Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

MESIN KONVERSI ENERGI Semester Gasal TA 2011/2012

TOPIK: Sistem Pendingin

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Tujuan Mahasiswa mampu :

Menjelaskan komponen-komponen utama mesin pendingin-pemanas dan cara kerjanya. Memahami prinsip kerja siklus refrifgerasi Melakukan perhitungan dan perancangan siklus pendingin-pemanas. Mengetahui sifat-sifat refrigerant yang baik Menghitung beban pendinginan Menghitung parameter prestasi (COP)

Pengertian penting
Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Refrigeration : Perpindahan kalor dari media bertemperatur rendah ke media bertemperatur lebih tinggi. Refrigerators : Mesin yang menghasilkan refrigeration Refrigeration cycles : siklus yang digunakan dalam menghasilkan refrigeration. Refrigerants : Fluida kerja yang digunakan dalam refrigerators. Heat pumps : Refrigerators yang digunakan untuk pemanasan 1 Ton of Refrigeration = Kalor yang diambil dari 1 ton (2,000 lb) air yang bersuhu 32 F sehingga menjadi es pada 32 F selama 24 jam 1 Ton = 12,000 Btu/h = 3.517 kW

Hukum II Termodinamika
Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Kalor selalu mengalir dari medium bertemperatur tinggi ke medium bertemperatur rendah

Kalor hanya mengalir jika ada perbedaan temperatur Tujuan : Mengambil kalor dari medium bertemperatur rendah dan memberikannya ke medium yang bertemperatur lebih tinggi Apakah pernyataan ini memenuhi Hukum II Termodinamika?

Refrigerator dan Pompa Kalor (heat pump)

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Refrigerator dan heat pump

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Refrigerator dan heat pumps pada dasarnya merupakan peralatan yang sama.

Refrigerator dan heat pumps berbeda hanya pada tujuannya saja. Tujuan dari refrigerator adalah mengambil kalor (QL) dari medium bersuhu rendah (mempertahankan ruang pendingin tetap dingin)
Tujuan dari heat pump adalah mensuplai kalor (QH) ke medium bersuhu tinggi (mempertahankan ruang pemanas tetap panas)

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Konstruksi Dasar Mesin Pendingin

A : Kompresor B : Fan Motor C : Pipa Ekspansi D : Kondenser E : Evaporator

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

1.
2. 3.

Kompresor
Alat untuk memampatkan gas refrigerant (pendingin) yang masuk supaya dapat mencair di Kondensor.

Kondenser
Melepaskan panas yang diambil Refrigerant di Evaporator dan mencairkannya.

Pipa Kapiler/Ekpansi
Pipa Kapiler yang berdiameter kecil, berfungsi menurunkan tekanan aliran . Dengan turunnya tekanan memungkinkan Refrigerant untuk menguap.

4.

Evaporator
Evaporator adalah media penguapan bagi cairan Refrigerant dan selama menguap, Refrigerant menyerap panas dari udara disekitarnya.

Catatan :
4 ( empat ) komponen diatas saling berhubungan satu sama lain menjadi satu siklus di mana refrigerant bersirkulasi, Selama sirkulasi berlangsung refrigerant diuapkan secara berulang-ulang untuk proses pendinginan.

Aliran Refrigerant dalam Siklus

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Cair 5 oC, 70 Psi

Cair 50 oC, 240 Psi

Kapiler
Kondenser

Campuran

Campuran

Fan

Fan

Gas Tekanan Rendah 70 Psi Temperatur Rendah 10 oC

Gas Tekanan Tinggi 240 Psi Temperatur Tinggi 90 oC

Kompresor

COP : Refrigerator and heat pump

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Unjuk kerja (prestasi) refrigerator dan heat pump dinyatakan dalam coefficient of performance (COP), yang didefinisikan sebagai:

Reverse Carnot Cycle = Carnot Heat Pump

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

WARM medium at TH

QH
Condenser

T-s Diagram T
3

QH

P2
2

Turbine

Compressor
4

Win
4 1

P1

Evaporator

QL

QL
COLD medium at TL

Siklus carnot dibalik (The Reversed Carnot Cycle)

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Refrigerator atau heat pump yang bekerja berdasarkan siklus Carnot yang dibalik (reversed Carnot cycle) disebut refrigerator Carnot atau Pompa Kalor Carnot (a Carnot heat pump) COP nya adalah :

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

The Ideal Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

In an ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle, the refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor and is cooled to the saturated liquid state in the condenser. It is then throttled to the evaporator pressure and vaporizes as it absorbs heat from refrigerated space.

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

The ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle consists of following four processes. 1 2: Isentropic compression in a compressor. 2 3: Constant pressure heat rejected in condenser. 3 4: Throttling in an expansion device (same enthalpy remains constant) 4 1: Constant pressure heat absorption in an evaporator.

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

In a household refrigerator, the freezer compartment where heat is absorbed by the refrigerant serves as the evaporator. The coils behind the refrigerator, where heat is dissipated to the kitchen air serve as the condenser.

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

The area under the process curve on a T-s diagram represents the heat transfer. Another diagram frequently used in the analysis of vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is P-h diagram.

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles

There are many irreversibilities that occurs in various components. Two common sources of irreversibilites are fluid friction (causes pressure drop) and heat transfer to or from surrounding.

Cascade Refrigeration Systems

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

For applications that require large temperature and pressure ranges, refrigeration is performed in stages(2 or more). Large pressure range means poor compressor performance. Performing refrigeration in stages is achieved by Cascade Refrigeration Cycles (that is more than a refrigeration cycle operating in series). Cascading improves the COP of a refrigeration system. The refrigerant in both cycles could be the same or different. Using the following figure ,write expressions for mass flow rates ratio and COP? See Example 10.3

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Cascade Refrigeration Systems

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems

The heat exchanger in Cascade Refrigeration System can be replaced by a mixing chamber if the refrigerant in the two cycles is the same. Such system is called Multistage Compression Refrigeration System. Liquid refrigerant (exit of condenser) expands to the mixing (flash) chamber pressure where part of it vaporizes ( see Fig.) The saturated vapor mixes with the superheated vapor (point 3) from the exit of the low pressure compressor. Hence, two-stage compression with inter-cooling. Multistage Compression decreases the work of the compressor

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Multistage Compression Refrigeration Systems

Gas Refrigeration Cycles

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Gas Refrigeration Cycle is reversed Brayton cycle (see Fig.). Note, the expansion process is performed in a turbine rather than a throttling valve as in vapor compression refrigeration systems (Why?). The heat transfer processes donot take place at constant temperatures. Hence, it differs from Carnot Cycle. Hence, Gas Refrigeration Cycle do have lower COPs relative to vaporcompression refrigeration cycles. Illustrate by a T-s diag.? Gas Refrigeration Cycles involve simple lighter components (Aircraft cooling) and can incorporate regeneration (suitable for liquidation of gases) Multistage Compression decreases the work of the compressor

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Gas Refrigeration Cycles

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Gas Refrigeration Cycle with Regeneration

Absorption Refrigeration Systems

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Refrigeration in which there is a source of inexpensive thermal energy at a temperature of 100 to 200OC is absorption refrigeration The refrigerant is absorbed by a transport medium and compressed in liquid form. The most widely used absorption refrigeration system is the ammonia water system where ammonia serves as the refrigerant and water as the transport medium Other absorption refrigeration systems include waterLithium bromide where water serves as a refrigerant (limited applications-Why?).

Absorption Refrigeration Systems

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

The basic principles can be discussed by the Ammonia absorption refrigeration cycle shown in Fig. ARS are: complex, occupy more space and less efficient (hence, expensive compared to vapor compression systems). In ARS liquid is compressed instead of vapor, thus the work input is very small compared to vapor compression systems. Write an expression for the COP of an ARS?
Derive an expression for the maximum COP of an absorption refrigeration system and comment?

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Absorption chillers
Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Absorption chillers are air-conditioning systems based on absorption refrigeration.

Absorption chillers cooling capacity decreases sharply with decrease in source temperature.

The COP is affected less by decrease in source temperature.

Read more about absorption chillers.

Syarat-syarat refrigeran adalah

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Tidak beracun Tidak dapat terbakar atau meledak sendiri bila bercampur dengan udara, pelumas dan sebagainya Tidak menyebabkan korosi terhadap logam yang dipakai pada sistem refrigerasi. Bila terjadi kebocoran mudah dicari Mempunyai titik didih dan tekanan kondensasi yang rendah Mempunyai susunan kimia yang stabil, tidak terurai setiap kali dimampatkan, dikondensasikan dan dievaporasikan Perbedaan antara tekanan evaporasi dan tekanan kondensasi harus sekecil mungkin Mempunyai panas latent evaporasi yang besar, agar panas yang diserap evaporator besar jumlahnya dengan bahan pendingin sedikit.

KODE WARNA REFRIGERAN

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

Bahan pendingin diidentifikasi dengan nomor-nomor dibelakang huruf R (yang berarti refrigeran)

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

PENGGUNAAN REFRIGERAN

Mesin Konversi Energi II PSTM-UP

PEMAKAIAN REFRIGERAN