Pengertian dari kalimat langsung adalah kalimat yang dikutip dari perkataan seseorang tanpa

merubah kata-kata dan selalu dibubuhkan tanda kutip pada kalimatnya. Sedangkan kalimat
tidak langsung adalah kalimat yang merupakan penyampaian apa yang diucapkan seseorang
tetapi di dalam kalimat tersebut terdapat perubahan kata-kata dan tidak mengubah maksud.
Kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung terbagi menjadi tiga, yakni pernyataan (statement),
perintah (command), dan pertanyaan (question).

Kalimat Perintah
Pada kalimat perintah, kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung terbagi menjadi kalimat perintah
positif dan kalimat perintah negatif. Pada kalimat perintah perlu ditambahkan to di depan
kalimatnya.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini :
Kalimat perintah positif :
He asked me, open the door
He asked me to open the door.
Kalimat perintah negatif :
She told me, dont eat that meal
She told me not to eat that meal

Kalimat Pernyataan
Dalam kalimat pernyataan, sering digunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai penghubung antar
kalimat pengantar dan kalimat yang dilaporkan.
Perhatikanlah contoh kalimat berikut ini :
Kalimat langsung : He told his friend, I have a new car
Kalimat tidak langsung : He told his friend that he had a new car
Kalimat langsung : She said, I work in a factory
Kalimat tidak langsung : She said that she worked in a factory.

Kalimat Pertanyaan
Pada kalimat tanya, kata-kata tanya seperti where, when, why, what, who, how, dan lain-lain
digunakan sebagai kata hubung.
Contoh :
That girl asked me, where do you live?
That girl asked me where i lived
Jane asked me, When did you get back from your trip?
Jane asked me when I had got back from my trip.
Jika kalimat tanya membutuhkan jawaban yes or no, kata yang kita gunakan adalah if atau
whether (jika, apakah).
Contoh :
The teacher asked me, have you finish your homework?
The teacher asked me if i had finished my homework.
John asked me, did you see Jane at the party yesterday?
John asked me whether I had seen Jane at the party yesterday
Direct dan Indirect Speech
Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang
mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti
orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).

Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga
mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik
(") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").

He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."

He asked me, "why do you come late."

Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.

He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."

He asked me, "why do you come late."

Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct
dan indirect speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda
petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan
mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik
tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat
perintah). Misalnya:
No Direct Speech
He said, "I have a present for you in my
01
bag."
02 He asked me, "why do you come late."
03 He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."

Indirect Speech
He said that he had a present for me in his
bag.
He asked me why I came late.
He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya,
maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan
dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
No Direct Speech
They asked me, "Do you want to join us
01
to play football?"
He asked me, "Does she want to mary
02
me?"

Indirect Speech
They asked me if/whether I want to join
them to play football.
He asked me if/whether she wants to mary
her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When,
WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
No
01
02
03
04
05

Direct Speech
He asked me, "why do you come late?"
He asked me, "what does she eat?"
He asked me, "when did you come?"
He asked me, "who are you?"
He asked me, "who is she?"

Indirect Speech
He asked me why I came late.
He asked me what she ate.
He asked me when I came.
He asked me who I was.
He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis
yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu,
penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
No
01
02
03
04
05
06
07

Direct Speech
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Future
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous

Indirect Speech
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Future
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
No
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12

Direct Speech
V1 (eat)
V2 (ate)
Am/is/are
Do/does
Do/does not
Did not
Was/were
Am/is/are + V-ing
Was/were +V-ing
Has/have + V3
Will/shall/can/may/must
Could/might/should/would + V1/be

Indirect Speech
V2 (ate)
Had + V3 (had eaten)
Was/were
Did
Did not
Had not + V3
Had been
Was/were + V-ing
Had been + V-ing
Had + V3
Would/should/could/might/had to
Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct
speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect
speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal)
berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
No
01
02
03
04
05

Indirect Speech
He said that he was busy.
She said that she was unwell.
I said that I would be late.
They said that they would not permit that.
We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai
objek pada reported speech.
No
01
02
03

Direct Speech
He said, I am busy.
She said, I am unwell.
I said, I will be late.
They said, We will not permit this.
We said, We need to buy some clothes.

Direct Speech
He said to me, You have to come with me.
She said to me, You can go.
She said to him, You can go.

Indirect Speech
He told me that I had to go with him.
She told me that I could go.
She told him that he could go.

Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami
perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.

No Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
01 He said, She is a good girl.
He said that she was a good girl.
02 She said, They have invited us.
She said that they had invited them.
They said, He does not have the necessary They said that he did not have the
03
qualifications.
necessary qualifications.
4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi
adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan
tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
No
01
02

Direct Speech
Now
To day

03

Tomorrow

04

Next ...

Indirect Speech
Then
That day
The next day
The day after
The following day
A day later
The ... after

05

Last ...

06

... ago

07

Yesterday

08
09
10
11

The day before yesterday

Here
This
These

The following ...

The ... before
The Previous ...
... before
... earlier
The day before
The previous day
The preceeding day
Two day before
There
That
Those

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman
mengenai penjelasan di atas.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said, I have a present for you in my bag. He said that he had a present for me in his
(+)
here
bag there.
(-)

(?)

He said, I do not have a present for you in

my bag

He said that he did not have a present for

me in his bag.

He asked, Do I have a present for you in my He asked me if/whether he had a present

bag?
for me in his bag.

(?) He asked me, Why do I have to have a

present for you in my bag?

He asked me why he had to have a

present for me in his bag.

(!) He ordered/commanded me, Bring my bag He ordered/commanded me to bring his

here now!
bag there then.
(!) He ordered me, Dont bring your bag here! He ordered me not to bring my bag there.