alkohol

Gizi makanan yang terlalu seimbang

Pengaruh rakan sebaya

Mental stress

Drug addiction

Regular exercise

Diet which is too balanced

Keadaan persekitaran seperti kualiti udara

Environmental conditions such as the quality of air

Suffering from a disease

Hormonal imbalance

Excessive intake of alcohol

Influence by peer groups

Pengambilan pil vitamin

Intake of vitamin pills

Tarikh:

AKTIVITI PENGUKUHAN KEFAHAMAN

2006 BHG. B, S5(c) & (d)

Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan seorang budak lelaki sedang menendang bola

yang melibatkan lintasan impuls seperti di bawah.
Diagram on the left shows a boy kicking a ball that involved the impulse pathways as
shown below.

Neuron X
Mata/Eye Neurone X

Neuron Y
Otak/Brain Neurone Y

Otot/Muscle

1 Apakah neuron X dan Y?/What are neurones X and Y?

X: Neuron deria/Sensory neurone
Y: Neuron motor/Motor neurone
2 Apakah yang akan berlaku pada lelaki itu sekirannya neuron Y tercedera?
What will happen to the man if neurone Y is injured?

Tidak dapat menendang bola/Cannot kick the ball

18

REVISI EKSPRES
1 Lengkapkan carta pengelasan sistem saraf manusia.
Complete the classification chart on the human nervous system.

Telinga/Ear

(e) Saraf spina

Spinal nerves

deria
P: Neuron
Sensory neurone

(b) Saraf tunjang

Spinal cord

sistem saraf soma

somatic nervous system
sistem saraf autonomi
autonomic nervous system

Otak/Brain

(c) Sistem saraf pusat

Central nervous system

Q: Neuron

(f) Sistem saraf periferi

Peripheral nervous
system

motor

Motor

neurone

Efektor/Effector
3 Nama dan labelkan tiga jenis neuron di bawah./Name and label three types of neurones below.
(a)
(i) Badan sel/Cell body
(ii) Reseptor/Receptor

(b)

(i) Dendrit/Dendrite

(c)
(i) Dendrit/Dendrite
(iii) Dendron/Dendron

(ii) Akson/Axon
(iii) Akson/Axon
(iv) Dendron/Dendron
Neuron deria/Sensory neurone

(iii) Dendron/Dendron
Neuron perantaraan/Relay neurone

(ii) Akson/Axon
(iv) Badan sel/Cell body
Neuron motor/Motor neurone

4 Isi tempat kosong tentang fungsi neuron./Fill in the blanks on the functions of neurones.
reseptor
(a) Neuron deria membawa impuls dari
ke sistem saraf pusat .
A sensory neurone transmits impulses from a

receptor

to the

central nervous system .

(b) Neuron perantaraan membawa impuls dari neuron deria ke neuron motor .
A relay neurone transmits impulses from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone .
efektor .
(c) Neuron motor nembawa impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke
A motor neurone transmits impulses from the

central nervous system

effector

to an

5 (a) Label keratan rentas saraf tunjang dan arka refleks yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Tandakan ( ) bagi
arah pergerakan impuls./Label the cross-section of the spinal cord and the reflex arcs are shown below. Mark the
direction () of the movement of the impulse.
(iii) Neuron deria/Sensory neurone
(ii) Sinaps/Synapse

(iv) Reseptor/Receptor

(i) Saraf spina/Spinal nerve

(vii)

Neuron perantaraan/Relay neurone

(v) Efektor/otot/Effector/muscle

(vi) Motor neurone/Neuron motor

19

BAB

(d) Saraf kranium

Cranial nerves

(a) Otak
Brain

2 Nyatakan neuron P dan Q yang

terlibat dalam suatu tindakan
terkawal.
State neurones, P and Q, which are
involved in a voluntary action.

(b) Lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan arka refleks bagi tindakan refleks.
Complete the flow chart below to show the reflex arc for a reflex action.

Rangsangan
Stimulus
(g) Efektor/Otot
Effector/Muscle

BAB

impuls
impulse

(a) Reseptor
Receptor

(f) Neuron motor

Motor neurone

(b) Neuron deria

Sensory neurone
(e) Sinaps
Synapse

(c) Sinaps
Synapse
(d) Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone

6 Lengkapkan ruang tentang deria kinestesis manusia.

Complete the spaces on the human kinaesthetic sense.
Y: Proprioresptor/reseptor regang/Proprioceptor/Stretch receptor
Dua bahagian lain Y ditemui/Two other parts where Y is found:
Tendon dan ligamen/Tendons and ligaments

X: Neuron deria
Sensory neurone

Fungsi/Functions:
(a) Mengekalkan keseimbangan badan/Maintains the body balance
(b) Mengkoordinasi aktiviti otot/Coordinates muscular activities

otot
muscle

7 Label dan nyatakan fungsi bahagian otak.

Label and state the functions of the parts of the brain.
Bahagian/Part
K

saraf tunjang
spinal cord

terkawal

Serebrum
Cerebrum

Mengawal tindakan
Controls voluntary

Serebelum
Cerebellum

Mengawal keseimbangan badan

body balance
Controls

Medula oblongata
Medulla oblongata

Mengawal tindakan luar kawal

Controls involuntary actions

L
M

Fungsi/Function

actions

8 (a) Label bahagian deria dan motor pada otak dan padankan kesan buruk jika kawasan itu tercedera.
Label the sensory and motor parts of the brain and match with the adverse effects if they are injured.
Bahagian
Parts
P

Kawasan motor
Motor area

Buta
Blindness

Pendengaran
Hearing

Kehilangan deria bau

Loss of the senses of smell

Bau
Smell

Lumpuh
Paralysis

Penglihatan
Vision

Pekak
Deafness

Q
R
S

Kesan jika tercedera

Effect if injured

(b) Nyatakan satu kesan kepada seseorang jika serebrum dan serebelum tercedera.
State one effect to a person if the cerebrum and cerebellum are injured.
(i) Serebrum/Cerebrum : Hilang ingatan/Loss of memory
(ii) Serebelum/Cerebellum : Tidak boleh mengawal keseimbangan badan/Cannot control the body balance

20

 9 Label struktur sistem endokrin dan isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai.
Label structures of the endocrine system and fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal gland

(c) Kelenjar pituitari/Pituitary gland

Sebagai kelenjar induk
As the master gland

Menambahkan/Increases the
kadar degupan jantung
rate of heartbeats

(b) Pankreas/Pancreas

kadar metabolisme

Mengawal

dan
perkembangan mental dan fizikal .
Control the rate of metabolism and the
development of mental and physical .

Mengawal aras/Control the level of

gula dalam darah/sugar in blood
Menghasilkan/Produces
insulin/insulin
insulin

Kekurangan

iodin
Kelenjar ini memerlukan
untuk berfungsi.
This gland needs iodine to function.
iodin
Kekurangan
akan

akan

diabetes
menyebabkan
insulin
Lack of
will cause

diabetes

mengakibatkan goiter .
Lack of iodine will cause goitre .

(f) Testis/Testis

BAB

(d) Kelenjar tiroid/Thyroid gland

Mengawal penghasilan sperma .

Control sperms production.

(e) Ovari/Ovary

Mengawal
Control the

kitar haid

menstrual cycle

PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN
Kertas 1

Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat jawapan pilihan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan kelenjar

endokrin bagi manusia.
Diagram 1 shows the human
endocrine glands.

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan lintasan impuls dalam arka refleks bagi suatu

tindakan refleks.
Diagram 2 shows the flow of impulses in a reflex arc for a reflex action.
Reseptor
Receptor

Impuls
Impulse

A
B

Efektor
Effector

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Apakah P, Q dan R?/What are P, Q and R?

C
D
Rajah 1/Diagram 1

Antara kelenjar A, B, C dan

D, yang manakah tidak
berfungsi dengan baik jika
seseorang menghidap goiter?
Which of the glands, A, B, C or
D, is not functioning well if a
person suffers from goitre?

A Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone

Neuron deria
Sensory neurone

Neuron motor
Motor neurone

B Neuron deria
Sensory neurone

Neuron motor
Motor neurone

Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone

C Neuron motor
Motor neurone

Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone

Neuron deria
Sensory neurone

D Neuron deria
Sensory neurone

Neuron perantaraan
Relay neurone

Neuron motor
Motor neurone

KLON SPM 2009

KLON SPM 2007/2009/2010

21

 3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan lintasan impuls dalam tindakan terkawal manusia.

Diagram 3 shows the flow of impulses in a voluntary action of humans.
Ransangan
Stimulus

Otak
Brain

Efektor
Effector

Gerak balas
Response

9 Rajah
6
menunjukkan
sebahagian daripada sistem
saraf pusat manusia.
Diagram 6 shows parts of the
human central nervous system.

Rajah 3/Diagram 3

BAB

Apakah X?/What is X?
A Tendon/Tendon
B Kelenjar/Gland

C Otot/Muscle
D Reseptor/Receptor

KLON SPM 2007/2010

4 Antara yang berikut, yang

manakah menunjukkan arka
refleks semasa tindakan refleks?
Which of the following shows the
reflex arc for a reflex action?
A Reseptor neuron deria
neuron perantaraan
neuron motor efektor
Receptor sensory neurone
relay neurone motor
neurone effector
B Reseptor neuron motor
neuron perantaraan
neuron deria efektor
Receptor motor neurone
relay neurone sensory
neurone effector
C Efektor neuron deria
neuron motor neuron
perantaraan reseptor
Effector sensory neurone
motor neurone relay
neurone receptor
D Efektor neuron motor
neuron deria neuron
perantaraan reseptor
Effector motor neurone
sensory neurone relay
neurone receptor

6 Pernyataan manakah yang

benar tentang hormon?
Which statement about hormones
is true?
A Mengawal tindakan refleks
Control reflex actions
B Dihasilkan di dalam otak
sahaja
Produced in the brain only
C Dihasilkan dalam orang
dewasa sahaja
Produced in adults only
D Dirembeskan oleh kelenjar
tanpa duktus
Secreted by ductless glands

KLON SPM 2006/2009

8 Rajah
5
menunjukkan
struktur otak manusia.
Diagram 5 shows the structure of
the human brain.

KLON SPM 2014

7 Aktiviti yang manakah meru

pakan tindakan luar kawal?
Which activity is an involuntary
action?
A Menulis
Writing
B Berjalan
Walking
C Menghidu
Smelling
D Bersin
Sneezing

Rajah 6/Diagram 6

Apakah yang dikawal oleh Y?

What does Y control?
A Tindakan terkawal
Voluntary actions
B Tindakan luar kawal
Involuntary actions
C Keseimbangan badan
Body balance
D Tindakan refleks
Reflex actions
KLON SPM 2005/2008/2009/2010

10 Rajah 7 menunjukkan sejenis

neuron.
Diagram 7 shows a neurone.

Rajah 7/Diagram 7

Antara bahagian A, B, C dan

D, yang manakah akson?
Which of the parts, A, B, C and
D, is an axon?

Antara bahagian A, B, C dan

D, yang manakah mengawal
tindakan luar kawal?
Which of the areas, A, B, C or
D, controls involuntary actions?

Apakah fungsi neuron ini?

What is the function of this
neurone?
A Menghantar impuls ke
efektor
Transmits impulses to effectors
B Menerima impuls dari
sistem saraf pusat
Receives impulses from the
central nervous system
C Menghantar impuls dari
neuron deria ke neuron
motor
Transmits impulses from
sensory neurones to motor
neurones
D Menghantar impuls dari
reseptor ke sistem saraf
pusat
Transmits impulses from the
receptor to central nervous
system.

KLON SPM 2011

KLON SPM 2005/2006/2009/2010

KLON SPM 2006/2007

5 Rajah
4
menunjukkan
struktur suatu neuron.
Diagram 4 shows the structure
of a neurone.

KLON SPM 2012

B
D
B

Rajah 4/Diagram 4

Rajah 5/Diagram 5

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Kertas 2
Bahagian B/Section B
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia.

Diagram 1 shows parts of the human brain.

KLON SPM 2011 & 2012 BHG. B, S5

BAB

K: Serebrum/Cerebrum
P

L: Serebelum/Cerebellum

M: Medula oblongata
Medulla oblongata

saraf tunjang
spinal cord

Rajah 1/Diagram 1

(a) Pada Rajah 1, namakan bahagian K, L dan M menggunakan istilah yang berikut:
On Diagram 1, name the parts labelled K, L and M by using the following terms:
Medula oblongata/Medulla oblongata Serebrum/Cerebrum Serebelum/Cerebellum
(b) Nyatakan satu fungsi M./State one function of M.
Mengawal tindakan luar kawal/Controls involuntary actions
(c) Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada seseorang jika bahagian L tercedera?
What will happen to a person if part L is injured?
Tidak dapat mengawal keseimbangan badan/Cannot control the body balance
(d) Tandakan ( ) tindakan yang dikawal oleh bahagian K.
Tick ( ) the actions which are controlled by part K.
Degupan jantung
Menari
Melihat

Heartbeat
Dancing
seeing

Muntah
Vomiting

(e) Pada Rajah 1, labelkan P untuk menunjukkan bahagian yang mengawal pendengaran.
In Diagram 1, label P to show the part that controls hearing.
Bahagian C/Section C
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all the questions.
2 (a) Degupan jantung dan mendengar masing-masing ialah contoh tindakan luar kawal dan tindakan
KLON SPM 2004 BHG. C, S3
terkawal. Nyatakan empat perbezaan antara kedua-dua tindakan itu.
Heartbeat and hearing are examples of involuntary and voluntary actions respectively. State four differences
between these two actions.
[4 markah/4 marks]
(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat contoh tindakan luar kawal pada seorang budak lelaki.
KBAT Diagram 2 shows four examples of involuntary actions of a boy.
Bersin/Sneezing
Muntah/Vomiting

Pencernaan makanan/Food digestion

Tindakan luar kawal
Involuntary actions

Denyutan nadi/Pulse beat

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Kaji maklumat dalam Rajah 2 dan bina konsep tindakan luar kawal.
Study the information in Diagram 2 and construct the concept of involuntary action.
[6 markah/6 marks]

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