Propagasi Selular

Pendekatan Analitik dan Empirik

Mobile Radio Channel Characterisation

Theoretical approach
Free space loss
Plane earth path loss
Diffraction loss
Empirical/prediction approach
Okumura-Hatta
- Blomquist-Ladel
Lee
- Alsebrook
Egli
- Ibrahim Parson
Measurement of large scale and application in coverage prediction
Some examples

MODEL PROPAGASI SISTEM SELULAR

Model untuk memperkirakan redaman :
Model teoretis
Model empiris
Model Lee
Persamaan Umum Redaman Propagasi
Perkiraan Titik demi Titik
Model Okumura-Hatta
Faktor Koreksi Undulasi
Faktor Koreksi Kemiringan
Model Teoretis Sederhana

d = d1 - d0

h1
h2

Karakterisasi Propagasi
Mobile Radio Propagasi
Large-scale propagation

Mean signal

Small-scale propagation

Signal Variation

Theoretical approach
Empirical/prediction approach
Statistical modelling
(lognormal for large scale path
loss)

Time
spreading of
signal

Time
variation of
channel

Model Teoretis Sederhana

Daya yang diterima melalui gelombang langsung :
Por

Pt
Gt
Gt
d

=
=
=
=
=

Pt G t G r

1
4 d/

Daya pancar
Gain antena pemacar (BS)
Gain antena penerima (MS)
Jarak pemancar - penerima
Panjang gelombang yang dipakai

Daya yang diterima melalui gelombang langsung dan gelombang pantul:

Pr

Pt G t G r

1
4 d/

1 cos

jsin

Model Teoretis Sederhana

Dengan menurunkan persamaan dalam tanda mutlak, maka diperoleh
persamaan sederhana sebagai berikut :
Pr

Pt G t G r

h1 h 2
d2

Persamaan tersebut menghasilkan dua kondisi yang sesuai dg percobaan, yaitu :

Path loss sebesar 40 dB / dekade (sebanding dengan d-4) atau 12 dB /
oktaf.
Penambahan path loss dari jarak d1 ke d2 = 40 log d2/d1
Pertambahan gain sebesar 12 dB/dekade atau 6 dB/oktaf untuk setiap
penambahan ketinggian antena BS.
Penambahan gain antena dari h1 ke h2 = 20 log h2/h1
Sedangkan hasil yang tidak sesuai dg percobaan dan perlu faktor koreksi , yaitu:
Tidak terdapat faktor interferensi (pjg gel.)
Rumus empiris : Pr = f-n dengan 2 < n < 3
Teoretis : penambahan tinggi antena pada MS : 6 dB/oktaf
empiris : pengurangan tinggi antena 1/2 - nya : gain berkurang 3 dB.

Theoretical approach
Free space formula
Received power density at distance d when Tx antena gain Gt is
Wt G t
Pr
4 d2
Wt G t 2 G r
Wr
Received power when Rx antenna gain Gt is
4 d2 4
Ratio of Rx/Tx power is

Wr
Wt

G tG r

4 d

c
G tG r
4 df

Free space path loss is Lp(FS) [dB] = 32.45 + 20 log f + 20 log d

Plane earth propagation

Rx

Tx

ht

hr

Ratio of Rx/Tx power is

Wr
Wt

G tG r

4 d

1- e

Path loss model plane earth is

20 log ht 20 log hr

Wr
Wt

hthr
G tG r
d2

Lp(PE) = 120 + 40 log d

Diffraction Loss

h (positif)

Tx

d1

d2

d1

Tx

d2
h (negatif)

Rx
Rx

The difference of path length between direct and diffracted ray is

d

h 2 d1 d 2
2 d1d 2

Fresnel zone (path clearance)

The phase difference when h << d1 and h << d2 is
2 h 2 d1 d 2
v2
2 d1d 2
2
with v is diffraction parameter which can be expressed as
2

2 d1 d 2
d1d 2

The n-th Fresnel zone is area between Tx and Rx inside the

ellipsoide with radius of its cross section of rn where
rn

n d 1d 2
d1 d 2

Diffraction Loss

Diffraction loss can be computed from

0
When v=0 (h=0) diffraction
loss is 6 dB above free space loss
When v=-0.8 diffraction
loss is negligible (56 % of
The 1st Fresnel zone is clear)

4
8
12
16

20
24

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Empirical Prediction Approach

Based on signal measurement
Okumura
Lee
Egli

- Blomquist-Ladel
- Alsebrook
- Ibrahim-Peterson

Mathematical Formulation based on signal measurement

Hatta (Japan)
COST-231 (Europe)

Okumura Model

Okumura develop propagation model based on extensive signal

measurements in Kanto (near Tokyo) areas.

Propagation environments are classified into:

Urban areas (highly dense populated areas)
Suburban areas (moderate population)
Open/rural areas (few population, rare building/structure)

Okumura develop propagation loss (mean and variance) in the form of

curves of propagation loss vs distance for different parameters, such as
frequencies, antenna heights, ground curvature/undulation, etc).

Okumura curves often used by others to construct mathematical models.

Hatta and COST-231 Models

Masaharu Hatta makes use of Okumura model and transform

Okumura curves into Hatta mathematical formulas, therefore the
name of Okumura-Hatta model.

Project COST - 231 in Europe further develop mathematical

formula of Hatta model for use in DCS/PCS frequencies (1800
MHz).

Hatta model is valid for urban area, and corrections factors are
provided for suburban and open areas.

Hatta dan COST-231 models are the most common models used in
cellular system due to their simple use with reasonable accuracy.

Okumura Hatta Model

For urban area:
Lpu [dB] = 69.55 + 26.16 log f 13.82 log hb a(hm) + (44.9 6.55 log hb) log d

Lp(open) = Lp(urban) 4.78(logf)2 + 18.33 log f 40.94

Model Okumura - Hatta

Okumura melakukan percobaan di daerah Tokyo dg menggunakan :
Tinggi antena BS : 200 m
Tinggi antena Ms : 3 m
Hatta menyatakan hasil percobaan Okumura dalam bentuk persamaan :
KLASIFIKASI
DAERAH

RUMUS REDAMAN PERAMBATAN

PELAYANAN
Lu = 69,55 +26,16 log fc 13,82 log hb a (hm) + (44,9
6,55 log hb) log R..(dB)
Faktor koreksi untuk tinggi antena stasiun mobil
yang bergantung kepada tipe daerah urban yang
dibagi sebagai berikut :
Medium small city :
a (hm) = (1,1 log fc 0,7) hm (1,56 log fc 0,8) .(dB)
Large City
Urban Area

a (hm) = 8,29 (log fc 1,54 hm)2 1,1 , fc < 200 MHz

a (hm) = 3,2 (log fc 11,75 hm)2 4,97 , fc > 400 MHz

Sub Urban Area

Lsu = Lu (urban area) 2 [log (fc/28)]2 5,4 .(dB)

Open Area

Lo = Lu (urban area) 4,78 (log fc)2 + 18,33 log fc

40,94 .(dB)

Keterangan :
fc

= frekuensi kerja yang berharga : 150 MHz 1500 MHz

hb = tinggi antena stasiun tetap (RBS) : 30 m 200 m

hm = tinggi antena stasiun mobil (MS) : 1 m 3 m
R

= jarak pemancar penerima : 1 km 20 km

Model Lee...
Dua pendekatan umum untuk menentukan 2 parameter tsb. :
Jika tipe daerah atau struktur bangunan tidak sama dengan hasil
pengukuran yang telah ditabelkan di atas, maka harus dilakukan
pengukuran.
Pr

Pro
Pro

r
ro

f
fo
log

r
ro

n
o

(linier )

n log

f
fo

(dB)

r = jarak dari BS ke MS dlm km

ro = jarak dari BS ke MS 1,6 km.
= konstanta propagasi dalam dB/dekade
o = faktor koreksi parameter terhadap keadaan sebenarnya, antara lain
parameter : tinggi antena BS ( 1), tinggi antena MS ( 2), daya pancar BS
( 3), gain antena BS ( 4), gain antena MS ( 5).

Model Lee...
Kondisi standar yang digunakan Lee, dalam mencari konstanta propagasi :
Frekuensi fo : 900 MHz
Tinggi BS : 30,48 m (100 ft)
Daya pada antena BS : 10 Watt (40 dBm)
Gain antena BS : 6 dB terhadap dipole
Tinggi antena MS : 3 m (6 ft)
Gain antena MS : 0 dB terhapadap dipole
Dengan menggunakan data tersebut, Lee melakukan percobaan di berbagai
daerah dengan hasil seperti digambarkan pada gambar di halaman berikut.

Model Lee
(Persamaan Umum)
Perkiraan area ke area menurut Model Lee membutuhkan 2 parameter :
Daya pada jarak tertentu biasanya 1,6 km / mil (Pro)
Kemiringan redaman atau path loss slope ( ).
Dua pendekatan umum untuk menentukan 2 parameter tsb. :
Membandingkan tipe daerah / struktur bangunan

Lee Model
Lee formulated the path loss of being
Lp[dB] = L0 + log d ; with L0 is path loss at d = 1 km and is the
path loss slope.
Area

L0 [dB]

(dB/decade]

Free space

91.2

20

Open/rural area

90.4

43.5

Suburban area

104.3

38.4

New Ark

105.5

43.1

Philadelphia

112.8

36.8

New York City

117.5

48

Tokyo

128.1

30.5

Egli Model
Based on Plane Earth Theoretical model with correction factors
Lp [dB] = 120 + 40 log d 20 log ht 20 log hr +

Where ht and hr is Tx and Rx antenna height respectively, d is path length

and = 20 log (f/40) in dB for correction of carrier frequency.

Egli model is derived from propagation measurement using the carrier

frequencies of between 90 and 1000 MHz.

Egli model is therefore has a limited application for such an area which can
be considered as a plane earth situation.

Blomquist-Laded Model
This model considers the combination of free space, plane earth,
and diffraction loss models together.
The model is expressed as
Lp [dB] = Lfree space +{(Liplane earth Lfree space)2 + (Ldiffraction)2}1/2

For more than one diffraction mechanisms, diffraction loss is

computed using multiple diffraction loss from Bullington, Epstein
Peterson, and Deygout models.
For situation with no diffraction, this model become the plane earth
model

Alsebrook Model

Based on measurement in British cities areas (Birmingham and Bath at frequencies

of between 75 and 450 MHz.
For flat areas Lp [dB] = Lplane earth +LB + , where LB is correction for building and is
correction for UHF frequencies.
For hilly areas Lp [dB] = Lfree space +{(Liplane earth Lfree space)2 + (Ldiffraction)2}1/2 + LB
+
Correction for building is

L B [dB] 20 log

h0 hm
548 Wfx10

16

Where ho is average height of building, hm is mobile antenna height, effective

width of street, and f is carrier frequency
Correction of carrier frequency is increasing linearly from 0 to 15 dB as frequency
increases from 200 to 500 MZ

Ibrahim-Peterson Model

Based on measurement in London areas at freq 168 900 MHz with Base
antenna height 46 m.
Semi empirical formula based on regression analysis from signal
measurement, which is then correlated with plane earth model for
corrections.
Path loss model is Lp [dB] = 40 log d 20 log(hbhm) +
= 20 + f/40 +0.18 L 0.34 H +K
Where
L = land use factor (percentage of area covered by building)
H = terrain factor (different of average ground height between Tx and Rx)
K = urbanisation factor (K = 0.094 U 5.9 [dB]), U is the percentage of building
having 4 or more floors)

Path Loss Measurement

The received signal looks like this

2 wavelength

The proper measurement distance is L = 2 because if measurement

distance is too short may not give the mean value (signal still
varying) and if too long may average out large scale (large scale
variation is smoothed out).
The number of measurement samples n >36 for 90 % confidence
interval.

Regression from Measurement Data

Select several locations at d1
And perform measurement
For the mean path loss

Repeat for d2 and d3, etc

d1

d2

d3

Plot the mean value of

Path loss as a function of
Distance
See next page

Cell site (Tx)

Obtain the Mean and Std Deviation

Measurement for urban, suburban,
and open areas
At a constant radius,
path loss can be difference

79

From regression we can

75
obtain the best fit for the mean
as well as the std deviation
around the mean
Example for urban : path loss
Slope = 33.2 dB/decade and
Std dev. = 7 dB

Path loss [dB]

85

x
x
x

x
o

o
o

o o

suburban

open #

x x

x x

o
o

urban

Distance d [km]

#
#

Application in Coverage prediction

Example at distance d2 = 4 km (see previous page for urban area)

Path loss at 4 km is 79 dB.
This path loss is designed for the mean
value at 50 % confidence level

Since std. Dev for urban in

this example is 7 dB,
therefore to obtain
confidence level of 84 % (1 )
need margin of 7 dB and
for confidence of 97.7 % (2 )
need margin of 14 dB

d1

Cell site
(Tx)

d2

d3

JARAK JANGKAU BTS

Contoh data :
Frekuensi kerja BS
Sistem modulasi FM dengan F
Daya pancar BS
faktor derau
Tinggi antena BS
Tinggi antena MS
Gain antena BS
Gain antena MS
Redaman feeder di BS

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

800 MHz
12 KHz
10 Watt
7 dB
40 m
1,5 m
8,5 dB
2 dB
3,2 dB per 40

a. Menghitung nilai ambang penerimaan dg keandalan thd. Fading cepat

kTB
= 10 log (1,38 x 10-23 . 300 . 2 (12+3,4) )
= - 128,9 dBm
Faktor derau= 7 dB
FM threshold = 10 dB

Perhitungan Jarak Jangkau RBS

Cadangan fading cepat = 8,7 dB
(untuk keandalan 90 %)
TOTAL
= - 103,2 dBm

b. Nilai ambang penerimaan dengan keandalan terhadap fading lambat

Nilai ambang sesungguhnya (misal keandalan didasarkan pada 90% fading
cepat dan 90% pada fading lambat) dihitung sbb. :
P( rd ro )
1 erf ( x )

0 .9
rd

1
md

erf ( x )
1,30

1,30
103,2 m d

daerah urban 6,8 dB ;

Maka m d
94,36 dBm
md = nilai rata-rata sinyal penerimaan pada jarak d dari BS (logaritmik, dBm)

Perhitungan Jarak Jangkau RBS

c. Redaman di daerah Urban (contoh di daerah urban) :
Nilai fc = 800 MHz,
Tinggi antena BS hb = 40 m
Tinggi antena MS hm = 1,5 m

Redaman dapat dinyatakan sebagai fungsi radius sel sbb. :

L =
L =

69,55 + 26,16 log (800) - 13,82 log 40 - 0 +

(44,9 - 6,55 log (40)) log R
123, 35 + 34,4 log R

d. Jarak jangkau sebuah BS

Atx

Power (P)

Loss (T)

Arx

Redaman perambatan (L)

Perhitungan Jarak Jangkau RBS

d. Jarak jangkau sebuah BS
Jarak jangkau dihitung sbb. :
Pr
-94,36
L

= Pt - T + Atx - L + Arx - a
= 40 - 2,5 8,5 - L + 2 - 3,2
= 139,16

Dari persamaan di halaman sebelumnya (49) diperoleh :

L

123,35 + 34,4 log R

2,88 km.

Jarak jangkauan BS tersebut dengan contoh data sederhana yang disajikan di

atas menghasilkan radius sel = 2,88 km.
Pada kenyataan tentunya tidak sesederhana seperti contoh perhitungan disini.

Contoh persoalan : Model Lee

(Perhitungan Titik Demi Titik)
Kondisi Dengan Penghalang

Contoh :
Terdapat kontur sbb. :

hp

35 m
60 m
25 m

3m
5m

4km

6km

Frekuensi kerja sistem tersebut = 900 MHz.

Hitung redaman total sistem dengan penghalang tersebut.

Jawaban : Soal Model Lee

(Perhitungan Titik Demi Titik)
Kondisi Dengan Penghalang
Jawab :

hp

dihitung 20,8 m

Panjang gelombang
V

20,8

2
1
1 / 3 4000

Dari grafik diperoleh V

ao

28,1

20 log10

Maka redaman rambat

300
900
1
6000

1/ 3 m
1,04

1,04 diperoleh a z

14 dB

20 log 900 107,18 dB

107,18 dB 14 dB

121,18 dB

Example

A mobile terminal located at the cells edge is receiving signal from a BTS in
urban area. The minimum signal level (receicer sensitivity) of the MS is 100
dBm. BTS Tx power is 10 W at 40 m high, feeder loss at BTS is 7 dB, BTS Tx
antenna gain is 13 dB, mobile Rx antenna gain is 3 dB, handset body loss is 3
dB. Operating carrier freq is 1.8 GHz.
Compute cell radius using Okumura-Hatta Model.
If it were in free space condition, compute the received signal level at the
MS.

Answer
Rx_min = Tx Lf + Gt Lu +Gr LB Lu=40 -7+13 +100+3-3 = 146 dB
Hatta Lpu=69.55+26.16 log(1.8x103)-13.82 log(40) + [44.9-6.55 log(40)] log R
146 = 154.7 22.14 + 34.4 log R R = 2.5 km (cell radius).
Lfreespace = 32.45 + 20 log (1.8x103) + 20 log (2.5) = 105.5 dB
Rx = 40 7 + 13 105.5 + 3 3 = - 59.5 dBm (Received signal level if freespace)

Ringkasan
Propagation path loss (Large scale path loss) is a measure of path
loss expressed in terms of the mean value and its variation around
the mean.
Large scale path loss is well known to be lognormally distributed
(Normal distribution in dB scale).
Large scale path loss is useful for prediction of the received signal,
coverage prediction, and hand-off control.
Reliability (confidence level) of the received signal can be computed
when path loss slope and the std. dev. of the path loss are known