MODUL 5

Perancangan Alat Pengubah Panas,

Tekanan dan Fasa

Donna Imelda, S.T., M. Si

Chemical Engineering Department
Jayabaya University
RPKPS

KOMPETENSI INDIKATOR MATERI

MEMAHAMI JENIS-JENIS MAHASISWA MAMPU MEMILIH ALAT PENGUBAH PANAS,

PERALATAN TERKAIT DENGAN ALAT YANG TEPAT YANG TEKANAN DAN FAS SEPERTI: HE,
PERUBAHAN YANG TERJADI DIPERLUKAN DALAM PROSES KOMPRESOR, KONDENSOR DLL.
PADA TEMPERATURE, TEKANAN UNTUK MENGUBAH PANAS,
DAN FASA TEKANAN DAN FASA
Analisis Pinch
▪ Analisis Pinch adalah sebuah metodologi untuk memperkecil pemakaian energi dari proses
kimia dengan menghitung target energi secara pasti menggunakan prinsip termodinamika yang
dapat dicapai dengan mengoptimalkan sistem pemulihan panas, metode pasokan energi dan
kondisi proses operasi.
▪ Metode ini juga disebut dengan teknologi pinch atau sebagai integrasi proses, integrasi panas,
dan integrasi energi.
▪ Metode ini dimulai dengan mendata seluruh aliran panas dari unsur pemasok dan aliran dingin
dari unsur pemakai energi dalam suatu proses. Data aliran panas dan aliran dingin ini kemudian
digabungkan ke dalam suatu kurva yang dinamakan sebagai kurva komposit.
▪ Titik terdekat antara kurva komposit aliran panas dan kurva komposit aliran dingin disebut
dengan Titik Pinch.
Alat Pengubah
Panas
Basic Concept
▪ Heat is transferred to or from process streams using other process streams or heat-transfer
media.
▪ In a final process design, every effort is made to exchange heat between process streams and
thereby minimize the use of heat-transfer media (usually referred to as utilities)
▪ Inevitably, however, some use of media, mostly cooling water, steam, and the products of
combustion, is necessary.
▪ Heat-transfer media are classified as coolants (heat sinks) when heat is transferred to them
from process streams, and as heat sources when heat is transferred from them to process
streams
Heat Transfer Media
▪ Process design includes the selection of
appropriate heat-transfer media, data for
which are listed in Table 18.1, where the
media are ordered by temperature range of
application.
▪ The most common coolant, by far, is cooling
water, which is circulated through a cooling
tower.
▪ The cooling tower restores the cooling water
temperature to 90 F by contacting the water
with air, causing evaporation of a small
amount of the water.
Heat Transfer Media

▪ The most common heat source for heating

and/or vaporizing process streams in autility
exchanger is steam, which is available in most
chemical plants from a boiler, at two, three, or
more pressure levels
▪ When exchanger inlet temperatures of
process streams to be cooled are higher than
250 F, consideration is given to transferring at
least some of the heat to treated boiler feed
water to produce steam.
EQUIPMENT FOR HEAT EXCHANGE
▪ As listed in Table 18.2, a wide variety of
equipment is available for conducting heat
exchange.
▪ Commercial units range in size from very
small, double-pipe heat exchangers, with less
than 1 ft2 of heat-transfer surface, to large, air
cooled units called fin-fan heat exchangers
because they consist of tubes with external
peripheral fins and fans to force air past the
tubes.
▪ For specialized applications, compact heat
exchangers are challenging shell-and-tube
units.
Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers

▪ A typical double-pipe unit is shown in Figure

18.7a. In its simplest form, it consists of an
inner straight pipe of circular cross section,
concentric to and supported within an outer
straight pipe by means of packing glands.
▪One stream flows through the inner pipe,
while the other stream flows counter currently
through the annular passage between the
outer wall of the inner pipe and the inner wall
of the outer pipe.
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

Heat-transfer area per unit volume is greatly

increased by placing a large number of small-
diameter tubes inside a shell, that is, a
pressure vessel.
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers, whose design
is standardized by the Tubular Exchanger
Manufacturers Association (TEMA) and has
changed little in almost 70 years
▪ Many configurations of shell-and-tube heat exchangers are available, withFigure18.8a being the
simplest. It is a one tube-pass, one-shell-pass, fixed (stationary)-head heat exchanger.
▪ One stream (tube-side fluid) flows through the tubes; the other (shell-side fluid) flows through the shell,
across the outside of the tubes.
▪ The exchanger consists of
▪ a shell (1),
▪ to which are attached an inlet nozzle (2) and
▪ an outlet nozzle (3) for the shell-side fluid.
▪ At either end of the shell are tube sheets (4), into which tubes are expanded to prevent leakage of streams
between the tube side and the shell side.
▪ Attached to the tube sheets are channels (5)
▪ with inlet and outlet nozzles (6, 7) for the tube-side fluid.
▪ Attached to the channels are covers (8, 9).
▪ To induce turbulence and increase the velocity of the shell-side fluid, transverse baffles (10), through which the
tubes pass, are employed on the shell
 ▪ Movement of gases can be accomplished by use of fans,
blowers, vacuum pumps, and compressors.

Alat Pengubah ▪ Fans are useful for moving gases when pressure differences
less than about 0.5 psi are involved.
Tekanan ▪ Centrifugal blowers can handle large volumes of gases, but
the delivery pressure is limited to approximately 50 psig.
▪ Reciprocating compressors can be employed over a wide
range of capacities and pressures, and they are used
extensively in industrial operations.
▪ Sizes of reciprocating compressors ranging from less than 1
to 3000 hp are available, and some types can give delivery
pressures as high as 4000 atm.
Kompresor
▪ Compressor efficiencies are usually expressed as isentropic efficiencies, i.e., on the basis of an
adiabatic reversible process. Isothermal efficiencies are sometimes quoted, and design
calculations are simplified when isothermal efficiencies are used.
▪ In either case, the efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power required for the ideal process
to the power actually consumed.
▪ Because the energy necessary for an isentropic compression is greater than that required for an
equivalent isothermal compression, the isentropic efficiency is always greater than the
isothermal efficiency.
▪ For reciprocating compressors, isentropic efficiencies are generally in the range of 70 to 90
percent and isothermal efficiencies are about 50 to 70 percent.
▪ Multistage compression is necessary for high efficiency in most large compressors if the ratio of
the delivery pressure to the intake pressure exceeds approximately 5 : 1.
Alat Pengubah
Fasa
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