1

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

Dalam kegiatan pertambangan, ada beberapa tahap yang harus
dilakukan yaitu penyelidikan umum, eksplorasi, studi kelayakan, persiapan
penambangan, eksploitasi, pengolahan dan pemurnian, penjualan, reklamasi dan
penutupan tambang. Pada kegiatan penambangan ada beberapa metode
penggalian yang biasa digunakan, yaitu penggalian secara manual atau
menggunakan alat manual, secara mekanis dan non-mekanis. Penggalian non-
mekanis ini merupakan penggalian yang dilakukan dengan cara peledakan.
Metode penggalian melalui peledakan dapat dikatakan sebagai jalan
terakhir untuk menggali material yang sangat keras yang kemungkinan tidak
dapat digali lagi menggunakan alat mekanis.Peledakan tidak hanya dilakukan
begitu saja demi mendapatkan bahan galian yang diinginkan, tetapi diperlukan
teknik peledakan yang baik sehingga perolehan bahan galian lebih
maksimal.Maka
maksimal.Maka dari itu diperlukan geometri peledakan yang tepat.

1.2 Maksud dan Tujuan Praktikum

1.2.1 Maksud
 Agardapat mengenal dan mengetahuigeometri
mengetahuigeometri peledakan tambang
bawah tanah serta cara perhitungan dan penentuannya melalui grafik.

1.2.2 Tujuan
Diharapkan setelah melakukan praktikum ini, dapat:
a. Mengetahui fungsi geometri peledakan
b. Mengetahui parameter pada geometri peledakan
c. Mengetahui standar perhitungan geometri pada tambang bawah tanah
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BAB II
LANDASAN TEORI

2.1 Peledakan Tambang Bawah Tanah

Peledakan merupakan kegiatan penggalian atau penambangan melaui
pemberaian batuan, menggunakan bahan kimia tertentu yang dapat menciptaan
suatu ledakan. Kegiatan peledakan dilakukan apabila material yang akan digali
sulit dilakukan secara mekanis atau dengan alat mekanis, sehingga material
tersebut perlu diberaikan terlebih dahulu untuk memudahkan kegiatan yang akan
dilakukan selanjutnya (pemuatan dan pengangkutan).
Kegiatan peledakan dapat diterapkan pada berbagai jenis bahan galian,
contohnya peledakan pada bijih. Kegiatan peledakan pada tambang bijih
bertujuan untuk melepaskan batuan dari massa batuan induknya. Sedangkan
untuk tambang batu bara, peledakan tidak hanya diterapkan pada lapisannya
saja melainkan pada lapisan penutup (over burden) diatasnya. Namun perlu
diperhatikan peledakan pada batu bara dapat menyebabkan terbakarnya batu
bara tersebut terutama pada tambang bawah tanah. Peledakan tidak hanya
dilakukan begitu saja demi mendapatkan bahan galian yang diinginkan, tetapi
diperlukan teknik peledakan yang baik, ekonomis, efisien dan ramah lingkungan
sehingga perolehan bahan galian ini dapat menutupi biaya operasi termasuk
biaya pemindahan overburden.Maka diperlukan geometri peledakan yang tepat.
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Sumber : rachmatrisejet.blogspot.com
Foto 2.1
Contoh kegiatan peledakan tambang bawah tanah
2.2 Geometri Peledakan
Geometri peledakan merupakan rancangan yang diterapkan
diterapk an pada lubang
ledak guna menghasilkan fragmentasi yang baik, meminimalisir dampak
negative, dll. Geometri peledakanakan meliputi beberapa aspek didalamnya,
yaitu kedalaman lubang ledak, kemiringanlubang ledak, diameter lubang ledak,
burden, spacing, stemming dan pola peledakan (cut).
2.2.1 Pola peledakan ( cut )
Pembuatan cut dengan pola peledakan tertentu bertujuan sebagai bidang
bebas kedua. Ada beberapa macam cut yang biasa digunakan yaitu v-cut , fan
cut  dan
 dan burn cut . Setelah cut  meledak
 meledak kemudian
k emudian stoping hole yang akan meledak
ke arah cut . Bahan peledak yang digunakan pada peledakan tambang bawah
tanah lebih banyak dari peledakan pada tambang terbuka, yaitu sekitar 3 sampai
10 kali lipat nya.

Sumber :www.slideshare.net
Gambar 2.1
V-cut

2.2.2 Diameter lubang kosong

Diameter lubang kosong merupakan salah satu parameter berhasilnya
peledakan tambang bawah tanah, dimana semakin besar diameter lubang
kosong, maka akan semakin dalam round yang dapat dibor sehingga akan
semakin besar kemajuan yang diperoleh. Berikut merupakan perhitungan apabila
akan menggunakan beberapa lubang kosong dengan diameter tertentu. Sebelum
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D = d √ n

Ket :
D = diameter samara
n = jumlah lubang
d = diameter lubang kosong

Sumber : kursus juru ledak

Gambar 2.2
Grafik hubungan kemajuan per round  dengan kedalaman dan diameter lubang
kosong

2.2..3 Jarak lubang ledak dengan lubang kosong

Selain diameter, jarak antara lubang ledak dengan lubang kosong perlu
dierhitungkan juga, dikarenakan hak ini meruakan salah satu parameter
keberhasilan kegiatan peledakan.Lubang ledak disini merupakan lubang yang
terisi oleh bahan peledak, berbeda dengan lbang kosong yang berperan sebagai
free face  awal. Jarak antara lubang ledak dengan lubang kosong tidak boleh
lebih besar dari 1,5 x Ø. Jika jarak tersebut lebih besar dari yang sudah
ditentukan maka hanya akan menyebabkan kerusakan. Sehingga jarak antara
lubang ledak dengan lubang kosong dapat diperhitungkan melalui rumus berikut:

a = 1,54 x Ø
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a = jarak lubang ledak dengan lubang kosong diukur dari pusat lingkaran
Ø = diameter lubang kosong
Sedangkan apabila kasus yang ditemukan menggunakan beberapa
lubang kosong, maka perlu diperhitungkan terlebih dahulu diameter samarannya.
Sehingga rumus yang digunakan akan berbeda, yaitu :

a = 1,5 x D

Ket :
a = jarak lubang ledak dengan lubang kosong diukur dari pusat lingkaran
D = diameter samaran

Sumber : kursus juru ledak

Gambar 2.3
Jarak antara lubang kosong dengan lubang ledak

2.2.4 Pemuatan lubang ledak pada persegi

Pada desain pola pengeboran tambang bawah tanah harus selalu
dilengkapi cut   berbentuk persegi sebagai bidang bebas kedua, pada cut   inilah
pola peledakan disesuaikan. Cut   biasanya berbentuk persegi dengan beberapa
persegi lainnya dengan dimensi yang berbeda, dimana semakin mendekat pada
lubang kosong maka dimensi cut akan semakin kecil. Pembuatan persegi ini
tidak begitu saja dilakukan, melainkan perlu perhitungan agar menghasilkan
ledakan yang sempurna sesuai rencana.
Dalam persegi pertama, pemuatan bahan peledak perlu dilakukan secara
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yang telah dipecahkan. Kebutuhan muatan bahan peledak ini dapat

diperhitungkan melalui grafik pada gambar 2.4 yang menjelaskan perbandingan
antara jarak pusat ke pusat lubang dengan jumlah muatan bahan peledak yang
diperlukan.Grafik tersebut menggambarkan jumlah muatan bahan peledak pada
berbagai diameter lubang bor.

Sumber : kursus juru ledak

Gambar 2.4
Muatan bahan peledak yang diperlukan sebagai fungsi jarak pusat ke pusat lubang
untuk berbagai diameter lubang bor

Berbeda dengan persegi pertama, pada persegi berikutnya peledakan

mengarah pada bukaan segi empat yang menggantikan lubang kosong sebagai
free face  awal. Nilai burden (B) pada persegi ini sama dengan lebar (W) dan
bukaannya. Untuk perhitungan jumlah muatan bahan peledak yang diperlukan,
dapat dilihat melalui grafik pada gambar 2.5 yang menjelaskan jumlah muatan
bahan peledak minimum dan burden maksimum untuk berbagai macam lubang
bukaan.
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Sumber : kursus juru ledak

Gambar 2.5
Muatan bahan peledak yang diperlukan sebagai fungsi burden maksimum untuk
berbagai lebar bukaan
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BAB III

TUGAS DAN PEMBAHASAN

3.1 Tugas
3.1.1 Menghitung geometri peledakan underground blasting berdasarkan
soal.

3.2 Pembahasan
3.2.1 Hitungan geometri peledakan underground blasting berdasarkan
soal.
1. Dik : P cross cut = 25 m
t abutment = 10 m
l abutment = 7,5 m
P alat bor =3m
% kemajuan = 90 %
Handak cut hole dan floor hole = dynamex; Ø = 38 mm
Handak wall dan roof = emulat 150 m catridge; Ø = 32 mm

Dit : a. Geometri peledakan

b. Kebutuhan handak dan jumlah peledakan
c. Ukuran fragmentasi
Jawab :
a. Geometri peledakan
 Design of square I
o Mencari diameter lubang
Hole depth = P alat bor x 90%
= 3 m x 90%
= 2,7 m
Jadi, diameter lubang kosong adalah :
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o Mencari a1
a1 = 1,5 x D
= 1,5 x 0,076 m
= 0,114 m
o Stemming square 1
h0 = a1
o Mencari Q
Ic = grafik konsentrasi handak untuk Ø empty hole
= 0,266
Q1 = Ic x (H – h0)
= 0,266 x (3-0,114)
= 0,768 kg
o Mencari spasi (W 1)
W1 = a1 x √ 2
= 0,114 x √ 2
= 0,161 m

 Design of square II
o B1 = W1
= 0,161 m
o Mencari burden
a2 = 1,5 x W1
= 1,5 x 0,161 m
= 0,2415 m
o Mencari spasi
W2 = 1,5 x W1 x √ 2
= 0,2415 x √ 2
= 0,3415 m
o Mencari Q
Ic = grafik handak dengan jarak antara lubang edak
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10

= 0,5 x 0,2415
= 0,12075 m
Q2 = Ic x (H – h0)
= 0,3 x (3 – 0,12075)
= 0,7486 kg

 Design of square III

o B2 = W2
= 0,3415 m
o Mencari burden
a3 = 1,5 x W2
= 1,5 x 0,3415 m
= 0,5122 m
o Mencari spasi
W3 = 1,5 x W1 x √ 2
= 0,5122 x √ 2
= 0,7244 m
o Mencari Q
Ic = grafik handak dengan jarak antara lubang edak
= 0,6
h0 = 0,5 x a2
= 0,5 x 0,5122
= 0,2561 m
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11

o Mencari spasi
W4 = 1,5 x W3 x √ 2
= 1,0866 x √ 2
= 1,5367 m
o Mencari Q
Ic = grafik handak dengan jarak antara lubang edak
= 1,2
h0 = 0,5 x a4
= 0,5 x 1,0866
= 0,5433 m
Q4 = Ic x (H – h0)
= 1,2 x (3 – 0,5433)
= 2,95 kg

 Mencari geometri di luar square (cut hole)

Floor
o Mencari burden
Burden = 1 x B (grafik y)
=1x1
=1m
o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 1
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12

= 1,4 kg/m
Column = 1 x lb
= 1 x 1,4 kg/m
= 1,4 kg/m
o Mencari Qb dan Qc
Qb = lb x hb x n
= 1,4 x 1 x 7
= 9,8 kg
Qc = lb x (H – hb –ho) x n
= 1,4 x (3 – 1 – 0,2) x 7
= 17,64 kg
Qtotalfloor  = Qb + Qc
= 9,8 + 17,64
= 27,44 kg
Wall
o Mencari burden
Burden = 0,9 x B (grafik y)
= 0,9 x 0,86
= 0,774 m
o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 0,86
= 0,946 m
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13

Column = 0,4 x lb
= 0,4 x 0,95 kg/m
= 0,38 kg/m
o Mencari Qb dan Qc
Qb = lb x hb x n
= 0,95 x 0,5 x 11
= 5,225 kg
Qc = lb x (H – hb –ho) x n
= 0,95 x (3 – 0,5 – 0,43) x 11
= 21,63 kg
Qtotalwall = Qb + Qc
= 5,225 + 21,63
= 26,855 kg
Roof
o Mencari burden
Burden = 0,9 x B (grafik y)
= 0,9 x 0,86
= 0,774 m
o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 0,86
= 0,946 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
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14

= 0,3 x 0,95 kg/m

= 0,285 kg/m
o Mencari Qb dan Qc
Qb = lb x hb x n
= 0,95 x 0,5 x 13
= 6,175 kg
Qc = lb x (H – hb –ho) x n
= 0,95 x (3 – 0,5 – 0,43) x 13
= 25,56 kg
QtotalRoof  = Qb + Qc
= 6,175 + 25,56
= 31,735 kg

 Mencari geometri pada stopping

Upwards
o Mencari burden
Burden = 1 x B (grafik y)
= 1 x 0,86
= 0,86 m
o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 0,86
= 0,946 m
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15

Column = 0,5 x lb
= 0,5 x 0,95 kg/m
= 0,475 kg/m
o Mencari Qb dan Qc
Qb = lb x hb x n
= 0,95 x 1 x 22
= 20,9 kg
Qc = lb x (H – hb –ho) x n
= 0,95 x (3 – 1 – 0,43) x 22
= 32,813 kg
Qtotalupwards = Qb + Qc
= 20,9 + 32,813
= 53,713 kg
Horizontal
o Mencari burden
Burden = 1 x B (grafik y)
= 1 x 0,86
= 0,86 m
o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 0,86
= 0,946 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
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16

= 0,5 x 0,95 kg/m

= 0,475 kg/m
o Mencari Qb dan Qc
Qb = lb x hb x n
= 0,95 x 1 x 40
= 38 kg
Qc = lb x (H – hb –ho) x n
= 0,95 x (3 – 1 – 0,43) x 40
= 59,66 kg
Qtotalhorizontal = Qb + Qc
= 38 + 59,66
= 97,66 kg
Downwards
o Mencari burden
Burden = 1 x B (grafik y)
=1x1
=1m
o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,2 x B
= 1,2 x 1
= 1,2 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
hb = 1/3 x H
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17

= 0,7 kg/m
o Mencari Qb dan Qc
Qb = lb x hb x n
= 1,4 x 1 x 15
= 21 kg
Qc = lb x (H – hb –ho) x n
= 1,4 x (3 – 1 – 0,5) x 15
= 31,5 kg
Qtotaldownwards = Qb + Qc
= 21 + 31,5
= 52,5 kg

b. Kebutuhan handak dan jumlah bahan peledakan

o Mencari specific charge
Vol persegi panjang = P x L x P alat bor
= 7,5 x 10 x 2,7
= 202,5 m3
π rx P alat bor
Vol ½ tabung =
2
3,14 x 5  2,7
=
2
= 105,975 m3
Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q  +Q + Qw+ Q  +Q z+Q w
SC = 
vol persegi panjang+vol   tabung
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18

P Cross Cut 25 m
=
Hole depth eff  2,7 m

= 9,25
≈ 9 kali peledakan
c. Fragmentasi
Dik : Spesific gravity = 1,019 kg/m 3
Maka fragmentasi = 1/6 m3

o Jumlah handak yang dibutuhkan

JK handak = ∑Q x Jumlah peledakan
= 314,353 kg x 9 kali peledakan
= 2829,17 kg/untuk meledakan 25 m
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19

stopping dan floor hole = emulate catridge; Ø = 40 mm

Handak wall dan roof = emulate plastic tube; Ø = 33 mm

Dit : a. Geometri peledakan

b. Kebutuhan handak total untuk menyelesaikan cross cut
c. Ukuran fragmentasi dan jumlah peledakan

Jawab :
a. Geometri peledakan
 Design of square I
o Mencari diameter lubang
Hole depth = P alat bor x 92%
= 3,5 m x 92%
= 3,22 m
Jadi, diameter lubang kosong adalah :
D = 102 mm (grafik kemajuan dengan Ø empty h)
= 0,102 m
o Mencari a1
a1 = 1,5 x D
= 1,5 x 0,102 m
= 0,153 m
o Stemming square 1
h0 = a1
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20

 Design of square II
o B1 = W1
= 0,2164 m
o Mencari burden
a2 = 1,5 x W1
= 1,5 x 0,2164 m
= 0,3246 m
o Mencari spasi
W2 = 1,5 x W1 x √ 2
= 0,3246 x √ 2
= 0,459 m
o Mencari Q
Ic = grafik handak dengan jarak antara lubang edak
= 0,38
h0 = 0,5 x a2
= 0,5 x 0,3246
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21

= 0,8
h0 = 0,5 x a2
= 0,5 x 0,6885
= 0,34425 m
Q3 = Ic x (H – h0)
= 0,8 x (3,5 – 0,34425)
= 2,5246 kg

 Design of square IV
o B3 = W3
= 0,974 m
o Mencari burden
a4 = 1,5 x W3
= 1,5 x 0,974 m
= 1,461 m
o Mencari spasi
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22

= 1,04 m
o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 1,04
= 1,144 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
hb = 1/3 x H
= 1/3 x 3,5
= 1,167 m
o Mencari stemming (ho)
ho = 0,2 x B
= 0,2 x 1,04
= 0,208 m
o Mencari charge concentration
Bottom = lb (grafik sb x)
= 1,5 kg/m
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23

o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 0,886
= 0,975 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
hb = 1/6 x H
= 1/6 x 3,5
= 0,583 m
o Mencari stemming (ho)
ho = 0,5 x B
= 0,5 x 0,886
= 0,443 m
o Mencari charge concentration
Bottom = lb (grafik sb x)
= 1,017 kg/m
Column = 0,4 x lb
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24

Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 0,886
= 0,975 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
hb = 1/6 x H
= 1/6 x 3,5
= 0,583 m
o Mencari stemming (ho)
ho = 0,5 x B
= 0,5 x 0,886
= 0,443 m
o Mencari charge concentration
Bottom = lb (grafik sb x)
= 1,017 kg/m
Column = 0,3 x lb
= 0,3 x 1,017 kg/m
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25

o Mencari Spacing
Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 1,04
= 1,144 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
hb = 1/3 x H
= 1/3 x 3,5
= 1,167 m
o Mencari stemming (ho)
ho = 0,5 x B
= 0,5 x 1,04
= 0,52 m
o Mencari charge concentration
Bottom = lb (grafik sb x)
= 1,5 kg/m
Column = 0,5 x lb
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26

Spacing = 1,1 x B
= 1,1 x 1,04
= 1,144 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
hb = 1/3 x H
= 1/3 x 3,5
= 1,167 m
o Mencari stemming (ho)
ho = 0,5 x B
= 0,5 x 1,04
= 0,52 m
o Mencari charge concentration
Bottom = lb (grafik sb x)
= 1,5 kg/m
Column = 0,5 x lb
= 0,5 x 1,5 kg/m
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27

= 1,2 x 1,04
= 1,248 m
o Mencari height bottom charge (hb)
hb = 1/3 x H
= 1/3 x 3,5
= 1,167 m
o Mencari stemming (ho)
ho = 0,5 x B
= 0,5 x 1,04
= 0,52 m
o Mencari charge concentration
Bottom = lb (grafik sb x)
= 1,5 kg/m
Column = 0,5 x lb
= 0,5 x 1,5 kg/m
= 0,75 kg/m
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28

3,14 x 4   3,22
=
2
= 161,77 m3

Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q  +Q + Qw+ Q  +Q z

SC = 
vol persegi panjang+vol   tabung
4,44+5,07+10,1+18,61+34,56+24,87+ 34,2+ 67,05+84,93
=
103,04 + 161,77
= 1,071
≈ 1 kg/m3

o Mencari jumlah peledakan

Jumlah peledakan = hole depth eff = 3,22 m
= P cross cut = 30 m
Maka untuk menembus 25 m, maka harus dilakukan dengan
rumus :
P Cross Cut 30 m
=
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29
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30

BAB IV

ANALISA

Geometri peledakan merupakan kunci sukses nya kegiatan peledakan.

Dengan memperhitungkan spasi, burden, diameter empty hole, desain square,
dan kebutuhan bahan peledak, target produksi yang diinginkan dapat tercapai
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31

BAB V
KESIMPULAN

Geometri peledakan merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam kegiatan

peledakan. Geometri peledakan merupakan salah satu cara dalam mewujudkan
kegiatan peledakan yang baik, ekonomis, efisien dan ramah lingkungan sehingga
perolehan bahan galian ini dapat menutupi biaya operasi.
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32

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

 Atik. 2010. “Tambang Bawah Tanah” .

http://artikelbiboer.blogspot.co.id/2010/01/tambang-bawah-tanah-
underground-mine.html. Diakses tanggal 06 Desember 2015
(word,online).
Hidayat, Wahyu. 2014 . “Peledakan” .