MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

DI
S
U
S
U
N
0LEH : AULIA RAHMAN RAYNALDY
ADI BASTIAN
KIKI APRILLA SYANTI
MAILINDA
RIRIN OKTANIA
SAKINAH L.
SITI RAHMA
VIVI MARSHANDA F.
BASTIAN

1.CAUSE AND EFFECT

A. PENGERTIAN CAUSE
Cause is the reason that something happens.
(yaitu alasan/mengapa sesuatu itu terjadi)
To recognize the cause in the cause in a reading, you can ask
yourself when reading it,”Why did this happen?’’.
The answer to that is the cause of the event.
B. PENGERTIAN EFFECT
Effect is The consequences of an action
(yaitu konsekuensi suatu kejadian).
To recognize the effect in a reading, you can ask,
‘’What happened’’?(apa yang terjadi?)

2. RUMUS CAUSE AND EFFECT BESERTA PENJELASAN

Cause and Effect atau yang dikenal sebagai klausa kata keterangan
sebab dan akibat biasanya digunakan dengan menggunakan beberapa
pola, antara lain:
 1).Pola 1
Perhatikan rumus kalimatnya dibawah ini untuk lebih jelasnya:

Subject + Verb + So + Adjective/Adverb + That +Subject + Verb

Keterangan

Subject : Pelaku dalam suatu kalimat

Verb : kata kerja atau predikat dalam suatu kalimat

So : terlalu/begitu

Adjective : Kata sifat

Adverb : kata keterangan

That : sehingga

Perhatikan contoh kalimatnya dibawah ini

 Rinaldi runs so hurry that he hit the tree

(Rinaldi berlari terlalu kencang sehingga dia (laki-laki) menabrak
pohon itu)

 The teacher speaks so loudly that the students can not understand
what he said
(Guru itu berbicara dengan terlalu keras sehingga murid-murd tidak
bisa mnegrti apa yang dia (laki-laki) katakana)

2.Pola 2
Perhatikan rumus kalimatnya dibawah ini untuk lebih jelasnya:
Subject + Verb + so + Many/few + Plural countable noun + that +
subject + verb

Keterangan:

Subject : Pelaku dalam suatu kalimat

Verb : kata kerja atau predikat dalam suatu kalimat

few : terlalu/begitu banyak

many : terlalu/begitu sedikit

plural countable noun : kata benda jamak yang bisa dihitung

That : sehingaa

Perhatikan contoh kalimatnya dibawah ini

 Huda buys many apples that we can eat as many as possible

(Tuan Huda membeli banyak buah apel sehingga kita bisa makan
sebanyak mungkin)

 I make many kites that the room is messy

(Aku membuat banyak laying-layang sehingga ruangannya kotor)

 Tika threw many glasses that they are broken

(Tika melempar banyak gelas sehingga semua pecah)

3. Pola 3

Perhatikan rumus kalimatnya dibawah ini untuk lebih jelasnya:

Subject + Verb + So +Much/Little + Uncountable Noun + That +

Subject + Verb

Keterangan

Subject : Pelaku dalam suatu kalimat

Verb : kata kerja atau predikat dalam suatu kalimat

Uncountable noun : kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung

so :begitu/terlalau

much : banyak

little : sedikit

That : sehingaa

Perhatikan contoh kalimatnya dibawah ini

 Kirana ate so little rice that she had a stomachache

(Kirana makan begitu sedikit nasi sehingga dia (perempuan) sakit
perut)

 Yanti’s home looks so much grass in front that it looks like a dirty
home
(Rumah Yanti terlihat banyak rerumputan didepannya sehingga itu
terlihat seperti sebuah rumah kotor)

 Maya has given much salt in her food that it feels salty
(Maya sudah memberikan banyak garam sehingga masakannya
keasinan)
3. CONTOH CAUSE AND EFFECT TEXT
1.Long Drought 2011

Drought during 2011 has caused many problems. First, the people lack of clean
water to either take a bath, wash clothes or drink. Consequently, the
government has to spend more expenditure in social welfare. Second, many
breeders do not find grass for their cattle, sheep and goats. As result, their
animals get thinner day after day due to lack of enough food. Third, many
farmers who depend on rainfall can not cultivate their land. Consequently, they
do not get regular income from agribusiness. This also causes the farmer labors
of losing their jobs. Therefore, poverty rate gets increased this year. Finally, the
drought has a great impact on the water reservoir: dams, lake, canal. Their water
level go down or even totally dry. All of those conditions are clearly due to mono
cause that is long drought in our country.

2. Negative Effects of Smoking

Smoking has become a habit for the world community. Even for most
people, smoking is a primary requirement like rice. In this Essay i will explain
about the negative effects of smoking. Many of the negative consequences
resulting from smoking include the following.

The first effect is shortness of breath. This is important to express. If

you encounter a smoker, you may give advice "stop the mark because it is not
good for health especially lung health. The second effect that can cause cough if
he is not familiar with smoking. A new person will find it difficult to breathe to
regulate the smoke he smokes. If that happens then the breath will not stabilize
then cough. If smoking has become a habit and has lasted long, then smokers
lips will be blackened, teeth will yellow and also bad breath, the smell of
cigarette smoke is not delicious. It is not wanted by
everyone for destroying its beauty. In addition, a smoker will experience
shortness of breath, it will cause fatigue in the body of smokers. Not strong for
doing sports especially running.
In conclusion that smoking is very dangerous for the human body. The
consequences mentioned are only a small part. There are still many negative
consequences of more dangerous smoking such as heart disease, lung and
impotence that can cause death. So keep away from being like a man from a hit
man. Do not try to approach it let alone consume it.

3.
In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the
Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this
occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century
resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in
cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many
people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools established to
educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better
education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move
to the cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure,
entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums.
For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than
life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.
 4. Young Marriage

As we know that young marriage is coming in Indonesia. It is viral in Indonesia.

The reason why the people want to do young marriage is because of he less of
knowledge about the effect of young marriage. Beside that, economic problem
also become the first reason why the people do young marriage. Then, lack of
education from their parents also influence for children to do young marriage.
Sometimes, young marriage also occur by the factors of parents. Their parents
do not want the children do zinah with her beloved, so the parents do young
marriage to protect his son from the sinful. But, it also can not be justified.

Furthermore, a factor in the media and internet also influence in this era. The
children zaman now is very easy to access everything. So their parents must
accompany his son when he access internet. Then, the biological factor. This
factor appeared because of media and internet above, simply access the
information, children know things are not supposed to they know at the age.

The other factors is about the society. Usually, in the village the parents marrying
her son at age a dozen. This occurs because of education in the village was not
too important. So, after graduating from the school they immediately married.
And they considered deserve to get married.

Therefore, the effect of young marriage is unpreparedness mental to face the

problems of household like trouble financial to the household, the child was sick
or a little things in the household often be great because both of them have not
been able to control their emotions. The other effect is about the material. If the
material is not good enough that will eventually upon the parents to help the
cost of living in the household, and may also be the cause of the conflict in a
young couple. In the other hand, divorce also often happened in the young
marriage. Getting married is a about two individuals in a commitment to live
together, so before decided to marry both of them need to have the same
understand the purpose of married and already preparing to good mentally and
material.

5. FLOODS IN INDIA

Flood refers to the overflow of huge amount of water into the dry lands
causing severe destruction. Flood is natural calamities that bring a great
disaster and destruction of both man and nature. In India, it mainly occurs
mainly in rainy season.

There are many causes of flood in India but the most important cause in
incessant rainfall in rainy season. The rivers, ponds are overflowed and flood
the both sides of field and villagers. Another cause of flood in the release of
heavy amount of rolls of water from different dams and barrages during the
rainy season, otherwise the banks may be broken down. As a result the mud
huts are swept away. Trees and corpses are destroyed. Flood also washes
away men cattle and everything. The after effect of flood in India is also
dreadful. Dreadful diseases like cholera, malaria, diarrhea, and fever spread
out as an epidemic form. Govt. and other social organizations like Lions Club,
Art of Living, Ramkrishna Mission, Aid India, etc. come out to rescue the flood
affected people and provide them with food, clothes and medicine.

4. KALIMAT CAUSE AND EFFECT

1. It had begun to rain so Sally and Jake had to run inside.

 Cause: It had begun to rain.

Effect: Sally and Jake had to run inside

Key word: So

2. Since it was so chilly outside, Benjamin built up a big fire in his fireplace.

Cause: It was so chilly outside.

Effect: Benjamin built up a big fire in his fireplace.

Key word: Since

3. Elphaba was getting very angry and frustrated because none of her
good deeds were being recognized as good.

Cause: Elphaba was getting very angry and frustrated.

Effect: None of her good deeds were being recognized as good.

Key word: because

4.A great twister picked up Aunty Em’s house, and as a result, Dorothy and
Toto ended up in the wonderful world of Oz.

Cause: A great twister picked up Aunty Em’s house.

Effect: Dorothy and Toto ended up in the wonderful world of Oz.

Key word: as a result

5.We went to the grocery store because we needed sour cream, eggs, and milk

Cause: We needed sour cream, eggs, and milk.

Effect: We went to the grocery store.

 Key word: because

6.I was lost so I opened Google Maps (Saya tersesat sehingga saya membuka
Google Maps)

Cause : I was lost

Effect : I opened Google Maps

Conjuntion: so

7. The journey was quite quick because the road was clear. (perjalanan cukup
cepat karena jalanan bersih dari hambatan )

Cause : the road was clear.

Effect : the journey was quite quick

Conjunction : because

8.As it is raining again, I will have to stay at home. (karena hujan sedang turun
lagi, saya akan tinggal di rumah)

Cause : it is raining again.

Effect : I will have to stay at home.

Conjunction : as

9. Since she had not paid the rent,she was told to vacate the flat. (Karena dia
belum membayar sewa, dia diberitahu untuk mengosongkan ruangan.)

Cause : she had not paid the rent.

Effect : she was told to vacate the flat.

Conjunction : since
10. Due to John’s laziness, he did not pass the English test.
Karena kemalasan John, dia tidak lulus tes bahasa Inggris.

Signal phrase: Due to

Cause: John’s laziness
Effect: He did not pass the test

11. He failed the test because of his bad study habits.

Dia gagal dalam ujian karena kebiasaan belajarnya yang buruk.

Signal phrase: Because of

Cause: His bad study habits
Effect: He failed the test
12. As a result of the rain, we canceled the picnic.
Akibat hujan, kami membatalkan piknik tersebut.
Signal phrase: As a result of
Cause: The rain
Effect: We canceled the picnic
13. David could not attend owing to his illness.
David tidak bisa hadir karena penyakitnya.
Signal phrase: Owing to
Cause: David’s illness
Effect: David could not attend
14. He was fired as a consequence of tardiness (being late).
Dia dipecat sebagai konsekuensi keterlambatan.
Signal phrase: As a consequence of
Cause: Tardiness
Effect: He was fired
15. Thanks to the untiring support of my wife, I’ve gotten back on my feet
Berkat dukungan yang tak kenal lelah dari istriku, aku sudah kembali berdiri
Signal phrase: Thanks to
Cause: the untiring support of my wife
Effect: I’ve gotten back on my feet
 16.Nina sings so bad that she can not win on sing competition
(Nina bernyanyi terlalu jelek sehingga dia tidak dapat menang lomba menyanyi)

17.Budi eat so fastly that he spuirt out his food

(Budi makan sangat cepat sehingga dia memuncratkan makanannya)

18.Paijo learns english so well that he can get a high score

(Paijo belajar bahasa inggris sangat baik sehingga dia mendapatkan nilai yang
tinggi)

19.Finka swims so beautifully that she get a nomination the best swimmer this
year
(Finka berenang sangat indah sehingga dia mendapat nominasi perenang terbaik
tahun ini)

20.Joni runs so fast that he hit by motorcycle

(Joni berlari sangat kencang sehingga dia tertabrak sepeda motor)

5. SOAL CAUSE AND EFFECT

 1. What is the definition of a cause?

A) The result of what happened in a given situation.

B) The reason something happened in a given situation.
C) The effect of what happened in a given situation.
D) What happened in a given situation.

 2. What is the definition of an effect?

A) The order of events in a given situation.

B) The reason something happened in a given situation.
C) What happened in a given situation.
D) The result of what happened in a given situation.

 3. Read the cause in this situation and choose the effect. A child stretched
a balloon, put it to his lips, and pursed his lips around the balloon's neck.

A) The child took a deep breath.

B) The balloon deflated.
 C) The child blew up the balloon.
D) The balloon popped.

 4. Read the cause and choose the effect. She was in a hurry riding her
bike, so she carried her viola across the handlebars. She failed to see the rock
on the street in front of her.

A) The viola did not fall off the bike.

B) The rock did not get in the girl's way.
C) The girl fell off of her bike.
D) The girl got off her bike to take a break.

 5. Read the cause and choose the effect. We had a tremendous

snowstorm during the night. Winds gusted to 45 mph. The roads are blocked,
even at the bus stop.

A) We decided to make a snowman.

B) We were not able to go to school.
C) We went to the store to get some snacks.
D) We stayed inside and made hot chocolate.

 6. Look at the picture and choose the best cause and effect to match the
picture.

A) The girl spread her germs when she sneezed.

B) The girl took a nap because she was tired.
C) The girl sneezed because she has a cold.
D) The girl went to her friend's house for the day even though she had
a cold.

7. Look at the picture and choose the best cause and effect to match the picture.
A) The janitor is gettiy to clean the room because he has the right tools.
 B) The janitor was tired from smiling alC) The janitor went home with his tools
because he didn't feel needed.
D) The janitor didn't have any friends because he was always working.

 8. Look at the picture and choose the best cause and effect to match the
picture.

A) The boy only knew one way to the movies because of the one way sign.
B) We couldn't go both ways on the street because it was a one way street.
C) A one way street is common in our city.
D) The one way sign was hard to read because it was dark outside.

 9. Read the cause and choose the effect. Dani held her burger in her hand,
even though she had already eaten a large lunch. Her pup looked up at her
with those begging eyes. Sighing, the dog rested it's head on her lap.

A)Dani gave the dog the burger.

B) Dani ate the burger, even though she wasn't really hungry.
C) The dog whined for hours.
D) The dog took a nap.

 10. Look at the picture and choose the best cause for the stated effect.
Effect = The toast was ready to eat, since steam was coming from the toaster.

A) I put some bread in the toaster to eat for breakfast.

B) I got out the peanut butter to spread on my toast.
C) I went to take a shower to get ready for school.
D) I poured some milk to go with the toast.
Tugas Makalah B.Inggris Kelas II F Fikom,
Kelompok: Guntur Pradana, Al Fikri, Herrianto
ardi, Nurdian Afrilla
MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

“CONJUCTION”

KELAS II F FIKOM:

GUNTUR PRADANA

ALFIKRI

HERRIANTO ARDI

NURDIAN AFRILLA

JURUSAN ILMU KOMUNIKASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KOMUNIKASI

 UNIVERSITAS ISLAM RIAU

2016

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur atas kehadiran Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga
penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris dengan judul “Conjuction” sebagaimana
sebatas pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang dimiliki
Tugas Makalah B.Inggris Kelas II F Fikom, Kelompok:
Guntur Pradana, Al Fikri, Herrianto ardi, Nurdian Afrilla
MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

“CONJUCTION”

KELAS II F FIKOM:

GUNTUR PRADANA

ALFIKRI

HERRIANTO ARDI

NURDIAN AFRILLA

JURUSAN ILMU KOMUNIKASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KOMUNIKASI

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM RIAU

2016

KATA PENGANTAR
 Puji syukur atas kehadiran Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga
penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris dengan judul “Conjuction” sebagaimana
sebatas pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang dimiliki
Tugas Makalah B.Inggris Kelas II F Fikom,
Kelompok: Guntur Pradana, Al Fikri, Herrianto
ardi, Nurdian Afrilla
MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

“CONJUCTION”
 KELAS II F FIKOM:

GUNTUR PRADANA

ALFIKRI

HERRIANTO ARDI

NURDIAN AFRILLA

JURUSAN ILMU KOMUNIKASI

FAKULTAS ILMU KOMUNIKASI

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM RIAU

2016

KATA PENGANTAR
 Puji syukur atas kehadiran Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga
penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah Bahasa Inggris dengan judul “Conjuction” sebagaimana
sebatas pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang dimiliki

DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................................2
DAFTAR ISI..........................................................................................................................3

1. pengertian cause and effect.....................................................................................................4

2. Rumus cause and effect..........................................................................................................5
3. Teks cause and effect………………………………………………………………………….6
4. Kalimat cause and effect.........................................................................................................7
5. Soal cause and effect..............................................................................................................8
 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur atas kehadiran Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga
penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris dengan judul “Cause and effect”
sebagaimana sebatas pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang kami miliki

Kami menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dan keterbatasan dalam penyajian data makalah ini.
Oleh karena itu, kami mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun dari semua pembaca demi
kesempurnaan makalah ini. Semoga makalah ini berguna dan dapat menambah pengetahuan pembaca
DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................................2
DAFTAR ISI..........................................................................................................................3

1. pengertian cause and effect.....................................................................................................4

2. Rumus cause and effect..........................................................................................................5
3. Teks cause and effect………………………………………………………………………….6
4. Kalimat cause and effect.........................................................................................................7
5. Soal cause and effect..............................................................................................................8