Phrases

Phrase adalah kelompok kata yang saling berkaitan namun tidak mengandung unsur subject dan
verb.
Jenis Jenis Phrase dan contohnya:
Jenis

Keterangan
Contoh Kalimat Phrase
Noun phrase merupakan frasa antara noun (pronoun
atau number) dan satu atau lebih modifier
Are you waiting someone
(determiner, adjective, participle, dll).
special?
Noun Phrase
(Kamu sedang menunggu
Contoh phrase:
orang spesial?)

Adjective
Phrase

my book, the next page, someone special

Adjective phrase merupakan frasa yang terdiri dari
adjective dan modifier, determiner, dan/atau
Never have I been angry
intensifier.
with you.
(Aku tidak pernah marah
Contoh phrase:
denganmu.)

angry with you, very beautiful

Adverb phrase merupakan frasa yang terdiri dari
The people couldnt do
adverb dengan qualifier (too, very, so, enough, etc)
anything during the
atau berupa prepositional atau infinitive phrase.
Adverb
hurricane.
Phrase
(Orang-orang tidak dapat
Contoh phrase:
melakukan apapun selama
badai.)
very good, to love weight, during the hurricane
Prepositional phrase merupakan gabungan antara
preposition dengan object dan
There is distance between
berfungsi sebagai adverb.
Prepositional
you and me.
Phrase
(Ada jarak antara kamu dan
Contoh phrase:
aku.)
at school, because of rain, between you and me

Infinitive
Phrase

Infinitive phrase merupakan kombinasi antara

infinitive dan object, dimana berfungsi sebagai
noun, adjective, atau adverb.
Contoh phrase:

The best time to call him is

at night.
(Waktu terbaik untuk
menelponnya adalah
dimalam hari.)

to run through the rain, to call him, to hear the news

Gerund

Gerund phrase terdiri dari gerund dan modifier

He should feel ashamed for

dan/atau noun(s), pronoun(s), atau noun phrase,

dimana berfungsinya sebagai noun.
Phrase

Participial
Phrase

Contoh phrase:
his singing, getting the best score, giving bribes to
win the election
Participial phrase merupakan kombinasi antara
participle (present atau past participle) dengan
modifier dan/atau complement. Fungsinya sebagai
verb [bersama auxiliary membentuk progressive,
perfect (continuous), dan passive voice]
atau adjective.
Contoh phrase:
playing basketball, being parked there, working in
my room
Appositive phrase berupa noun phrase, gerund
phrase, atau infinitive phrase yang berfungsi
menerangkan noun atau pronoun lain.

Appositive
Phrase

Absolute
Phrase

Contoh phrase:

giving bribes to win the

election.
(Dia seharusnya merasa
malu memberi suap untuk
memenangkan pemilihan.)

Working in my room, I
didnt let someone else to
disturb.
(Bekerja di ruanganku, aku
tidak membiarkan orang lain
menggangu.)

His hobby, sailing across

the ocean, takes a lot of
time.
(Hobinya, berlayar
menyeberangi lautan,
memakan banyak waktu.)

a foremost scientist, the best-selling car in

Indonesia, sailing across the ocean
Absolute phrase merupakan
His hands tugging on his
kombinasi noun atau pronoun dan participle dengan mothers shirttail, the little
atau tanpa modifier. Fungsinya menerangkan
boy asked his mother to buy
independent clause yang dipisahkan dengan koma. a toy.
(Tangannya menarik-narik
Contoh phrase:
ujung baju ibunya, anak
kecil itu meminta ibunya
membelikan mainan.)
His hands tugging on his mothers shirttail

Source: http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-kalimat-phrasefrasa-dalam-bahasa-inggris

Clauses

Clause adalah kelompok kata yang mengandung subject dan predicate. Clause mungkin berupa
sentence (dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu kalimat: independent clause) atau seperti
sentence (tidak dapat berdiri sendiri: dependent clause) yang berada di dalam complex sentence.
Contoh Clause:

Independent Clause
Independent clause dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai suatu kalimat. Tipe kalimat yang terdiri dari
satu independent clause disebut simple sentence. Klausa ini dapat pula dikombinasikan dengan
independent clause yang lain untuk membentuk compound sentence (digabungkan oleh
coordinate conjunction: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so; adverbial conjunction (however, rather,
therefore, dll); atau hanya semicolon).
Contoh Independent Clause:
Macam
Simple
Sentence

Contoh Kalimat

The ceremony started at 07.00 a.m. (Upacara mulai jam tujuh pagi.)
She prefer mango to orange. (Dia lebih suka mangga daripada jeruk.)
I like that bag, but I have no money. (Saya suka tas itu, tapi saya
tidak punya uang.)

Compound Shes not bad; rather, shes very kind. (Dia tidak jahat. Malahan dia
Sentence sangat baik.)
Youve already finished my task; you can go home early. (Kamu sudah
menyelesaikan tugas, jadi kamu bisa pulang lebih cepat.)

Dependent Clause

Dependent clause mengandung subject dan predicate namun tidak dapat mengungkapkan suatu
pikiran yang utuh karena klausa ini diawali oleh suatu kata (subordinator) yang menyebabkan
makna dari klausa tersebut menggantung. Klausa ini harus dihubungkan (membentuk complex
sentence) atau disatukan dengan independent clause untuk menjadikannya make sense atau
dapat dipahami maknanya sebagai kalimat yang utuh. Ada tiga dependent clause dasar, yaitu:
noun clause, adjective clause, dan adverbial clause. Penjelasan singkat dan contohnya sebagai
berikut.
Jenis
Clause

Penjelasan

Klausa ini berfungsi seperti noun atau pronoun

Noun
(subject, subject complement, object) di dalam
Clause
suatu kalimat.

Contoh Kalimat
That today is my
birthday is not right.
(Tidak benar bahwa hari
ini ulang tahun saya.)

People who chew

well may have healthy
Adjectiv Baik adjective, maupun adverbial clause
digestion. (Orang yang
digunakan bersama independent clause
e
mengunyah dengan baik
Clause (berperan sebagai main clause) untuk
membentuk complex sentence. Adjective clause mungkin punya
pencernaan yang sehat.)
berperan seperti adjective yang menerangkan
noun atau pronoun pada main clause, sedangkan You were sleeping when
Adverbi adverbial clause menerangkan verb, adjective,
she arrived. (Dia tiba
al
atau adverb pada main clause.
ketika kamu sedang
Clause
tertidur.)

Elliptical Clause
Elliptical clause adalah dependent clause yang satu atau lebih elemen penyusunnya dihilangkan
karena dianggap sudah dimengerti (understood). Biasanya elemen yang dihilangkan
berupa subject dan/atau verb atau relative pronoun.
Contoh Elliptical Clause:

When you are in love, keep your mind sharp. (Ketika jatuh cinta, jaga pikiranmu tetap tajam.)
Source: http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-dan-contoh-kalimat-clause-klausa-dalambahasa-inggris

Active and Passive Voice

Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the worlds languages. It is

the unmarked voice for clauses featuring a transitive verb in nominativeaccusative languages,
includingEnglish and most other Indo-European languages.
Active voice is used in a clause whose subject expresses the agent of the main verb. That is, the
subject does the action designated by the verb. A sentence whose agent is marked as grammatical
subject is called an active sentence. In contrast, a sentence in which the subject has the role
of patient or theme is called a passive sentence, and its verb is expressed in passive voice. Many
languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence
construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.
Passcive Voice verbs are used in writing much more often than in speech, and they are used in
some types of writing much more often than in others. Passives are used more in journalism
(newspaper, magazines) than in fiction (novels, stories), but most journalists and fiction writers
use far more active than passive sentences. However, passive are very common in all types of
scientific and technical writing. Scientific articles often contain more passive than active
sentences. You should not use passive voice verbs unless you have a good reason.
This is pattern of Passive Voice Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Patter to Tenses :
Simple Present Tense
Active : S + V1 + O
Passive : S + To Be (is, am, are) + V3

Simple Past Tense

Active : S + V2 + O
Passive : S + To Be (was/were) + V3

Present Continuous Tense

Active : S + To Be (is, am, are) + Ving + O
Passive : S + To Be (is, am, are) + being + V3

Past Continuous Tense

Active : S + To Be (was/were) +Ving + O
Passive : S + To Be (was/were) + Being + V3

Present Perfect Tense

Active : S + Auxiliary (has/have) + V3
Passive : S + Auxiliary (has/have) + Been + V3

Past Perfect Tense

Active : S + Had + V3
Passive : S + Had + Been + V3

Present Future Tense

Active : S + Will/Shall + V1
Passive : S + Will + Be + V3

Past Future Tense

Active : S + Would/Should + V1
Passive : S + Would/Should + Be + V3

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : S + Has/Have + Been + Ving

Passive : S + Has/Have + Been + Being + V3

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Active : S + Had + Been + Ving
Passive : S + Had + Been + Being + V3

Present Future Perfect Tense

Active : S + Will + Has/Have + V3
Passive : S + Will + Has/Have + Been + V3

Past Future Perfect Tense

Active : S + Would + Has/Have + V3
Passive : S + Would + Has/Have + Been + 3

Present Future Cntinuous Tense

Active : S + Will + Be + Ving
Passive : S + Will + Be + Being + V3

Past Future Continuous Tense

Active : S + Would + Be + Ving
Passive : S + Would + Be + Being + V3

Example:

Simple Present Tense : Use be in passive voice is (is, am and are)

Active : She waters this plant every two days
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days

Simple Past Tense : Use be in passive voice is was or were.

Active : She watered this plant this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning

Present Continuous Tense : Use be in passive voice is (is, am and are) + being.
Active : She is watering this plant now
Passive : This plant is being watered by her now

Past Continuous Tense : Use be in passive voice is was or were + being.

Active : She was watering this plant
Passive : This plant was being watered by her

Present Perfect Tense : Use be in passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary has or
have, thus becoming has been or have been.
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes

Past Perfect Tense : Use be in passive voice is been placed after the auxiliary had, thus
becoming had been.
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here

Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

Modals
The door couldnt be opened by me
Maya will be visited her home by her grandmother
The book should have been accept two days ago

Source: http://noviaendahlestari.wordpress.com/2013/04/11/bahasa-inggris-active-and-passivevoice/

Sentences

Writing in English begins with the sentence. Sentences are then combined into larger structures
such as essays, business reports, etc. There are four sentence types in English. The first sentence
type is the most common:
Declarative
A declarative sentence "declares" or states a fact, arrangement or opinion. Declarative sentences
can be either positive or negative. A declarative sentences ends with a period (.).
Examples
I'll meet you at the train station.
The sun rises in the East.
He doesn't get up early.
Imperative
The imperative form instructs (or sometimes requests). The imperative takes no subject as 'you'
is the implied subject. The imperative form ends with either a period (.) or an exclamation point
(!).
Examples
Open the door.
Finish your homework
Pick up that mess.
Interrogative
The interrogative asks a question. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb precedes the
subject which is then followed by the main verb (i.e., Are you coming ....?). The interrogative
form ends with a question mark (?).
Examples
How long have you lived in France?
When does the bus leave?
Do you enjoy listening to classical music?

Exclamatory

The exclamatory form emphasizes a statement (either declarative or imperative) with an

exclamation point (!).
Examples
Hurry up!
That sounds fantastic!
I can't believe you said that!
Sentence Types
All of these sentence types further fall into four basic sentence type categories in English.

Simple
Compound

Complex

Compound - Complex

Simple Sentences
Simple sentences contain no conjunction (i.e., and, but, or, etc.).
Examples
Frank ate his dinner quickly.
Peter and Sue visited the museum last Saturday.
Are you coming to the party?
Compound Sentences
Compound sentences contain two statements that are connected by a conjunction (i.e., and, but,
or, etc.).
Examples
I wanted to come, but it was late.
The company had an excellent year, so they gave everyone a bonus.
I went shopping, and my wife went to her classes.

Complex Sentences
Complex sentences contain a dependent clause and at least one independent clause. The two
clauses are connected by a subordinator (i.e, which, who, although, despite, if, since, etc.).
Examples
My daughter, who was late for class, arrived shortly after the bell rang.
That's the man who bought our house
Although it was difficult, the class passed the test with excellent marks.
Compound - Complex Sentences
Compound - complex sentences contain at least one dependent clause and more than one
independent clause. The clauses are connected by both conjunctions (i.e., but, so, and, etc.) and
subordinators (i.e., who, because, although, etc.)
Examples
John, who briefly visited last month, won the prize, and he took a short vacation.
Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent him a card when he finally remembered.
The report which Tom compiled was presented to the board, but it was rejected because it was
too complex.
Conditional Sentencs
Pengertian Conditional Sentences adalah kalimat bersyarat. Kalimat ini memiliki dua klausainduk kalimat dan anak-kalimat-yang dihubungkan dengan menggunakan "IF". Kalimat ini
memiliki makna "seandainya" atau "jika". Di dalam bahasa Inggris, tipe kalimat ini dibagi
menjadi 3, yaitu :
1. First Conditional
2. Second Conditional
3. Third Conditional
A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE I
1. Susunan
If + S + V1, S + will + V1 + O
Contoh :
a. If I see Barlie, I will tell him.
(Jika saya bertemu Barlie, saya akan mengatakan kepadanya.)
b. If Julie is free tomorrow, he will invite her.
(Jika Julie libur besok, dia akan mengundangnya.)
c. If it rains tomorrow, will you stay at home?
(Jika besok hujan, apakah kamu akan diam di rumah?)

d. If it rains tomorrow, what will you do?

(Jika besok hujan, apa yang akan kamu lakukan?
2. Makna
Kalimat dalam konstruksi ini berarti mungkin benar-benar terjadi jika syratnya terpenuhi. Oleh
karena itu, makna kalimat ini disebut sebagai possibility (kemungkinan). Pemaknaan kalimat
pada tipe ini dapat disusun sebagai berikut :
S + may + V1 + that + S + may + V1 + O
Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi
berikut :
a. I may see Barlie that I may tell him.
b. Julie may be free tomorrow that he may invite her.
c. It may rain tomorrow, may you stay at home?
d. It may rain tomorrow, what may you do?
B. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE II
1. Susunan
If + S + V2, S + would + V1 + O
Contoh :
a. If I married Rania, I would be happy.
(Jika saya menikah dengan Rania, Saya akan senang.)
b. If Jack became rich, he would marry her.
(Jika Jack menjadi kaya, dia akan menikahinya.)
c. If it snowed next July, what would you do?
(Jika musim salju bulan July yang akan datang, apa yang akan kamu lakukan?)
2. Makna
Apa yang dikatakan dalam induk kalimat tidak pernah terjadi karena syarat yang dikatakan
dalam anak kalimat tidak terpenuhi. Oleh karena itu, kalimat ini disebut sebagai Unreal Present.
Tenses untuk makna kalimatnya berubah dan polanya disusun sebagai berikut :
S + dont/doesnt + V + that + S + will not + V1 + O
Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi
berikut :
a. I don't marry Rania that I am not happy.
b. Jack doesn't become rich that he will not marry her.
c. It doesn't snow next July, what do you do?

C. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE TYPE III

1. Susunan
If + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3 + O
Contoh :
a. If I had seen Diana, I would have told her.
(Jika saya bertemu Diana, saya akan mengatakan padanya.)
b. If it had rained yesterday, would you have stayed at home?
(Jika kemarin hujan, akankah kamu tinggal di rumah?)
c. If Shinta had been free yesterday, I would have invited her.)
(Jika Shinta libur kemarin, saya akan mengundangnya.)
2. Makna
Apa yang dikatakan dalam induk kalimat tidak pernah terjadi karena kalimat syarat yang
dikatakan dalam anak kalimat tidak pernah terpenuhi. Karena dinyatakan dalam bentuk Past
Tense, kalimat ini disebut sebagai Unreal Past. Tenses untuk makna kalimatnya juga berubah :
S + didnt + V1 + that + S + would not + V1 + O
Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi
berikut :
a. I didn't see Diana that I would not tell her.
b. It didn't rain yesterday did you stay at home?
c. Shinta wasn't free yesterday that I would not invite her.

Source:
http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatewriting/a/sentence_types.htm
http://www.kursusmudahbahasainggris.com/2013/10/pengertian-tipe-susunan-makna-dan.html