DIRECT DAN INDIRECT SPEECH Ada dua cara untuk mengungkapkan apa yang seseorang katakan yaitu: langsung

(direct) dan tidak langsung (indirect/reported). Pada kalimat langsung, kita mengulangi ucapan pembicara (speaker) sama persis. Kalimat langsung biasanya digunakan dalam percakapan di dalam buku, drama, ataupun dalam tanda kurung. Contoh: He said, I have lost my umbrella. Kalimat langsung (direct) mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu: reporting sentence dan reported sentence. Reporting sentence adalah klausa yang berisi siapa yang berbicara, sedangkan reported sentence adalah klausa yang berisi apa yang dibicarakan. Contoh: Mike said, I will come to your house. reporting reported Sedangkan, pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect), kita mengungkapkan maksud ucapan pembicara dengan ungkapan yang tidak sama persis. Contoh: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT) A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect) Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan that. Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila: 1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung 2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut 3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut 4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul Contoh: Direct John (phoning from the station), Im trying to get a taxi. Siska says, The sun rises every morning. Indirect John says that he is trying to get a taxi. Siska says that the sun rises every morning. Namun demikian, kalimat tidak langsung biasanya diawali dengan verb lampau (past tense). Pada hal ini, verb pada reported sentence harus diganti dengan turun satu level. Perubahan tenses tersebut dapat dilihat dalam tabel yang ada di bawah ini:

Penjelasan Direct dan Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)

Posted by Ahmad Fathoni Penjelasan Direct dan Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) - Direct dan Indirect Speech merupakan materi grammar bahasa Inggris yang banyak diajarkan di jenjang SMP dan SMA. Direct dan Indirect Speech atau yang biasa disebut reporter speech ini menjadi langganan bentuk soal yang sering keluar di UN baik untuk SMP dan SMA. Atas dasar begitu pentingnya materi Direct dan Indirect Speech ini, maka pada kesempatan kali ini penulis memberikan penjelasan mengenai Direct dan Inderct tersebut dengan lengkap kepada pengunjung sekalian. Semoga bermanfaat. Direct dan Indirect Speech Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place). Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech. Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").

He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." He asked me, "why do you come late."

Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.

He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." He asked me, "why do you come late."

Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.

1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect. Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya: No Direct Speech 01 Indirect Speech

He said, "I have a present for you in my He said that he have a present for me in bag." his bag. He asked me why I come late. He ordered me to don't bring a bag.

02 He asked me, "why do you come late." 03 He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita). Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya: No Direct Speech 01 02 They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?" Indirect Speech They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.

He asked me, "Does she want to mary He asked me if/whether she wants to me?" mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubaha menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

No Direct Speech 02 He asked me, "what does she eat?" 03 He asked me, "when did you come?" 04 He asked me, "who are you?" 05 He asked me, "who is she?" 2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Indirect Speech He asked me what she eats. He asked me when I came. He asked me who I am. He asked me who she is.

01 He asked me, "why do you come late?" He asked me why you come late.

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti. Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech. No Direct Speech 01 Simple Present 02 Present Continuous 03 Present Future 04 Present Perfect 06 Simple Past 07 Past Continuous Indirect Speech Simple Past Past Continuous Past Future Past Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

05 Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu: No Direct Speech 01 V1 (eat) 02 V2 (ate) 03 Am/is/are 04 Do/does 05 Do/does not 06 Did not 07 Was/were 08 Am/is/are + V-ing 09 Was/were +V-ing 10 Has/have + V3 11 Will/shall/can/may/must Indirect Speech V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten) Was/were Did Did not Had not + V3 Had been Was/were + V-ing Had been + V-ing Had + V3 Would/should/could/might/had to

12 Could/might/should/would + V1/be Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been 3. Perubahan Pronoun Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech. No Direct Speech 01 He said, I am busy. 02 She said, I am unwell. 03 I said, I will be late. 04 They said, We will not permit this. 05 We said, We need to buy some clothes. Indirect Speech He said that he was busy. She said that she was unwell. I said that I would be late. They said that they would not permit that. We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech. No Direct Speech 01 He said to me, You have to come with me. Indirect Speech He told me that I had to go with him. She told me that I could go. She told him that he could go.

02 She said to me, You can go. 03 She said to him, You can go.

Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech. No Direct Speech 01 He said, She is a good girl. 02 She said, They have invited us. 03 Indirect Speech He said that she was a good girl. She said that they had invited them.

They said, He does not have the They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications. necessary qualifications. 4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini. No Direct Speech 01 Now 02 To day 03 Tomorrow Indirect Speech Then That day The next day The day after The following day A day later The ... after The following ... The ... before The Previous ... ... before ... earlier The day before The previous day The preceeding day There That Those

04 Next ... 05 Last ... 06 ... ago 07 Yesterday

08 The day before yesterday Two day before 09 Here 10 This 11 These

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas. Direct Speech (+) (-) (?) He said, I have a present for you in my bag. here Indirect Speech He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.

He said, I do not have a present for you in He said that he did not have a present my bag for me in his bag. He asked, Do I have a present for you in my bag? He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag. He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.

He asked me, Why do I have to have a (?) present for you in my bag? (!) He ordered/commanded me, Bring my bag here now!

(!)

He ordered me, Dont bring your bag here!

He ordered me not to bring my bag there.