Daftar simbol matematika

Simbol matematika dasar

Nama
Simbol Dibaca sebagai Penjelasan Contoh
Kategori
kesamaan
x = y berarti x and y mewakili hal atau
= sama dengan
nilai yang sama.
1+1=2
umum
Ketidaksamaan
x y berarti x dan y tidak mewakili hal
tidak sama dengan
atau nilai yang sama.
12
umum
ketidaksamaan
< x < y berarti x lebih kecil dari y.
lebih kecil dari;
3<4
lebih besar dari
5>4
x > y means x lebih besar dari y.
> order theory

inequality
lebih kecil dari atau
x y berarti x lebih kecil dari atau sama
dengan y.
sama dengan, lebih 3 4 and 5 5
besar dari atau sama 5 4 and 5 5
x y means x lebih besar dari atau sama
dengan
order theory
dengan y.

tambah
tambah 4 + 6 berarti jumlah antara 4 dan 6. 2+7=9
aritmatika

+ disjoint union A1={1,2,3,4}

A2={2,4,5,7}
the disjoint union of A1 + A2 means the disjoint union of sets
A1 + A2 = {(1,1), (2,1),
and A1 and A2.
(3,1), (4,1), (2,2), (4,2),
teori himpunan (5,2), (7,2)}
kurang
kurang 9 4 berarti 9 dikurangi 4. 83=5
aritmatika
tanda negatif 3 berarti negatif dari angka 3. (5) = 5
 negatif
aritmatika
set-theoretic
complement
A B means the set that contains all the
{1,2,4} {1,3,4} = {2}
minus; without elements of A that are not in B.
set theory
multiplication
kali 3 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4. 7 8 = 56
aritmatika
Cartesian product
the Cartesian
XY means the set of all ordered pairs
product of and
with the first element of each pair {1,2} {3,4} = {(1,3),
; the direct
product of and
selected from X and the second element (1,4),(2,3),(2,4)}
selected from Y.

teori himpunan
cross product
u v means the cross product of vectors (1,2,5) (3,4,1) =
cross
u and v (22, 16, 2)
vector algebra
division
2 4 = .5
bagi
6 3 atau 6/3 berati 6 dibagi 3.
12/4 = 3
aritmatika
/
square root
x berarti bilangan positif yang
akar kuadrat 4 = 2
kuadratnya x.
bilangan real
complex square root
if z = r exp(i) is represented in polar
the complex square
coordinates with - < , then z = r (-1) = i
root of; square root
exp(i/2).
bilangan complex
absolute value
|x| means the distance in the real line (or |3| = 3, |-5| = |5|
|| absolute value of
the complex plane) between x and zero. |i| = 1, |3+4i| = 5
numbers
factorial n! is the product 12...n. 4! = 1 2 3 4 = 24
 faktorial
! combinatorics
probability
distribution
X ~ D, means the random variable X has X ~ N(0,1), the standard
~ has distribution the probability distribution D. normal distribution
statistika
material implication A B means if A is true then B is also
implies; if .. then
true; if A is false then nothing is said
about B.
x = 2 x2 = 4 is true,
may mean the same as , or it may
but x2 = 4 x = 2 is in
have the meaning for functions given
below.
general false (since x
propositional logic could be 2).
may mean the same as , or it may
have the meaning for superset given
below.

material
equivalence
A B means A is true if B is true and A
if and only if; iff x + 5 = y +2 x + 3 = y
is false if B is false.

propositional logic

logical negation
The statement A is true if and only if A
is false.
not
(A) A
x y (x = y)
A slash placed through another operator
propositional logic
is the same as "" placed in front.

logical conjunction
or meet in a lattice
n < 4 n >2 n = 3
The statement A B is true if A and B
and
are both true; else it is false.
when n is a natural
number.
propositional logic,
lattice theory
logical disjunction
or join in a lattice
The statement A B is true if A or B (or n4 n2 n3
or both) are true; if both are false, the
statement is false.
when n is a natural
number.
propositional logic,
lattice theory
exclusive or
 xor
The statement A B is true when either
(A) A is always true,
propositional logic, A or B, but not both, are true. A B A A is always false.
means the same.
Boolean algebra

universal
quantification

for all; for any; for

each
x: P(x) means P(x) is true for all x. n N: n2 n.

predicate logic
existential
quantification
x: P(x) means there is at least one x
there exists such that P(x) is true.
n N: n is even.

predicate logic
uniqueness
quantification
! x: P(x) means there is exactly one x
! there exists exactly
one
such that P(x) is true.
! n N: n + 5 = 2n.

predicate logic
definition
:= x := y or x y means x is defined to be
is defined as
another name for y (but note that can cosh x := (1/2)(exp x +
also mean other things, such as exp (x))
congruence).
A XOR B :
everywhere
P : Q means P is defined to be (A B) (A B)
logically equivalent to Q.
:
set brackets
{a,b,c} means the set consisting of a, b,
{,} the set of ...
and c.
N = {0,1,2,...}
teori himpunan
set builder notation
{:} {x : P(x)} means the set of all x for
the set of ... such
{n N : n2 < 20} =
that ... which P(x) is true. {x | P(x)} is the same
{0,1,2,3,4}
as {x : P(x)}.
{|} teori himpunan

himpunan kosong berarti himpunan yang tidak memiliki {n N : 1 < n2 < 4} =

elemen. {} juga berarti hal yang sama.
himpunan kosong
 teori himpunan

set membership
is an element of; is (1/2)1 N
a S means a is an element of the set S;
not an element of
a S means a is not an element of S.
21 N
everywhere, teori
himpunan

subset
is a subset of
A B means every element of A is also
element of B.
A B A; Q R
teori himpunan A B means A B but A B.

superset
is a superset of
A B means every element of B is also
element of A.
A B B; R Q
teori himpunan A B means A B but A B.

set-theoretic union
A B means the set that contains all the
the union of ...
and ...; union
elements from A and also all those from
B, but no others.
AB AB=B

teori himpunan
set-theoretic
intersection
A B means the set that contains all
{x R : x2 = 1} N =
intersected with;
intersect
those elements that A and B have in
common.
{1}

teori himpunan
set-theoretic
complement
A \ B means the set that contains all those {1,2,3,4} \ {3,4,5,6} =
\ minus; without elements of A that are not in B. {1,2}
teori himpunan
function application f(x) berarti nilai fungsi f pada elemen x. Jika f(x) := x2, maka f(3) =
() 32 = 9.
of
teori himpunan
 precedence
grouping
Perform the operations inside the (8/4)/2 = 2/2 = 1, but 8/
parentheses first. (4/2) = 8/2 = 4.
umum

f:X function arrow

from ... to
f: X Y means the function f maps the Let f: Z N be defined
set X into the set Y. by f(x) = x2.
Y teori himpunan
function
composition
fog is the function, such that (fog)(x) = if f(x) = 2x, and g(x) = x +
o composed with f(g(x)). 3, then (fog)(x) = 2(x + 3).
teori himpunan
natural numbers

N N N means {0,1,2,3,...}, but see the article

on natural numbers for a different {|a| : a Z} = N
convention.
numbers

integers

Z Z
Z means {...,3,2,1,0,1,2,3,...}. {a : |a| N} = Z
numbers

rational numbers

Q Q
Q means {p/q : p,q Z, q 0}.
3.14 Q

Q
numbers

real numbers

R R
R means {limn an : n N: an Q,
R

the limit exists}.

(1) R
numbers

complex numbers

C C
C means {a + bi : a,b R}. i = (1) C
numbers

 infinity
is an element of the extended number
infinity line that is greater than all real numbers;
it often occurs in limits.
limx0 1/|x| =
numbers
pi
A = r adalah luas
berarti perbandingan (rasio) antara
pi
keliling lingkaran dengan diameternya.
lingkaran dengan jari-jari
(radius) r
Euclidean geometry
norm
||x|| is the norm of the element x of a
|| || norm of; length of
normed vector space.
||x+y|| ||x|| + ||y||
linear algebra
summation
sum over ... from ... k=14 k2 = 12 + 22 + 32 +
to ... of
k=1n ak means a1 + a2 + ... + an.
42 = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30
aritmatika
product
k=14 (k + 2) = (1 + 2)(2 +
product over ...
k=1n ak means a1a2an. 2)(3 + 2)(4 + 2) = 3 4
from ... to ... of
5 6 = 360
aritmatika
Cartesian product
the Cartesian
i=0nYi means the set of all (n+1)-tuples
product of; the n=13R = Rn
(y0,...,yn).
direct product of
set theory
derivative
f '(x) is the derivative of the function f at
prime; derivative
' of
the point x, i.e., the slope of the tangent
there.
If f(x) = x2, then f '(x) = 2x

kalkulus
indefinite integral
or antiderivative
indefinite integral f(x) dx means a function whose
x2 dx = x3/3 + C
of ; the derivative is f.
antiderivative of
kalkulus
definite integral 0b x2 dx = b3/3;
 integral from ...
to ... of ... with ab f(x) dx means the signed area between
respect to the x-axis and the graph of the function f
between x = a and x = b.
kalkulus
gradient
del, nabla, gradient f (x1, , xn) is the vector of partial If f (x,y,z) = 3xy + z then
of derivatives (df / dx1, , df / dxn). f = (3y, 3x, 2z)
kalkulus
partial derivative
With f (x1, , xn), f/xi is the derivative
If f(x,y) = x2y, then f/x
partial derivative of of f with respect to xi, with all other
= 2xy
variables kept constant.
kalkulus
boundary
{x : ||x|| 2} =
boundary of M means the boundary of M
{x : || x || = 2}
topology
perpendicular
x y means x is perpendicular to y; or
is perpendicular to If lm and mn then l || n.
more generally x is orthogonal to y.
geometri
bottom element
the bottom element x = means x is the smallest element. x : x =
lattice theory
entailment
A B means the sentence A entails the
|= entails sentence B, that is every model in which
A is true, B is also true.
A A A
model theory
inference
infers or is derived
|- from x y means y is derived from x. A B B A
propositional logic,
predicate logic
normal subgroup
is a normal N G means that N is a normal subgroup
subgroup of of group G.
Z(G) G

group theory
quotient group G/H means the quotient of group G
/ modulo its subgroup H.
mod
 group theory
{0, a, 2a, b, b+a, b+2a} /
{0, b} = {{0, b}, {a,
isomorphism Q / {1, 1} V,
G H means that group G is isomorphic where Q is the quaternion
is isomorphic to
to group H group and V is the Klein
group theory four-group.