Alat Ukur Dan Pengukuran Besaran Listrik-2
Alat Ukur Dan Pengukuran Besaran Listrik-2
PENGUKURAN
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BERBAGAI MACAM JENIS
ALAT BESARAN FISIS
Dinamometer digunakan untuk mengukur besarnya gaya.
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HIGROMETER
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BAROMETER
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HIDROMETER
Hidrometer digunakan untuk mengukur berat
jenis larutan.
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MANOMETER
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Alat ukur KALOR
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Alat Ukur Mekanik
Fuller Gauge
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8
Teknologi dan
Alat Ukur Mekanik
Vernier Caliper
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9
Teknologi dan
Alat Ukur Mekanik
Cara membaca hasil pengukuran Vernier Caliper
Skala
utama
Skala
nonius
Skala utama: 46 mm
Skala nonius: 0,40 mm
Hasil pembacaan 46,40 mm
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10
Alat Ukur Mekanik
Penggunaan :
SALAH
TIDAK BAGUS
( PERLU DISETEL )
BAIK
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13
Alat Ukur Mekanik
Cara pembacaan hasil pengukuran micrometer
40
0 5 10
35
30
25
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ALAT UKUR LISTRIK
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Alat Ukur Electrik/Elektronik
AVO Meter
Berfungsi untuk mengukur arus (ampere),
tegangan (volt) dan hambatan (ohm)
DC
+20A
20A +
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19
Alat Ukur Electrik/Elektronik
Cara membaca AVO Meter Analog
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20
Teknologi dan
DIGITAL MULTIMETER
(tampak Depan)
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DIGITAL MULTIMETER
(Tampak Belakang)
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Osiloskop
dan Osiloskop?
Generator
Osilograf yang Sinyal
mencatat gelombang listrik
visual pada suatu layar
secara
Osilograf
Alat pencatat aliran atau tekanan listrik yang
berubah-ubah
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Alat Ukur Osiloskop
Osiloskop pada dasarnya adalah suatu alat
penampil grafik yang menggambarkan grafik sinyal
elektrik.
Dalam kebanyakan aplikasi, grafik memperlihatkan
bagaimana sinyal berubah terhadap waktu: sumbu
vertikal (Y, voltage) merepresentasikan tegangan
dan sumbu horizontal (X, time) menyatakan waktu.
Intensitas atau kecemerlangan (brightness)
tampilan, kadang kala disebut sumbu Z (intensity)
(Gambar 1). Grafik sederhana ini dapat
mengatakan kepada kita beberapa hal tentang
sinyal.
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Beberapa hal yang bisa dicatat:
Sinyal
kalibrasi
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Tampilan Belakang
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Gambar 2. Panel depan dari osiloskop analog
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Gambar 3. Panel depan dari osiloskop digital
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Nama dan Fungsi
Kontrol Layar
TRACE
FOCUS
ROTATION
Kontrol
INTEN Kontrol
fokus
(INTENSITY) kemiringan
(ukuran)
garis
Kontrol berkas
intensitas garis POWER
cahaya layar
Saklar dan
LED Indikator
Daya (On/Off
CAL
(CALIBRATION)
Terminal
sumber sinyal
kalibrasi
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Nama dan Fungsi
Kontrol Vertikal (1)
POSITION
Kontrol posisi (geser) vertikal
CHOP
Kontrol cara gambar dual trace
MODE
Kontrol mode input
CH2 INV
Kontrol pengali + atau – kanal
input 2 (Ch2)
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Nama dan Fungsi
Kontrol Vertikal (2)
VOLTS/DIV
Kontrol skala
tegangan
AC DC GND
Kontrol kopling
input
VAR
Kontrol skala
terkalibrasi/ tidak
terkalibrasi
CH1 CH2
Port input kanal 1
dan kanal 2 BNC
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Nama dan Fungsi
Kontrol Vertikal (3)
Perhatikan!
1. Besaran resistansi
dan kapasitansi
input pada port
kanal 1 dan 2
(Bandingkan
sensitivitas
tegangan pada
pengukuran
dengan
Multimeter)
2. Batas aman
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Nama dan Fungsi
Kontrol Horisontal
POSITION
Kontrol posisi (geser) horisontal
X10 MAG
Kontrol penguatan skala (x10)
X-Y
Kontrol mode XY
TIME/DIV
Kontrol skala waktu
VAR dan SWP
UNCAL
Kontrol skala
terkalibrasi/ tidak
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Nama dan Fungsi
Kontrol Trigger
HOLDOFF dan
AUTO/ NORM
Kontrol cara trigger
LEVEL
otomatisdanatau
LOCK
normal
Kontrol dengan
dan
mengatur
pengunci tombol
level
COUPLING
level sinyal
Kontrol trigger
kopling
SOURCE
sinyal triger
Kontrol sumber
SLOPE
sinyal trigger
Kontrol slope saat
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Nama dan Fungsi
Kontrol Trigger
EXT
Port input sinyal
trigger eksternal
Perhatikan!
1. Besaran
resistansi dan
kapasitansi input
pada port kanal
1 dan 2
2. Batas aman
tegangan
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maksimum untuk
1. Kegunaan Osiloskop
Osiloskop digunakan oleh setiap orang mulai
dari teknisi perbaikan TV ke saintis.
Kegunaan osiloskop adalah tidak terbatas pada
dunia elektronika. Dengan transduser yang
tepat, osiloskop dapat mengukur segala jenis
fenomena.
Transduser adalah alat yang membangkitkan
sinyal elektris sebagai respons dari stimulasi
fisik seperti, bunyi, tegangan mekanis, tekanan,
cahaya atau panas.
Sebagai contoh, mikrofon adalah sebuah
transduser.
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3. Prinsip Kerja Osiloskop
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42
Teknologi dan
Measurement of Voltages and Currents
Introduction
Sine waves
Square waves
Measuring Voltages and Currents
Analogue Ammeters and Voltmeters
Digital Multimeters
Oscilloscopes
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Introduction 11.1
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Sine Waves 11.2
Sine waves
– by far the most important form of alternating quantity
important properties are shown below
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Instantaneous value
– shape of the sine wave is defined by the sine function
y = A sin
– in a voltage waveform
v = Vp sin
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Angular frequency
– frequency f (in hertz) is a measure of the number of
cycles per second
– each cycle consists of 2 radians
– therefore there will be 2f radians per second
– this is the angular frequency (units are rad/s)
= 2f
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Equation of a sine wave
– the angular frequency can be thought of as the rate
at which the angle of the sine wave changes
– at any time
= t
– therefore
v = Vp sin t or v = Vp sin 2ft
– similarly
i = Ip sin t or i = Ip sin 2ft
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Example – see Example 11.2 in the course text
Determine the equation of the following voltage signal.
From diagram:
Period is 50 ms = 0.05 s
Thus f = 1/T =1/0.05 = 20 Hz
Peak voltage is 10 V
Therefore
v Vp sin 2ft
10 sin 2 20t
10 sin 126 t
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Phase angles
– the expressions given above assume the angle of the
sine wave is zero at t = 0
– if this is not the case the expression is modified by
adding the angle at t = 0
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Phase difference
– two waveforms of the same frequency may have a
constant phase difference
we say that one is phase-shifted with respect to the other
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Average value of a sine wave
– average value over one (or more) cycles is clearly zero
– however, it is often useful to know the average
magnitude of the waveform independent of its polarity
we can think of this as
1
the average value over Vav 0Vp sin dθ
half a cycle…
… or as the average value Vp
cos 0
of the rectified signal
2Vp
0.637 Vp
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Average value of a sine wave
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r.m.s. value of a sine wave
– the instantaneous power (p) in a resistor is given by
v2
p
R
– therefore the average power is given by
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r.m.s. values are useful because their relationship to
average power is similar to the corresponding DC
values
P V I
av rms rms
2
V
P rms
av R
2
P I R
av rms
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Form factor
– for any waveform the form factor is defined as
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Peak factor
– for any waveform the peak factor is defined as
peak value
Peak factor
r.m.s. value
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Square Waves 11.3
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Phase angle
– we can divide the period
into 360 or 2 radians
– useful in defining phase
relationship between signals
– in the waveforms shown
here, B lags A by 90
– we could alternatively give
the time delay of one with
respect to the other
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Average and r.m.s. values
– the average value of a symmetrical waveform is its
average value over the positive half-cycle
– thus the average value of a symmetrical square wave
is equal to its peak value
V V
av p
– similarly, since the instantaneous value of a square
wave is either its peak positive or peak negative value,
the square of this is the peak value squared, and
V V
rms p
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Form factor and peak factor
– from the earlier definitions, for a square wave
V
p
Form factor r.m.s. value 1 .0
average value V
p
V
peak value p
Peak factor 1.0
r.m.s. value V
p
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Metode Pengukuran besaran listrik
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63
KLASIFIKASI ALAT UKUR
gaya Lorentz:
charged particle
moving in an
electromagnetic field
will experience
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65
Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
1 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument
Diantara 2 magnit permanent B (induksi magnit), jika
kumparan dialiri arus yang memotong B timbul
gaya Lorenz (F). b
B
U S
F a
i i
66
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.Torsi/kopel ini diimbangi oleh torsi
mekanis pegas2 pengatur yg diikat
pada kumparan.
1 Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument
.alat ukur ini hanya digunakan untuk
arus searah (DC).
Penunjukan harganya adalah rata –
rata. Jika dipergunakan untuk
mengukur arus bolak balik, maka alat
Simbol
ini harusPMMC adalah
dilengkapi dengan rectifier
(penyearah).
Dengan
Rectifier
67
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Instrumen penunjuk arus bolak-balik
Arus bolak-balik -> torsi positif & negatif dlm 1
perioda
Untuk memperoleh torsi 1 arah:
– Menyearahkan arus bolak-balik
– Memanfaatkan efek pemanasan arus bolak-balik
68
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Prinsip kerja dari pada
alat ukur ini sama
2. Electrodynamic Moving Coil Instruments
dengan prinsip kerja
tipe alat ukur
kumparan putar
magnet permanent.
69
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2. Electrodynamic Moving CoilMedan magnit dihasilkan
Instruments
Scale
T=B.A.I.n
Simbol untuk alat ukur ini
Karena B ~ I, maka T ~ I2
adalah :
Nilai sesaat kuadrat arus selalu positif -> dihasilkan torsi yg bergetar.
Namun gerakan jarum tdk dpt mengikuti perubahan torsi yg cepat shg dia menempati
suatu posisi saat torsi rata2 diimbangi oleh torsi pegas2 pengatur.
Maka defleksi alat ukur merupakan fungsi rata2 kuadrat arus.
70
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**nilai rms atau nilai efektif arus bolak-balik
3. Moving Iron Instruments
72
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4. Alat ukur elektrostatis
74
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4. Alat ukur elektrostatis
76
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AlatAlat
**5. ukurukur
ini terdiri
induksidari piringan logam yang dapat
berputar pada porosnya dan dua buah kumparan
tetap. Bila kumparan induksi dilalui
arus, maka akan timbul medan
magnet bolak-balik. Medan
magnet ini akan menimbulkan arus
putar pada piringan logam. Dan
arus pusar pada logam ini akan
membangkitkan pula medan
magnet sehingga interaksi dengan
medan magnet dari kumparan
iniduksi menimbulkan momen
Simbol: putar/ momen gerak pada piringan
logam.
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© Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
** 6. Alat ukur berdasarkan efek panas/ thermokopel
78
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Peredaman dari gerakan osilasi
79
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Rectifier Instruments
Karena PMMC instruments hanya bisa digunakan
untuk mengukur besaran arus searah, maka bila
digunakan untuk mengukur arus bolak balik (AC)
perlu dilengkapi dengan rectifier (penyearah),
diaman didalam menghubungkannya akan
didapatkan beberapa macam hasil pada outputnya.
Secara umum digunakan half wave & full wave
80
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Half Wave
Rectifier
81
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Dikenal istilah Faktor Bentuk (fb).
82
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gelombang sinus
83
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Calibration
84
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Measuring Voltages and Currents 11.4
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Measuring Voltages and Currents 11.4
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Analogue Ammeters and Voltmeters 11.5
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Pemasangan Ampermeter
Measuring direct
currents using a
moving coil meter
– use a shunt resistor
to adjust sensitivity
– see Example 11.5 in
set text for numerical
calculations
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Pemasangan Voltmeter dan Ampermeter
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Measuring alternating quantities
– moving coil meters respond to both positive and negative
voltages, each producing deflections in opposite directions
– a symmetrical alternating waveform will produce zero deflection
(the mean value of the waveform)
– therefore we use a rectifier to produce a unidirectional signal
– meter then displays the average value of the waveform
– meters are often calibrated to directly display r.m.s. of sine waves
all readings are multiplied by 1.11 – the form factor for a sine wave
– as a result waveforms of other forms will give incorrect readings
for example when measuring a square wave (for which the form
factor is 1.0, the meter will read 11% too high)
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Analogue multimeters
– general purpose instruments use a
combination of switches and resistors
to give a number of voltage and
current ranges
– a rectifier allows the measurement of
AC voltage and currents
– additional circuitry permits resistance
measurement
– very versatile but relatively low input
resistance on voltage ranges
produces considerable loading in
some situations
A typical analogue multimeter
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Memperbesar batas ukur
Ammeter: Voltmeter:
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Rp = Rm (n-1) (Rs+Rm)
Ammeter dengan beberapa
batas ukur
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Desain Meter Dasar dengan
hambatan shunt dan hambatan luar
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Digital Multimeters 11.6
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Oscilloscopes 11.7
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Measurement of phase difference
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16 divisions @
1ms/div = a
period of 16ms
10 Volt/ cm 10 Volt/ cm
T 2T
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Gambar diatas untuk dua pengukuran
Kedudukan time/ div adalah 2 msec/ cm dan 4 msec/
cm.
Untuk 2 pengukuran bentuk gelombang Vi tersebut :
Volt/ div berada pada kedudukan 10 V/ Cm,
sedangkan
attenuation probenya 1: 10.
Pembacaan sinyal pada layar adalah sebagai berikut :
Gambar a)
Satu periode dari gelombang sinus = 5 Cm . 2
mSec/ Cm = 10 mSec.
Amplitudo dari gelombang sinus = 3 . 10 . 10 V = 300
Volt
Frekuensi = 1/T = 1/ 0,01 . mSec-1 = 100 Hz
W = 2 fStorey: 100
= 2 Electrical = 200
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PENGUKURAN DAYA
1. TANPA WATTMETER
2. DENGAN WATTMETER
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PENGUKURAN DAYA TANPA WATTMETER
1. METODA 3 VOLTMETER
B
V3
V1 V1 sin φ
O V2 φ A I
V1 cos φ
Daya beban : P = V1 . I . Cos φ
V1 mengukur tegangan pada beban Z dimana V1 = I . Z = I . V¯(RL2 + X2
V2 mengukur tegangan pada tahanan murni R dimana V2 sepasa I,
oleh karenanya V2 = I R
V3 mengukur tegangan droop pd kombinasi beban Z dan tahanan murni R.
Perhatikan Δ OAB : V32 = (V2 + V1 Cos φ)2 + ( Vi sin φ)2
Penyelasaian persamaan tersebut menghasilkan :
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Penyelesaian:
a. V1 = 105 V ; V2 = 90 V ; dan V3 = 184 V.
Daya yang diserap beban :
P = (V32 – V22 – V12)/2 R = 1842 – 1052 – 902) / 2 x 8 =
= (14731) / 16 = 920,69 Watt.
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Penyelesaian:
b. Tahanan non induktif:
R = V / I2 = 300 / 2,5 = 120 Ώ
c. Z = V / I1 = 300 / 4 = 75 Ώ
a. Daya yang diserap beban
P = ½ R ( I32 – I22 – I12 )
= ½ 120 ( 5,62 – 42 – 2,52 ) = 546,6 Watt.
d. Power faktor ;
Cos φ = Watt / VA = 546,6 / 300 x 4
Cos φ = 0,46
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PENGUKURAN DAYA
DGN WATTMETER
Konstruksi
Prinsip KW met
A adalah klem arus, E klem tegangan, B kumparan arus dan
C kumparan tegangan, Kemudian D jarum penunjuk, F kern besi
lunak untuk memperkuat medan magnit yang ditimbulkan oleh arus
, G pegas atas dan bawah berfungsi selain untuk membatasi putaran
jarum (torsi lawan) juga sekaligus sebagai kontak antara ujung2
kumparan tegangan yang berputar dan klem tegangan sebagai
sumber arus listrik dimana alat / peralatan listrik terhubung.
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Alat ukur ini untuk mengetahui besarnya daya nyata (daya aktif). Pada watt
meter terdapat spoel/belitan arus dan spoel / belitan tegangan, sehingga cara
penyambungan watt pada umumnya merupakan kombinasi cara penyambungan
volt meter dan ampere meter sebagaimana pada gambar dibawah ini :
Vektor V1 = V + v’
dan v’ = I . r
V
Pembacaan meter :
θ φ v’ V1 . I cos θ = (V cos φ + v’) I
= V I cos φ + v’ I
V1 Pemb. meter:= daya beban + I2 r
V cos φ
Jadi bila kumparan arus diletakkan
V cos θ pada sisi beban maka:
I
Pm = Pb + I2. r
Pm = pembacaan meter.
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Pb=daya beban.
2. Kumparan arus pada sisi sumber.
(Kumparan tegangan pada sisi beban).
φ V
I I1
Pembacaan daya oleh wattmeter adalah daya beban +
rugi2 daya pd kump. tegangan
P beban = V I cos φ dan
P meter = P beban + V2 / Rp
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Soal:
Sebuah wattmeter tipe dinamometer 240 V, 10A, 50 Hz,
mempunyai resistansi kumparan arus r =0,9Ω.
Sedangkan resistansi kumparan Rp = 10.000 Ω, PF =
0,8 lagging dan arus beban 4A. Bila tegangan kerja
adalah 220 V, hitunglah % error akibat resistansi
resistansi:
a. Kumparan tegangan di hubungkan pada
sisi beban, dan
b. Kumparan arus di hubungkan pd sisi beban
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Penyelesaian :
Daya beban P = V I cosφ = 220 x 4 x 0,8
P = 704 watt.
a. Rugi daya pada resistansi kumparan tegangan => V2
/ Rp = 2202 / 10.000
= 48.400/10.000 = 4,84 watt.
Pmeter (Pm)= 704 + 4,84 = 708,84 watt.
% error = (4,84 / 708,84)x 100% = 0,68 %
b. Rugi daya pada resistansi kumparan arus:
I2 x r = 42 x 0,9 = 14,4 watt.
Pm = 704 + 14,4 = 718,4 watt
% error = (14,4 / 718,4 ) x 100 % = 2 %
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
B. Error akibat Induktor kumparan tegangan
Pada kumparan tegangan tg α = XL / Rp
atau Cos α = Rp / Zp
bila: Pb = daya beban dan
Pm = daya pembacaan meter
Maka Faktor koreksi = Pb / Pm
Faktor koreksi = Cos φ / Cos (φ – α).
Pb = Pm {Cos φ / Cos (φ – α)}
Error = Pm – Pb
= Pm - {Cos φ / Cos (φ – α)} Pm
Error = Pm {(Sin α) / (Cotg φ – Sin α)}
% error = Sin α / {Cotg φ – Sin α)} x 100 %
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
DAYA (POWER) LISTRIK
Adalah jumlah kerja yang dapat dilakukan
Dalam setiap detik, dalam satuan Watt atau
Joule / detik atau Volt Ampere.
P = E . I (Watt)
2
E = I . R (Volt) P = I . R
2
E E
I = R P = R
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
PT PLN (Persero) Udiklat Pandaan
Daya Listrik yg dikeluarkan oleh Generator.
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
DAYA PADA ARUS BOLAK BALIK
Tiga macam Daya : 1. Daya Aktif (P)
2. Daya Reaktif (Q)
3. Daya Semu (S)
B’
A Z B
WA
A’
BEBAN
C’
Wc
C
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
TEOREMA BLONDEL
Daya dapat diukur dengan mengurangi satu elemen
wattmeter dari sejumlah kawat dalam sistem poly phase
( n – 1 ) wattmeter .
dgn syarat:
satu kawat hrs dibuat ―common‖ terhadap semua
rangkaian potensial.
―daya jumlah‖ : Daya nyata total diperoleh dengan
menjumlahkan pembacaan masing masing watt meter
secara aljabar.
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
Beban Δ: seimbang, induktif, sudut phasa φ,
I phasa lagging V phasa
I A’A V AC
I AC
V BC
I AB
φ
I BC
I CB 30o + φ
φ 12 φ
0o I B’B
V CB I BA V BA
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
Pada WA : vektor I A’A = I AC = I AB
Pada Wc : vektor I B’B = I BA = I BC
Kerana setimbang :
V AC = V BC = V BA = V
I AC = I CB = I BA = I
WA = VAC IA’A cos(30o – φ) V I cos(30o – φ)
WB = VBC IA’B cos(30o + φ) V I cos(30o + φ)
________________________________+
WA + WB = VI cos(30o–φ) + VI cos(30o+φ)
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
WA + WB = VI Cos(30o– φ) + VI Cos(30o+ φ)
= {Cos(30o– φ) + Cos(30o+ φ)} V I
= (Cos 30o Cosφ + Sin30o Sinφ +
Cos30o Cosφ) - Sin30o Sinφ} VI
= 2 Cos30o Cosφ V I
WA + WB = 2 . ½ V¯3 Cosφ V I
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
Referensi:
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 2nd
Edition, David A Bell
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems © Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 11.‹#›
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