Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc.

DEPARTEMEN METALURGI & MATERIAL

FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

DEFINISI BAJA

Baja : Material dengan bahan dasar Fe,

dengan C maks : 2%, serta
serta mengandung
unsur pengikut seperti : Si, P, S, Mn &
unsur paduan seperti : Cr, Ni, Mo, dll

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc. 1

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc. 2
 PLAIN CARBON STEEL

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 Standardisasi Kode Material
SAE-AISI (Society of Automotive Engineering -
SAE-
American Iron and Steel Institutes)
SAE mengklasifikasi baja dengan digit, 10XX
untuk baja karbon, dimana angka 10
menunjukkan dlam baja tersebut tidak ada
paduan. Sedangkan angka terakhir, contohnya
SAE 1040, dimana 40 mengambarkan
kandungan karbon 0,10%. Untuk baja paduan
dengan nomor digit 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX dan
seterusnya.

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc. 7

 Standardisasi Kode Material
Untuk pengenalan jenis baja lebih luas biasanya
melalui standarisasi yang telah ada, sebagai
contoh ASTM, SAE, AISI, JIS, ISO, BS, DIN, NF
dll. Mengingat begitu banyaknya standarisasi
yang ada, maka pada uraian dibawah ini hanya
memberikan beberapa gambaran standarisasi
baja yang biasa dipakai di industri untuk
pengenalan antara lain:
SAE
SAE--AISI (Society of Automotive Engineering
- American Iron and Steel Institute)
JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard)

Other Steel Standards

SAE-AISI
SAE-
Society of Automotive Engineers ; American Iron and Steel
Institute
ASTM
American Standards for Testing and Materials
AMS
Aerospace Materials Specifications
DIN
Deutsches Institut fur Normung
JIS
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
UNS
Unified Numbering System

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc. 8

 JIS standard and steels
Steels for
General structure SS series (SS400, SS490, etc)
Weld structure SM series
Building construction SN series ( Tensile strength )
High strength steel
Tensile strength > 490 MPa
by QT, TMCP (Thermo-Mechanical Control Process), etc
called as HT{Tensile strength}
HW{Yield or proof strength}, SPV{Yield or proof stress}
Low temperature service steel
SLA series, Al, Ni, Austenite stainless steel (304, 304L)
High temperature service steel
SB series : ex. for Boilers (Mo)
Others
SMA series : Atmospheric corrosion resisting
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Sistim penomoran menurut SAE-AISI

SAE AISI
Classification
Number
Carbon steels
Low carbon steels: 0 to 0.25 % C
1XXX
Medium carbon steels: 0.25 to 0.55 % C
High carbon steels: Above 0.55 % Carbon
Nickel steels
5 % Nickel increases the tensile strength without reducing ductility.
2XXX 8 to 12 % Nickel increases the resistance to low temperature impact
15 to 25 % Nickel (along with Al, Cu and Co) develop high magnetic properties.
25 to 35 % Nickel create resistance to corrosion at elevated temperatures.
Nickel-chromium steels
Nickel-
3XXX These steels are tough and ductile and exhibit high wear resistance, hardenability and
high resistance to corrosion.
Molybdenum steels
Molybdenum is a strong carbide former. It has a strong effect on hardenability and
4XXX
high temperature hardness. Molybdenum also increases the tensile strength of low
carbon steels.
Chromium steels
5XXX Chromium is a ferrite strengthener in low carbon steels. It increases the core
toughness and the wear resistance of the case in carburized steels.
86XX
87XX Triple Alloy steels which include Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), and Molybdenum (Mo).
93XX These steels exhibit high strength and also high strength to weight ratio, good
94XX corrosion resistance.
97XX
98XX

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 Alloying of steels :

Type of steel: Fe + ... Typical uses:

Low-alloy .2%C + pressure vessels, aircraft
.8Mn,1Cr,2Ni parts, high applications.

High-alloy .1% C High T and anti-corrosion,

Stainless-steels .5Mn,18Cr,8Ni silverware, medical, etc.

Steel terminology (SAE-

(SAE-AISI) :
Plain carbon
10xx
Manganese steels
Note: xx indicates
13xx carbon content in
Nickel steels hundredths of a percent

23xx
Ni--Cr
Ni Cr--Mo steels
43xx
HSLA
9xx

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 Kode Baja Karbon

Kode Baja Karbon

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 ASME SECTION IX MATERIAL GROUPING P-NUMBERS

The material group are based on comparable base material

characteristics, such as composition, weldability, braze-ability, and
mechanical properties.

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 P No. EN-288 Base Metal
Carbon Manganese Steels, 4 Sub Groups
Group 1 up to approx 65 ksi
1 1 Group 2 Approx 70ksi
Group 3 Approx 80ksi
Group 4 Special (e.g. SA-724 gr. A, B, C)
2 - Not Used
ASME & EN 3 4 3 Sub Groups:- Typically half moly and half chrome half moly
4 5 2 Sub Groups:- Typically one and a quarter chrome half moly

MATERIAL 5A 5 Typically two and a quarter chrome one moly

2 Sub Groups:- Typically five chrome half moly and nine chrome
5B 5
one moly
P NUMBER 5C 6 5 Sub Groups:- Chrome moly vanadium
6 8 6 Sub Groups:- Martensitic Stainless Steels Typically Grade 410
7 8 Ferritic Stainless Steels Typically Grade 409
Austenitic Stainless Steels, 4 Sub groups
Group1 Typically Grades 304, 316, 347
8 9 Group 2 Typically Grades 309, 310
Group 3 High manganese grades
Group 4 Typically 254 SMO type steels
9A, B, C 7 Typically two to four percent Nickel Steels
10A,B,C,F,G ? Mixed bag of low alloy steels, 10G 36 Nickel Steel
10 H 10 Duplex and Super Duplex Grades 31803, 32750
10J ? Typically 26 Chrome one moly
11A Group 1 7 9 Nickel Steels
11 A Groups 2 to 5 ? Mixed bag of high strength low alloy steels.
11B ? 10 Sub Groups:- Mixed bag of high strength low alloy steels.

Pengaruh Unsur Dalam Baja

Karbon (C)
- Mempengaruhi kekerasan (hardness) dan kekuatan (strength)
- Membentuk sementit dan karbida lainnya.
Mangan (Mn)
- Unsur deoksidator yang mereduksi kerentanan terhadap hot shortness
pada aplikasi pengerjaan panas
- Dengan sulfur membentuk MnS,memperbaiki mampu mesin
Silikon (Si)
- Unsur yang berpengaruh dalam proses deoksidasi danjuga
meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap scalling
Phosfor (P)
- Membentuk Steadit (Fe
(Fe33P)
Sulfur (S), Memberikan efek negatif Hot Shortness

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 Pengaruh Unsur Paduan
Khromium (Cr)
- Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap korosi dan oksidasi
- Unsur pembentuk karbida
- Pada temperatur tinggi, meningkatkan kekuatan dan
meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap abrasi.
Vanadium (V)
- Menghambat pertumbuhan butir selama dikenai panas
- Memperbaiki ketangguhan dan mampu keras dari baja.
- Merupakan penstabil austenit.
Molybdenum (Mo )
- Unsur yang berfungsi meningkatkan mampu keras baja
karena membentuk karbida yang stabil pada suhu tinggi.

MEKANISME PENGUATAN BAJA

PADUAN RENDAH

Solid solution strengthening (i.e., %Mn)

Grain size (ferrite)
Precipitates (distance between ppts)
Cold work (dislocation density)
Hardening (Martensite)

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 PENGUATAN LOW C STEEL
2 CARA UTAMA:
Meningkatkan Kandungan C
Turun % elongasi & toughness karena Fe3C
Menurunkan ukuran butir (grain size)
Kekuatan naik tapi tidak menurunkan keuletan
Pers. Hall-Petch

=> Kekuatan lebih baik tanpa korbankan keuletan

(ductility) & ketangguhan (toughness)
trend => menggunakan fine grained steels &
menurunkan kandungan C
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EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE ON

STRENGTH

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 HSLA
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels have
been developed since the 1960s originally
for large diameter oil- and gas pipelines. The
requirement was high strength as compared
to mild carbon steel, combined with
improved toughness and good weldability.
HSLA steel typically contains 0.07 to 0.12%
carbon, up to 2% manganese and small
additions of niobium, vanadium and titanium
in (usually max. 0.1%). in various
combinations. The material is preferrably
produced by a thermo-mechanical rolling
process, which maximizes grain refinement
as a basis for improved mechanical
properties

Composition range of HSLA steels (%)

C Mn Nb V Mo
0.06 - 0.12 1.4 - 1.8 0.02 - 0.05 0 - 0.06 0.2 - 0.35

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High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels

Solid solution hardening (Mn)

Decrease ferrite grain size by
Controlled rolling
Controlled cooling
Precipitation hardening
Nb (C,N)
VC
Typical x70 pipeline steel %C = 0.06; %Mn = 1.50;
%Nb and/or V ~0.04
Controlled rolling to produce very fine grain size

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 TMCP of Line-pipe Steel Production

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CCT Diagram in HSLA steels

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 Grafik CCT untuk baja struktural S690Q dengan kecepatan
pendinginan yang berbeda menghasilkan kekerasan berbeda beda

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ANY QUESTIONS

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